1、章末质量检测(一) 化学反应与能量一、选择题(本题包括12小题,每小题5分,共60分)1雪是冬之精灵,在雪水冰的转化中能量变化的叙述正确的是()AH10,H20BH10,H20CH10,H20 DH10,H20解析:选B雪融化成水是吸热过程,H10;水结冰是放热过程,H20,B项正确。2已知:Zn(s)O2(g)=ZnO(s)H348.3 kJmol12Ag(s)O2(g)=Ag2O(s)H31.0 kJmol1则Zn(s)Ag2O(s)=ZnO(s)2Ag(s)的H等于()A317.3 kJmol1B379.3 kJmol1C332.8 kJmol1 D317.3 kJmol1解析:选A得:
2、Zn(s)Ag2O(s)=ZnO(s)2Ag(s)H317.3 kJmol1。3由N2O和NO反应生成N2和NO2的能量变化如图所示。下列说法正确的是()A断键吸收能量之和大于成键释放能量之和B反应物总能量小于生成物总能量CN2O(g)NO(g)=N2(g)NO2(g)H139 kJmol1D反应生成1 mol N2时转移4 mol电子解析:选C由题图可知该反应放热,反应过程中断键吸收的总能量小于成键释放的总能量,故A错误;由题图可知,反应物总能量高于生成物总能量,故B错误;根据图示,N2O(g)NO(g)=N2(g)NO2(g)H139 kJmol1,故C正确;反应生成1 mol N2时转移
3、2 mol电子,故D错误。4肼(N2H4)是火箭发动机的燃料,它与N2O4反应时,N2O4为氧化剂,生成氮气和水蒸气。已知:N2(g)2O2(g)=N2O4(g)H8.7 kJmol1N2H4(g)O2(g)=N2(g)2H2O(g)H534.0 kJmol1下列表示肼跟N2O4反应的热化学方程式正确的是()A2N2H4(g)N2O4(g)=3N2(g)4H2O(g)H542.7 kJmol1B2N2H4(g)N2O4(g)=3N2(g)4H2O(g)H1 059.3 kJmol1CN2H4(g)N2O4(g)=N2(g)2H2O(g)H1 076.7 kJmol1D2N2H4(g)N2O4(
4、g)=3N2(g)4H2O(g)H1 076.7 kJmol1解析:选D根据盖斯定律,2可得目标热化学方程式:2N2H4(g)N2O4(g)=3N2(g)4H2O(g)H1 076.7 kJmol1。5下列表述中正确的是()A根据图甲可知合成甲醇的热化学方程式为CO(g)2H2(g)=CH3OH(g)H1(ba)kJmol1B图乙表示2 mol H2(g)所具有的能量比2 mol气态水所具有的能量多483.6 kJC1 mol NaOH分别和1 mol CH3COOH、1 mol HNO3反应,后者比前者H小D汽油燃烧时将全部的化学能转化为热能解析:选C由题图甲可知,合成甲醇的反应是放热反应,
5、H1(ba)kJmol1,A项错误;由题图乙知,2 mol H2(g)和1 mol O2(g)的总能量比2 mol气态水的能量多483.6 kJ,B项错误;CH3COOH为弱酸,电离吸收热量,所以NaOH与CH3COOH反应放出的热量少,但H0,故1 mol NaOH与1 mol CH3COOH反应的H更大,C项正确;汽油燃烧时化学能除转化为热能外还有光能等,D项错误。6已知:2H2(g)O2(g)=2H2O(g)H13H2(g)Fe2O3(s)=2Fe(s)3H2O(g)H22Fe(s)O2(g)=Fe2O3(s)H32Al(s)O2(g)=Al2O3(s)H42Al(s)Fe2O3(s)=
6、Al2O3(s)2Fe(s)H5下列关于上述反应焓变的判断正确的是()AH10 BH50,H4H3CH1H2H3 DH3H4H5解析:选B由已知得反应为放热反应,故H30,A错误;反应为放热反应,H50,根据盖斯定律得,故H5H4H30,则H4H3,B正确,D错误;根据盖斯定律得(),故H1(H2H3),C错误。7通过以下反应可获得新型能源二甲醚(CH3OCH3)。下列说法不正确的是()C(s)H2O(g)=CO(g)H2(g)H1a kJmol1CO(g)H2O(g)=CO2(g)H2(g)H2b kJmol1CO2(g)3H2(g)=CH3OH(g)H2O(g)H3c kJmol12CH3
7、OH(g)=CH3OCH3(g)H2O(g)H4d kJmol1A反应、为反应提供原料气B反应也是CO2资源化利用的方法之一C反应CH3OH(g)=CH3OCH3(g)H2O(l)的H kJmol1D反应2CO(g)4H2(g)=CH3OCH3(g)H2O(g)的H(2b2cd)kJmol1解析:选C反应的产物为CO和H2,反应的产物为CO2和H2,反应的原料为CO2和H2,A项正确;反应将温室气体CO2转化为燃料CH3OH,B项正确;反应中生成物H2O为气体,C项中生成物H2O为液体,故C项中反应的焓变不等于 kJmol1,C项错误;依据盖斯定律,由22,可得所求反应的焓变,D项正确。8一定
8、条件下,在水溶液中1 mol Cl、ClO(x1,2,3,4)的能量(kJ)相对大小如图所示。下列有关说法正确的是()Ae是ClOBbac反应的活化能为60 kJmol1Ca、b、c、d、e中c最稳定Dbad反应的热化学方程式为3ClO(aq)=ClO(aq)2Cl(aq)H116 kJmol1解析:选De中氯元素的化合价是7价,应该是ClO,A错误;根据图中数据无法计算bac反应的活化能,B错误;a、b、c、d、e中a的能量最低,所以a最稳定,C错误;bad,根据转移电子守恒和各物质能量的相对大小可得该反应的热化学方程式为3ClO(aq)=ClO(aq)2Cl(aq)H(6420360)kJ
9、mol1116 kJmol1,D正确。9已知:C(s)H2O(g)=CO(g)H2(g)Ha kJmol12C(s)O2(g)=2CO(g)H220 kJmol1,HH、OO和OH键的键能分别为436 kJmol1、496 kJmol1和462 kJmol1,则a为()A118 B130C332 D350解析:选B给已知方程式分别编号为、,根据盖斯定律,2得:2H2O(g)=O2(g)2H2(g)H(2a220)kJmol1,H4462 kJmol1496 kJmol14436 kJmol1(2a220)kJmol1,解得a130。10已知下列反应的能量变化示意图如下,有关说法正确的是()A1
10、 mol S(g)与O2(g)完全反应生成SO2(g),反应放出的热量小于297.0 kJB在相同条件下,SO2(g)比SO3(g)稳定CS(s)与O2(g)反应生成SO3(g)的热化学方程式S(s)O2(g)SO3(g)H395.7 kJmol1D一定条件下1 mol SO2(g)和 mol O2(g)反应,生成1 mol SO3(l)放出热量大于98.7 kJ解析:选DA项,相同量的S(g)的能量大于S(s)的能量,所以1 mol S(g)与O2(g)完全反应生成SO2(g),反应放出的热量297.0 kJmol1,错误;B项,能量越高越不稳定,由图像可知SO2(g)的能量大于SO3(g)
11、,所以SO3(g)比SO2(g)稳定,错误;C项,已知S(s)O2(g)=SO2(g)H297.07 kJmol1,SO2(g)O2(g)=SO3(g)H98.7 kJmol1,把两个方程相加得到S(s)O2(g)SO3(g)H395.7 kJmol1,错误;D项,依据图像知反应放热,所以1 mol SO2(g)和 mol O2(g)生成1 mol SO3(g)放出热量98.7 kJmol1,生成1 mol SO3(l)放出热量大于98.7 kJ,正确。11已知:N2(g)O2(g)=2NO(g)H1180.5 kJmol12C(s)O2(g)=2CO(g)H2221.0 kJmol1C(s)
12、O2(g)=CO2(g)H3393.5 kJmol1则能表示汽车尾气转化的热化学方程式为()A2NO(g)2CO(g)=N2(g)2CO2(g)H746.5 kJmol1B2NO(g)2CO(g)=N2(g)2CO2(g)H746.5 kJmol1C2NO(g)2CO(g)=N2(g)2CO2(g)H1 493 kJmol1D2NO(g)2CO(g)=N2(g)2CO2(g)H1 493 kJmol1解析:选A能表示汽车尾气转化的反应方程式为2NO2CO=N22CO2,则根据盖斯定律:2即可得出要求的反应,其H2H3H1H2746.5 kJmol1,所以A项正确。12已知:2C(s)O2(g)
13、=2CO(g)H220 kJmol1氢气燃烧的能量变化示意图:下列说法正确的是()A1 mol C(s)完全燃烧放出110 kJ的热量BH2(g)O2(g)=H2O(g)H480 kJmol1CC(s)H2O(g)=CO(g)H2(g)H130 kJmol1D欲分解2 mol H2O(l),至少需要提供4462 kJ的热量解析:选C1 mol C(s)燃烧生成CO时放出110 kJ热量,此时不是完全燃烧,A项错误;根据氢气燃烧的能量变化示意图,可得热化学方程式2H2(g)O2(g)=2H2O(g)H2436 kJmol1496 kJmol14462 kJmol1480 kJmol1,故H2(g
14、)O2(g)=H2O(g)H240 kJmol1,B项错误;根据盖斯定律由可得目标热化学方程式,即C(s)H2O(g)=CO(g)H2(g)H130 kJmol1,C项正确;由图中信息可知,分解2 mol H2O(g)需要提供4462 kJ的热量,而分解2 mol H2O(l)需要提供的热量更多,故D项错误。二、非选择题(本题包括2小题,共40分)13(22分)(1)硝酸厂的尾气直接排放将污染空气,目前科学家探索利用燃料气体中的甲烷等将氮氧化物还原为氮气和水,其反应机理为CH4(g)4NO2(g)=4NO(g)CO2(g)2H2O(g)H574 kJmol1CH4(g)4NO(g)=2N2(g
15、)CO2(g)2H2O(g)H1 160 kJmol1则甲烷直接将NO2还原为N2的热化学方程式为_。(2)CO、H2可用于合成甲醇和甲醚,其反应为(m、n均大于0):反应:CO(g)2H2(g)CH3OH(g)Hm kJmol1反应:2CO(g)4H2(g)CH3OCH3(g)H2O(g)Hn kJmol1反应:2CH3OH(g)CH3OCH3(g)H2O(g)H0则m与n的关系为_。(3)氨是最重要的化工产品之一。合成氨用的氢气可以甲烷为原料制得:CH4(g)H2O(g)CO(g)3H2(g)。有关化学反应的能量变化如图所示,则CH4(g)与H2O(g)反应生成CO(g)和H2(g)的热化
16、学方程式为_。解析:(1)将已知的两个热化学方程式依次编号为,根据盖斯定律,由可得目标热化学方程式:CH4(g)2NO2(g)=CO2(g)2H2O(g)N2(g)H867 kJmol1。(2)根据盖斯定律,由2可得热化学方程式:2CH3OH(g)CH3OCH3(g)H2O(g)H(2mn)kJmol12m。(3)根据题图所示能量变化可写出热化学方程式:CH4(g)2O2(g)=CO2(g)2H2O(g)H846.3 kJmol1CO2(g)=CO(g)O2(g)H282 kJmol1O2(g)H2(g)=H2O(g)H241.8 kJmol1由3得目标热化学方程式为CH4(g)H2O(g)C
17、O(g)3H2(g)H161.1 kJmol1。答案:(1)CH4(g)2NO2(g)=CO2(g)2H2O(g)N2(g)H867 kJmol1(2)n2m(3)CH4(g)H2O(g)CO(g)3H2(g)H161.1 kJmol114(18分)(1)已知:2NaOH(s)CO2(g)=Na2CO3(s)H2O(g)H1127.4 kJmol1NaOH(s)CO2(g)=NaHCO3(s)H2131.5 kJmol1反应2NaHCO3(s)=Na2CO3(s)H2O(g)CO2(g)的H_kJmol1。(2)用CaSO4代替O2与燃料CO反应,既可提高燃烧效率,又能得到高纯CO2,是一种高
18、效、清洁、经济的新型燃烧技术。反应为主反应,反应和为副反应。CaSO4(s)CO(g)CaS(s)CO2(g)H147.3 kJmol1CaSO4(s)CO(g)CaO(s)CO2(g)SO2(g)H2210.5 kJmol1CO(g)C(s)CO2(g)H386.2 kJmol1反应2CaSO4(s)7CO(g)CaS(s)CaO(s)6CO2(g) C(s)SO2(g)的H_(用H1、H2和H3表示)。(3)已知:温度过高时,WO2(s)转变为WO2(g):WO2(s)2H2(g)W(s)2H2O(g)H66.0 kJmol1WO2(g)2H2(g)W(s)2H2O(g)H137.9 kJmol1则WO2(s)WO2(g)的H_。解析:(1)2得到:2NaHCO3(s)=Na2CO3(s)CO2(g)H2O(g)H(127.42131.5)kJmol1135.6 kJmol1。(2)根据盖斯定律,由42得2CaSO4(s)7CO(g)CaS(s)CaO(s)6CO2(g)C(s)SO2(g)H4H1H22H3。(3)根据题意由可得WO2(s)WO2(g)H203.9 kJmol1。答案:(1)135.6(2)4H1H22H3(3)203.9 kJmol1