1、高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单专题十七 主旨大意高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单角度1 文章或段落类主旨大意从近几年全国考题来看，对于主旨大意的考查数量趋于平衡，每年都在23小题，但解题时需考生对文章的主旨大意进行综合、归纳和推断，这一点在未来高考中不会改变。高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单【典 例】Grownups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever sinc
2、e.A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water.He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away.He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son.A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach he
3、r daughter the poem that begins“Twinkle，twinkle，little star”or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.(2012课标，D)高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单What is the main idea of Paragraph 1?APeople remember well what they learned in childhood.BChildren have a better memory than grownups.CPoem r
4、eading is a good way to learn words.DStories for children are easy to remember.解析主旨大意题。本段的第一句话为主题句，可以概括本段主题，即人们通常会记得儿时学到的一些东西，下文主要对此进行举例说明。答案 A高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单【知识链接】“主题句定位法”是解答主旨大意题的一种行之有效的方法。有些文章有明确的主题句，这类文章寻找主题句时多采用浏览法(skimming)。浏览时，一般不用逐句细看，只选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句等，重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。主题句的位置一般有以下几种：1主题
5、句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最常见的演绎法写作方式。新闻报道通常就采用这种写法。新闻报道的首句通常称为“新闻导语”，“导语”实际上就是所谓的主题句，是对全文内容的高度概括。高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单2主题句出现在文末。在表述细节后，归纳要点以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式。3主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为常见。通常，前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展。4主题句出现在文章的中间。通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由提
6、问后陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步的解释、支撑或发展。这种写法较为少见。高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单角度2 概括标题类主旨大意【典例】Harvard researchers have created a tough，lowcost，biodegradable(可 生 物 降 解 的)material inspired by insects hard outer shells.The materials inventors say it has a number of possible uses and someday could provide a more en
7、vironmentally friendly alternative to plastic.The material，made from shrimp(虾)shells and proteins produced from silk，is called“shrilk.”It is thin，clear，flexible and strong.高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单A major benefit of the material is its biodegradability.Plastics toughness and flexibility represented a revol
8、ution in materials science during the 1950s and 60s.Decades later，however，plastics very durability(耐用性)is raising questions about how appropriate it is for onetime products such as plastic bags，or shortlived consumer goods，used in the home for a few years and then cast into a landfill where they wil
9、l degrade for centuries.What is the point of making something that lasts 1,000 years?高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单Shrilk not only will degrade in a landfill，but its basic components are used as fertilizer(肥料)，and so will enrich the soil.Shrilkhas great potential，the inventors said.Materials from which it is ma
10、de are plentiful in nature，found in everything ranging from shrimp shells，insect bodies to living plants.That makes shrilk low cost，and its mass production possible should it be used for products demanding a lot of material.高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单Work on shrilk is continuing in the lab.The inventors said
11、 the material becomes flexible when wet，so theyre exploring ways to use it in wet environments.Theyrealso developing simpler production processes，which could be used for nonmedical products，like for computer cases and other products inside the home.Theyre even exploring combining it with other mater
12、ials，like carbon fibers，to give it new properties.(2012湖南，C)【语篇解读】本文为说明文。题材为节能环保类。介绍了科学家们正在研究的一种叫做shrilk的新型产品。它可能成为一种更为环保的塑料替代品。高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单1Paragraph 1 of the passage is mainly about shrilks.Aremarkable designBinteresting nameCmajor featuresDbasic elements解析主旨大意题。根据第一段中的最后一句It is thin，clear，f
13、lexible and strong.得知本段的主旨大意是关于shrilk的主要特点的。答案 C高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单2Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?ARecent Progress in Environmental ProtectionBBenefits of Insects in Scientific ResearchCThe Harm of Onetime ProductsDA Possible Alternative to Plastic解析主旨大意题。根据主题段第一段第二句中的.
14、possible uses.和.alternative to plastic得知本文的主旨大意是D项；A Possible Alternative to Plastic，一个可行性的塑料替代品。答案 D高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单【知识链接】标题归纳题是主旨大意类题常见的一种题型。这类题的各选项长度一般比较接近，实词首字母通常大写，特别是干扰项大都和文章意思相关。解这类题需注意以下几点：1在了解全文大意的基础上，仔细考虑选项内容与文章主题有没有联系。2看选项内容对文章概括得是否正确。3要注意选项中所给出的题目是否过大或过小。要避免以下三种错误：概括不够；过度概括；以事实细节替代概括性强
15、的标题。高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单体验高考高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单防范1 主次不分，纠缠细节在解答主旨大意题时，考生容易将文章中出现的细节误认为是文章或段落的中心思想。虽然细节内容与文章或段落的主旨大意之间或多或少存在着联系，但是不可以偏概全。如果过于纠缠文章中的细节，而不从总体上把握作者所要阐明的内容，就容易做错题。高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单【典例】Plants are flowering faster than scientists predicted(预测)in reaction to climate change，which could have lon
16、g damaging effects on food chains and ecosystems.Global warming is having a great effect on hundreds of plant and animal species around the world，changing some living patterns，scientists say.(2012四川，E)高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单What is the key information the author wants to give in Paragraph 1?APlants react
17、ion to weather could have damaging effects on ecosystems.B The increasing speed of flowering is beyond scientists expectation.CClimate change leads to the change of food production patterns.DFood chains have been seriously damaged because of weather.高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单解析主旨大意题。根据第一段Plants are flowerin
18、g faster than scientists predicted(预测)in reaction to climate change.可知本题应选择B项。答案 B高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单【探究】误选错因分析A第一段中进一步说明climate change的非限制性定语从句，为细节说明，主次不分而误选C短文中细节内容，更偏离设问D短文细节内容，偏离第一段设问高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单防范2 似是而非，忽略主旨核心【典例】Franz Kafka wrote that“a book must be the ax(斧子)for the frozen sea inside us.
19、”I once shared this sentence with a class of seventh graders，and it didnt seem to require any explanation.Wed just finished John Steinbecks novel Of Mice and Men.When we read the end together out loud in class，my toughest boy，a star basketball player，wept a little，and so did I“Are you crying？”one gi
20、rl asked，as she got out of her chair to take a closer look.“I am，”I told her，“and the funny thing is that Ive read it many times.”高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单Year after year，however，we are increasing the number of practice tests.We are trying to teach students to read increasingly complex texts，not for emotio
21、nal punch(碰撞)but for text complexity.Yet，we cannot enrich(充实)the minds of our students by testing them on texts that ignore their hearts.We are teaching them that words do not amaze but confuse.We may succeed in raising test scores，but we will fail to teach them that reading can be transformative an
22、d that it belongs to them.(2012江苏，D)高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单The author writes the passage mainly to.Aintroduce classic works of literatureBadvocate teaching literature to touch the heartCargue for equality among high school studentsDdefend the current testing system解析主旨大意题。作者通过描写自己教孩子们读书的经历，倡导“教授文学以触及心灵”。
23、答案 B高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单【探究】误选错因分析A作者为表达主旨讲述的具体示例，虽然内容多，但似是而非C此项内容是作者在最后两段提到的内容但不是主旨，忽略第一段主旨而误选D作者提到现行测试体系，为说明主旨服务的，似是而非高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单防范3 管中窥豹，以偏概全【典例】“Several studies throughout the last 15 years have shown that infants are very good at telling how many objects they see；however，infants dont seem
24、to count things like water or sand，”VanMarle said.“What were saying is that they can quantify substances；its just much harder.The infants can see how much food goes into each cup and compare that in their memories.They decide which amount is larger，and they almost always select the larger one.”(2013
25、菏泽模拟)高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 4?AThe process of doing research.BThe scientific findings.CThe final choice of infants.DThe observation of infants behavior.解析第四段的中心词可提炼为study，discovery等词，主要介绍研究结果，婴儿早期就能判断数量的大小，从而选择较大事物。答案 B高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单【探究】误选错因分析A此项中虽有research，但其
26、中关键词是progress，没把握住重点而误选C此项与主题离得较远，以偏概全，故错误D此项比较难排除，如果将其定为正确答案，则文章重点应放在observation上，重点强调动作，而非观察之后的结果，很显然本点介绍研究结果，考生往往以偏概全而误选高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单【名师支招】在提炼主旨或归纳标题时，可以先从选项入手，找出其中关键词，然后再进一步思考是否能概括段意或是文意，一定不能只看到主题词就急着选择，要看其侧重点。确认选项内容是否切中文章的中心论题，也就是要看选项内容与作者的写作目的是否一致。要从整篇文章出发归纳概括文章的标题，防止本末倒置、主次不分，避免以点代面、以偏概全，这样才能排除干扰，选出正确的答案。高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单专题测试
