1、题型三概要写作一、题型分析概要写作，简言之，就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的主旨大意，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，要把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句子表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心。要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查考生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查考生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是阅读理解和书面表达相结合的题型，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达之间的桥梁。(一)概要写作题型要求1. 提供一篇35
2、0 词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60 词左右的内容概要。词数少于40和多于80 的，从总分中减去2 分。2. 所给文章以说明文或议论文为主。3. 评分侧重四个方面：(1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；(3)上下文的连贯性；(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。注意：理解准确，涵盖全部要点，完全使用自己的语言，准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇，得分相应比较高；相反，如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文的现象，得分档次将会大大降低；所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。4. 拼写、标点符号、书写情况都是评分的考虑范围。5. 总分25 分。(二)概要写作对考生能力的要
3、求对文章主旨大意的概括能力和准确获取关键词的能力；用简洁、有力的语言概括文章重要信息的能力；对文章整体结构的把握能力。二、解题指导(一)概要写作步骤1. 细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨和结构，明确各段的大意。2. 弄清要求。新高考的概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。3. 列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容简明、扼要地表述出来，并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。4. 在写作时要特别注意下面几点：(1)概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节；(2)安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容
4、，用较少的文字写次要内容；(3)注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬；(4)不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。5. 计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。(二)概要写作首先要掌握各种文体的写作特点和框架。如：记叙文：what/who/when/where/why/how议论文：opinion/idea argument (supporting ideas / reasons)说明文：phenomeno
5、n/problem reason solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant)新闻：a focus on the first paragraph and the first and last sentences of the other paragraphs Passage 1(2020河北遵化教育局中学教研室期末考试)阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的
6、内容概要。Retirement is the point where a person stops employment completely. The “standard” retirement age varies from country to country, but it is generally between 50 and 70, according to the latest statistics, 2011. However, for a long time, people have got into an argument about whether the age of
7、retirement should be increased or reduced in their own countries.There are several arguments for allowing older people to continue working as long as they are able. Many people think that older employees have a large amount of knowledge and experience which can be lost to a business or organisation
8、if they are made to retire. Besides, older employees are often extremely faithful employees and are more willing to implement (执行) company policies than the young. A more important point is regarding the attitudes in society to old people. To force someone to resign or retire at 60 or 65 indicates t
9、hat the society does not value the input of these people and that practically their useful life is over.Allowing old people to work indefinitely (无限地), however, is not always a good policy. Some people took the strong view that age alone is no guarantee of ability. Many young employees have more exp
10、erience or skills than older staff, who may have been stuck in one area for most of their working lives. Having compulsory (强制性的) retirement allows new ideas in an organisation. On the other hand, older people should be rewarded by society for their lifes labour by being given generous pensions (退休金
11、) and the freedom to enjoy leisure. They can have time to do whatever they like, that is, they can have their own plans or roles and achieve their retirement goals.With many young people unemployed or frustrated in lowlevel positions, there are often calls to compulsorily retire older workers. Howev
12、er, this can affect the older individuals freedom and right to work. In my opinion, giving workers more choices over their retirement age will benefit both society and the individual._【参考范文】There has been an ongoing debate about the proper retirement age.(要点1) Some argue that older people should be
13、allowed to delay retirement considering their ability and loyalty as well as recognition from society.(要点2) However, opponents advocate compulsory retirement to make room for young innovative employees and reward older people for their work.(要点3) The writer claims that it is beneficial to society an
14、d individuals to provide more options about retirement age.(要点4)Passage 2(2020浙江上虞高三二模)阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。When the pandemic (流行病) started, some people were wondering if the Internet could stand up to the rise in demand. The answer is not only a clear “yes” but this whole period made it even s
15、tronger.How would our world survive without Internet in pandemic situation? The answer is simple: differently but not better or worse. We know that the Internet available is changing a lot of things. Thanks to it, people were able to keep on working from their home, others were able to keep contact
16、with their loved ones and friends and most found their entertainment relief through it. Had it not ever existed, people would have stayed at home and enjoyed their family or created more since they would have had more time on their hands.But in todays world, the Internet has become the one link that
17、 unites us all. It is the reason why people were able to forget for minutes and hours at a time through the use of Internet. It is the reason why so many companies will survive and most probably grow stronger afterwards, since they were able to plan through Skype and Zoom. It is the reason why lover
18、s did not fall into full depression, having to live away from their partner for a few months, since they were at least able to talk and see each other while sharing moments of their lives. There cannot be any doubts anymore: The Internet is the one link that unites us all.In the first three months o
19、f this year, Internet use has grown by 25% in most major cities around the world. This number is reflected in the use of various applications and websites. One of the clearest jumps up is the use of video calls. This should not be surprising since it is used both for business and for personal purpos
20、es. PC Game stores have also seen a huge increase in their sales during this period. A bit more surprising maybe, is the increase of online grocery stores usage as the stores were breaking down under the demand._【参考范文】The Internet supports the rising demand and grew stronger confronting the pandemic
21、.(要点1) The life without Internet would be then different but not better or worse since Internet offers ease to work and connection but steals personal time.(要点2) Nowadays the Internet connects us all so that people forget about time and distance and companies maintain growth.(要点3) In the first quart
22、er of this year, Internet use has surged worldwide in terms of video calls, PC games and even online grocery stores.(要点4)Passage 3(2020上海杨浦高三二模)阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Building a Greener FutureYear after year, Earths precious resources are becoming increasingly scarce. Still people need materials
23、to build new houses, office buildings and schools. Theres only one solution to this problem: do more with less. Thats what sustainable construction is all about. Advocates of sustainable construction believe the entire building process can be done without harming the environment, and by doing so, th
24、e earth is kept sustainable for future generations. To make these green buildings possible, however, the process must be implemented from the beginning.Picture a city government that wants to build a green office building. The first thing these city planners would do is select a site with a small en
25、vironmental impact. Ideally, they would choose a site that had already been developed, thus keeping the forests and grasslands protected.Next, city planners would turn their attention towards the construction process. Only green materials could be used to build their office towers. These include woo
26、d, steel, and other materials that have been recycled from destroyed buildings. If possible, they have been manufactured, recovered, or resourced locally. The closer that these green materials are to the construction site, the less energy is wasted getting them to where theyre needed.Maintenance cos
27、ts are the next important factors that need to be considered. City planners would design heating and cooling systems that use as little energy as possible. They would fit solar roof panels that will absorb the heat from the sun to power the building. Toilets and sinks designed to minimise water wast
28、e would be fitted throughout the building. These efficiencies dont just help to protect the environment; they can save money over the long run as well.After all this was finished, the city planners would relax and maybe even throw a party. They have designed a building that was green at every step t
29、he golden rule of sustainable construction._【参考范文】Sustainable construction is the solution to scarce resources and helps protect the environment.(要点1) First, it means choosing a site which produces minimal environmental impact.(要点2) It also involves using green recyclable and locally produced materi
30、als. Lastly, it is important to take measures like using sustainable energy to reduce maintenance cost.(要点3) Therefore, sustainable construction focuses on making the whole building process green.(要点4)Passage 4(2020浙江宁波高三一模)阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。It is quite reasonable to blame traffic jams, the
31、cost of gas and the great speed of modern life, but manners on the road are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men would become fierce tigers behind the wheel. It is all right to have a tiger in a cage, but to have one in the drivers seat is another matter.Road politeness is not only
32、 good manners, but good sense. It takes the most coolheaded drivers great patience to give up the desire to beat back when forced to face rude driving. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards reducing the possibility of quarrelling and fighting. A friendly nod or a wave of tha
33、nks in answer to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of good will and becomes so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such behaviours of politeness are by no means enough. Many drivers nowadays dont even seem able to recognise politeness when they see it.However, misplaced poli
34、teness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who waves a child crossing the street at a wrong place into the path of oncoming cars that may not be able to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they want to. An experienced driv
35、er, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if drivers learnt to correctly join in traffic stream without causing total blockages that give rise to unpleasant feelings. Unfortunately, modern drivers cant even learn to drive, let alone master the roadmanship. Years ago, experts warned us t
36、hat the fast increase of the car ownership would demand more giveandtake from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart._【参考范文】Drivers tend to have horrible road manners while driving.(要点1) Road politeness requires patience to calm down and helps create a harmonious
37、 atmosphere, which is necessary but ignored by many drivers.(要点2) Yet misplaced politeness can sometimes put some road users who arent following traffic rules in danger.(要点3) With the increasing number of cars, road politeness should be remembered by all road users.(要点4)Passage 5阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右
38、的内容概要。A new study warns that about thirty percent of the worlds people may not have enough water by the year 2025.A private American organization called Population Action International (PAI) did the new study. It says more than 335 million people lack enough water now. The people live in 28 countrie
39、s. Most of the countries are in Africa or the Middle East. PAI researcher Robert Engelman says by the year 2025, about 3，000 million people may lack water. At least 18 more countries are expected to have severe water problems. The demand for water keeps increasing. Yet the amount of water on Earth s
40、tays the same.Mr Engelman says the population in countries that lack water is growing faster than in other parts of the world. He says population growth in these countries will continue to increase.The report says lack of water in the future may result in several problems. It may increase health pro
41、blems. Lack of water often means drinking water is not safe. Mr Engelman says there are problems all over the world because of diseases, such as cholera which are carried in water.Lack of water may also result in more international conflict. Countries may have to compete for water in the future. Som
42、e countries now get sixty percent of their fresh water from other countries. And the report says lack of water would affect the ability to improve their economies. This is because new industries often need large amounts of water when they are beginning.The Population Action International study gives
43、 several solutions to the water problem. One way, it says, is to find ways to use water for more than one purpose. Another way is to teach people to be careful not to waste water. A third way is to use less water for agriculture.The report also says longterm solutions to the water problem must inclu
44、de controls on population growth._【参考范文】A new study shows that about 30% of the worlds people may suffer a shortage of water in the following ten years. (要点1) Nowadays, over 335 million people in 28 countries lack enough water in the years to come，while the amount of water remains the same and the population is growing faster. (要点2) The shortage of water will cause health problems and international conflict. (要点3) Fortunately, ways are found to settle the water problem. (要点4)
