1、五、动词的时态和语态一、动词的时态考点一一般现在时1.表示经常性、习惯性的动作和现在的状态、特征。句中常有often,usually,every day 等时间状语。Works of popular writers often have a lot of readers.流行作家的作品往往拥有很多读者。His father is a worker and doesnt smoke.他父亲是一名工人,不吸烟。2.表示客观事实、普遍真理或自然现象,无论在什么情况下都用一般现在时表示。We learnt that the earth moves around the sun.我们了解了地球绕着太阳转
2、。3.如果主句是一般将来时,那么在由when,while,before after,until,as soon as等引导的时间状语从句、if和unless引导的条件状语从句中,可用一般现在时代替一般将来时,表示将来的动作或状态。The sentence will be easy to understand when you divide it into three parts.当你把这个句子分成三部分时,很容易理解。4.表示按计划、时刻表规定要发生的动作,但限于少数动词。如begin,come,leave,go,arrive,start,stop,return,open,close 等。Th
3、e flight takes off at 2:30 every Wednesday and Friday.每周三和周五航班两点三十分起飞。考点二一般过去时1.表示过去的事情、动作或状态,常与表示过去的时间状语连用(或上下文语境有暗示)。At that time,he worked as a teacher to support the family.那段时间他靠教书养家。2.用于表示过去经常发生的或习惯性的动作。Michaels father always helped the poor as he believed it made everyone happier.迈克尔的父亲总是帮助穷人
4、,因为他觉得这样让大家都更开心。表示过去习惯性的动作还可用would,used to。He used to go to work by bus.他过去常常乘公共汽车去上班。3.有些动作发生的时间没有具体表明,但实际上是“刚才,刚刚”发生,应使用一般过去时。I didnt know you were here.我不知道你在这里。Sorry,I forgot to bring your book.很抱歉,我忘记带你的书来了。4.在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中用一般过去时代替过去将来时。He said that he would not go if it rained.他说如果下雨他就不走了。考点三
5、一般将来时1.will/shall(1)表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。He will travel around Europe this summer.今年夏天他将环游欧洲。(2)表示临时性的决定。Tom is ill and now in hospital.汤姆生病住院了。Really? Ill see him.真的?我要去看看他。2.be going to(1)表示按计划、打算做某事。计划可能用时较长,计划得比较正式、周密。He is going to make a speech on TV this evening.他今晚将在电视上发表演讲。(2)表示根据现在的迹象,对未来进行推测。L
6、ook at the dark clouds.Its going to rain.看这乌云,要下雨了。3.be about to表示瞬间的将来(不与具体的时间状语连用)。The train is about to start.火车就要发车了。 与并列连词when连用,表示“正打算,这时”。I was about to go out when the telephone rang.我正要出门,这时电话响了。4.be to do表示事先商定、安排或准备要做的事情,尤其强调责任、义务等。As a citizen,you are to report it to the police.作为一个公民,你有
7、责任向警方汇报此事。考点四现在进行时1.表示说话时正在进行的动作或存在的状态;表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。Hurry up! Were all waiting for you.快点!我们都等着你呢。He is working in a factory these days.这些日子他在一家工厂工作。2.表示近期特定的安排或计划。I am meeting Mr.Wang tonight.我今晚要会见王先生。3.严格按照时间表发生的表“起、止”动作的动词或表位置转移的动词可用进行时代替将来时。这样的动词有go,come,start,leave,open,arrive,begin,retu
8、rn等。Tom is arriving in a few hours.再过几个小时汤姆就到了。不宜用现在进行时的常见动词:(1)表示心理状态、情感的动词:like,love,hate,care,remember,believe,want,mind,wish,agree,mean,need等。(2)表示存在状态的动词:appear,exist,lie,remain,seem,belong to等。(3)表示行为结果的动词:allow,accept,permit,promise,admit,complete等。(4)表示感官的动词:see,hear,notice,feel,smell,sound,
9、taste,look等。考点五过去进行时1.表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某动作在过去某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。Did you catch what I said?你听见我说的话了吗?Sorry.I was answering a text message just now.对不起,我刚才在回短信。Have you finished reading Jane Eyre?你读完简爱了吗?No,I was doing my homework all day yesterday.没有,我昨天一整天都在做作业。2.过去的某一动作发生时另一动作正在进行,其中的持续性动作用过去进行时,短暂性动作用一般过
10、去时。I was having dinner when you phoned.你打电话时我正在吃饭。考点六将来进行时表示将来某个时刻或阶段正在发生的动作或存在的状态。将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用,这些常见的标志性状语有at this time tomorrow,from 1:30 to 4:30 the day after tomorrow等。Ill be flying to Beijing at two oclock this afternoon.今天下午两点钟我将正飞往北京。考点七现在完成时现在完成时常与以下时间状语连用:so far,recently,lately,once/t
11、wice/ three.times,before,ever,by now,in the last/past few years,over a long time,up to now,yet,already,just,since。现在完成时主要用于以下几种情况:1.表示过去已经发生或完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响。Look! Somebody has cleaned the sofa.看!已经有人擦了沙发了。Well,it wasnt me.I didnt do it.哦,不是我,我没有擦。2.表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在,也可能持续下去的动作或状态。He has worked here
12、 for over 20 years.他已经在这儿工作20多年了。They have been good friends since they met at a meeting.他们自从在一次会议上相遇就成了好朋友。3.下列句型中常用现在完成时。(1)It is (has been)+一段时间+since 从句This (That/It) is the first (second.) time+that从句(从句用现在完成时)This (That/It) is the best/finest/most interesting.+that从句(从句用现在完成时)Its/It has been 5
13、 years since we last met.自从我们上次相遇到现在已经5年了。This is the first time that we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.这是我们一家人第一次一起在电影院里看电影。This is the best film that Ive ever seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。(2)在条件、时间、让步状语从句中,表示将来某时已完成的动作。Please return the book to me when you have finished it.你看完这本书后请还给我。考点八
14、过去完成时1.过去某一时间或动作前已完成的动作或存在的状态。过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去另一时间,还可能持续下去。The train had left when I got to the station.我到车站时火车已经开走了。2.用在hardly/scarcely/rarely.when.和no sooner.than.句型中,主句常用过去完成时,表示“一 就;刚就”。I had hardly (no sooner) got home when (than) the rain poured down.=Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when (t
15、han) the rain poured down.我刚到家雨就倾盆而下。3.有些动词有时用过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或打算。这类动词常见的有:hope,plan,mean,expect,intend,suppose,want,think 等。I had expected to pass the test.我原认为可以通过这次考试。考点九现在完成进行时1.表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在并且还要继续下去的动作。The girl has a great interest in sports and has been taking badminton classes twice a week
16、 over the last three years.这个女孩对运动很感兴趣,最近三年来每周上两次羽毛球课。2.表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直反复进行的动作。I have been calling him many times,but theres no answer.我给他打了很多次电话,但目前一直没有收到答复。考点十将来完成时1.将来完成时表示到将来某一时间,某一动作将会完成。By this time of next year,all of you will have become college students.到明年的这个时候,你们大家就都成了大学生了。2.多与by+将来的某个时间、
17、this week等时间状语连用。二、动词的语态考点一被动语态的构成(以do为例)现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般is/am/are donewas/were/donewill/shall be donewould/shouldbe done进行is/am/are being donewas/were being done完成have/has been donehad been donewill/shall have been donewould/should have been done考点二被动语态的用法1.不知道谁是动作的执行者,或没有必要指明谁是动作的执行者。The window is
18、 dirty.窗户脏了。I know.It hasnt been cleaned for weeks.我知道。好几周没擦了。有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有:have有;cost花费;lack缺少;own拥有;belong to属于;take part in参加。不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有:happen/take place/occur发生;remain剩下;break out爆发;last持续;come out出版;come up被提出;lose heart失去信心;date from/back to追溯到;run out用完。2.需要强调或突出动作的承受者或
19、事件本身。All the employees except the manager are encouraged to work online at home.除了经理以外,所有的雇员都被鼓励在家网上办公。 “get+过去分词”也可以表示被动,此结构比较口语化。She got married last week.她上周结婚了。The patient got treated once a week.那位病人一周得到一次治疗。He fell off the car and got killed.他从汽车上掉下来,摔死了。3.被动语态的特殊用法(1)英语中有很多动词,如break, catch, c
20、lean, drive, look, open, sell, read, write, wash等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物;在这种情况下,常常和easily, well等副词连用。The sign reads as follows.这牌子告示如下。The machine runs well.这种机器运转良好。 (2)表示感受、感官的系动词feel, sound, taste, look等后跟形容词、名词构成系表结构,无被动形式。Your reason sounds reasonable.你的理由听起来合理。(3)在need, want,
21、 require, deserve, bear等动词、worth等形容词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。The house needs repairing/to be repaired.这所房子需要修理。(4)在某些“主语(人/物)+be+形容词+不定式”中不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting等。The problem is difficult to work out.这道题很难计算出。(可看作
22、to work out前省略了for me)(5)be to rent/blame也属于主动形式表被动意义。Who is to blame for the mistake?谁应为这个错误接受谴责?1.In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements,leading to a belief that populations are increasing.(2019全国)2.Picking up her “Lifetime Achiev
23、ement” award,proud Irene (declare) she had no plans to retire from her 36-year-old business.(2019全国)3.Irene said,“I dont see any reason to give up work.I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I(make) over the years.”(2019全国)4.Our hosts shared many of their experiences and (recomm
24、end) wonderful places to eat,shop,and visit.(2019全国)5.True to a gorillas unaggressive nature, the huge animal (mean) me no real harm.(2018全国)答案及剖析:1.have reported考查时态。根据时间状语In recent years可知,要用现在完成时。2.declaredIrene 的领奖发言是过去发生的事,另根据此空白处后面的had可知,此处用declare的过去式。3.have madeover the years 常与完成时连用,在此意为“(从
25、过去某时到现在的)多年来”。根据主句谓语动词love的时态可知,定语从句的谓语动词make应用现在完成时。4.recommended考查动词的时态。根据and的并列关系,and前的动作shared为过去时,and后的动作也用过去时。5.meant全文是在叙述过去的情况,因此谓语动词用一般过去时。.单句语法填空1.On the last day of our week-long stay,we(invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars,listening t
26、o musicians and meeting interesting locals.(2019全国)2.I (voice) my biggest concern to my mother,“How will I make friends?” (2019北京)3.One study in America found that students grades (improve) a little after the school introduced uniforms.(2019浙江)4.Diets have changed in Chinaand so too has its top crop
27、.Since 2011,the country (grow) more corn than rice.(2018全国)5.The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005when the government (start) a soil-testing program which gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmersand 2011,fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.(2018全国)6.The manag
28、er was concerned to hear that two of his trusted workers (leave).7.In my hometown,there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat (be) cut.8.To my delight,I (choose) from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony.9.You are not allowed to go into the meeting room.A se
29、cret plan (discuss) there.10.I dont know if he will come.If he (come),Ill let you know.答案及剖析:1.were invited考查动词的时态和语态。根据On the last day of our week-long stay可知,时态应该用过去时,结合invite 的词性及搭配可知,此处应该是“我们被邀请”。2.voiced考查时态。短文讲述一年级第一天发生的事,所以此处用一般过去时。3.improved考查动词时态。美国的一项研究发现,在学校引入校服后,学生的成绩有所提高。根据主句的谓语动词found可
30、知,宾语从句的谓语动词也要用一般过去时。4.has grown由Since 2011可知此处语境表示的是从过去的某个时间开始,一直持续到现在,故用现在完成时,且主语the country 是单数名词,故填has grown。5.started此处在说2005年发生的事情,应用一般过去时。6.were leaving句意:经理听到两个信赖的工人要走,很是担心。分析句子结构可知,本空使用过去进行时表示将来。7.has been表示动作已经发生或完成用现在完成时。句意:在我的家乡,收麦过后农民会举行一个丰收晚宴。8.was chosen主语I与choose之间为动宾关系;再由语境可知,choose的
31、动作已经完成,故要用一般过去时态的被动语态。句意:令我高兴的是,我从数百名申请者中被选中参加开幕式。9.is being discussed考查谓语动词的用法。分析句子结构可知,此处应该填谓语动词,根据上一句的句意可知,正在会议室讨论一项秘密计划,因此用现在进行时,由于主语plan和动词discuss之间为被动关系,所以用被动语态。es考查谓语动词的用法。分析句子结构可知,此处应该填谓语动词。主句用一般将来时,条件状语从句用一般现在时表将来。.语法填空My best friend Kaiya is like me.She 1. (remind) me of myself.In the past
32、,I 2. (be) never confident because of my appearance.People always laughed at my weight,my height,my hairstyle,etc.At that time,I was the shortest student in my class.I started getting depressed.However,someone told me something that I will always remember.It was in March.Surrounded by a group of gir
33、ls who 3. (point) at me and laughed at me,I couldnt help crying.The tears rolled down my face like a rushing river.To my surprise,someone lifted my head up and wiped the tears from my eyes.I then knew it was our English teacher,Miss Li.She said,“You 4.(be) perfect the way you are.You should never ch
34、ange or hate yourself.People 5.(accept) you for who you 6.(be).But if you cannot accept yourself,then how will other people accept you?” I 7. (inspire) by her words.Over the past few months,I 8. (learn) that no one is perfect and that we all have flaws.Now I have wonderful friends who 9. (love) me f
35、or who I am.Now,seeing Kaiya cry,I decide to tell her the same thing Miss Li 10. (tell) me.语篇解读:本文为记叙文。作者通过自己的亲身经历告诉自己的朋友Kaiya:做人要自信,要相信自己。答案及剖析:1.reminds根据第一句中的时态可推知,本空应该用一般现在时,又因为主语为第三人称单数,故答案为reminds。2.was根据语境中的In the past可知,设空处用一般过去时,故答案为was。3.pointed根据后面的laughed可知设空处为pointed。4.are本句为直接引语,故用一般现在
36、时。5.will accept句意:人们会接受真正的你。结合下文的then how will other people accept you可知答案为will accept。6.are由上下文语境可知应用一般现在时,故填are。7.was inspired设空处表示过去的事情,且主语与inspire为被动关系,故用一般过去时的被动语态。8.have learned时间状语Over the past few months和现在完成时连用。9.love“who 9.(love)me for who I am”为定语从句,先行词为friends,且设空处说的是现在的情况,应用一般现在时,故答案为love。10.told“Miss Li 10.(tell) me”为定语从句,设空处表示过去的事情,故用一般过去时。
