1、语法精讲句子成分与句子结构1句子成分组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。根据各部分在句子中所起的作用，可以把句子分为主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语等，起主要作用的是主语和谓语。(1)主语(subject)主语指句子所谈论的主题，作主语的通常是名词、代词，也可以是数词、doing、to do或者主语从句。The efforts you make are sure to pay off sooner or later.你的努力迟早会有回报的。We can take advantage of this opportunity to strengthen the relationship b
2、etween the two companies.我们可以利用这次机会来加强两个公司之间的联系。Four and five is nine.四加五等于九。What you need is more practice.你需要的是更多的练习。特别提示动词不定式、动名词或者从句作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语后置。To see such a serious man play jokes on us is amazing.It is amazing to see such a serious man play jokes on us.看到这么严肃的一个人开我们的玩笑，真令人吃惊。(2)谓语
3、(predicate)谓语用来说明主语所做的动作或主语的特征状态，由行为动词的时态、语态充当。He succeeded at last by working hard.他通过努力工作最后成功了。He didnt focus his attention on his study last night.昨天晚上他没有专心学习。He runs every morning.他每天早上跑步。The film is interesting这部电影很有趣。(3)宾语(object)：宾语表示动作的对象或行为的承受者，一般位于及物动词(短语)或介词后面，有的动词后面有两个宾语间接宾语(人)和直接宾语(物)。可
4、作宾语的词通常有名词、代词、doing、 to do或者宾语从句。He loves English他喜欢英语。His teacher praised him for his courage to take up the challenge.他的老师表扬他接受挑战的勇气。He enjoys reading some books.他喜欢看书。I dont know whether I can make a difference to these boys我不知道会不会对这些男孩产生影响。 请把你的书借给我。特别提示动词不定式、动名词或者从句作宾语时，常用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语后置。I fi
5、nd it not easy to improve the situation in a short time.我发现在短时间内改善这种状况是不容易的。(4)表语(predicative)：表语说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，与连系动词一起构成复合谓语。表语通常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、v.-ing(短语)、分词或从句等充当。常见的系动词有：be, become, turn, get, feel, look, sound, remain, seem等。Africa is a big continent非洲是个大洲。I feel much better我感觉好多了。T
6、hey seem to know the truth他们似乎知道真相。We should remain seated until our teacher returns.我们应该一直坐着直到老师回来。(5)定语(attribute)：定语起修饰、限制名词或代词的作用，可分为前置定语和后置定语。一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、名词所有格、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、分词(短语)或从句等充当。Dalian is a beautiful city.大连是一个美丽的城市。He works in a trade company.他在一家贸易公司上班。Is there any difference be
7、tween spoken English and written English？英语口语和书面语之间有什么不同吗？The man who is talking with a foreigner is my English teacher.正在和一个外国人说话的那个男士是我的英语老师。(6)状语(adverbial)：状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，通常由副词、介词短浯、动词不定式、分词或从句等充当，可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、伴随、条件、让步、程度、频率等。Ill be back in a while我一会儿就回来。(时间状语)Im very pleased to s
8、ee you见到你我非常高兴。(原因状语)Please call me up if you need help你如果需要帮助，请给我打电话。(条件状语)To realize your potential, you should make an effort.要发挥潜能，你得努力。(目的状语)(7)宾语补足语(object complement)：位于宾语后，用来补充宾语的意义。由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词等充当。Has he found himself a place to live yet?他找到地方住了吗？(名词)When we got there, we f
9、ound the injured unconscious and bleeding当我们到那里时，我们发现伤者已不省人事而且血流不止。(形容词)She wanted me to give her some money.她想让我给她点钱。(不定式)We saw the road covered with snow.我们看见路上覆盖着雪。(过去分词)2句子结构常见的句子结构有八种：(1)主语谓语(SV)这种句型中的动词是不及物动词。所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的不及物动词有：work，jump, arrive, come, disappear, cry, happen等。(
10、2)主语谓语宾语(SVO)此句型的特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语发出的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，后面必须跟一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。(3)主语连系动词表语(SVP)该句式侧重说明主语的特征、身份等。常见的连系动词有：be, look, smell, taste, sound, feel, keep, remain, get，become, turn, grow等。(4)主语十谓语间接宾语直接宾语(SVIODO)有些谓语动词必须跟两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。常见的接双宾语的动词有：give, lend, offer, show, tell, buy, bring, sen
11、d, make等。(5)主语谓语宾语宾语补足语(SVOC)该句型中的谓语动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分才能使其意思完整。(6)主语谓语状语(SVA)在很多情形中，作谓语的不及物动词后面跟上状语意思才完整。(7)主语谓语宾语状语(SVOA)有些及物动词作谓语时，加上宾语后句意仍然不完整，需要加上状语句意才能完整。特别提示有些状语，如时间状语、原因状语等位置灵活，可出现在句首。(8)there be句型英语中there be句型表示“(某处)有某物”，其中there be后面的名词为句子的主语。there be句型中be还可以用其他词替代，如live,
12、 exist, stand, lie, remain等。【随堂自测】.观察下列各组句子的画线部分作何成分，并分别说出其类别第一组1The exchange students are celebrating the Christmas.2. We are anxious to improve our spoken English.3To know everything is to know nothing.4Making a good first impression is very important.5Why he did such a thing is not clear.第二组6We h
13、ave revised the text.7Please look after the twins.第三组8The students are taking notes9How many do you want？I want two10. Im looking forward to meeting her11Can you tell me what impressed you most?第四组12Andy and I are friends13Leaves have gone yellow14My duty is to make our environment better15My hobby
14、is reading16Thats where the river joins the sea第五组17Unfortunately, David missed the train.18Ten years ago, she began to live in Dalian.19Seeing its mother, the baby smiled.20When he was a boy, John came to China.第六组21All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy22I think the meeting formal23I saw the k
15、ite up and down24I found him in trouble25Im sorry to have kept you waiting26Last year, they heard their house rebuilt第七组27The pink dress is Marys.28His name is Tom.29The boy in blue is Tom.30There is nothing to do today.31The smiling lady is very kind.32. The building designed by her is beautiful.33
16、. Is he the man who/that wants to see you?.分析下列句子结构1Tom wants to make a good first impression._2He excitedly found most of my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful._3This afternoon, we had our chemistry class in the science lab._4I didnt feel awkward or frightened at all._5I plan to become an
17、 engineer in the future._6I am a Grade 10 student at Jinan No. 1 Middle School._语法精讲句子成分与句子结构随堂自测.第一组主语1.名词2.代词3.不定式短语4.动名词短语5.从句第二组谓语6.动词7.动词短语第三组宾语8.名词9.数词10.动名词短语11.从句第四组表语12.名词13.形容词14.不定式短语15.动名词16.从句第五组状语17.副词18.副词短语19.现在分词短语20.从句第六组宾语补足语21.名词短语22.形容词23.副词短语24介词短语25.现在分词26.过去分词第七组定语27.形容词28.代词29.介词短语30.不定式31.现在分词32.过去分词短语33.从句.123456
