1、名词名词:表示人或者事物名称的词二、名词的数名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词又有单复数之分而不可数名词没有，它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。以下名词通常用作不可数名词：fun advice weather progress information bread butter baggage/luggage equipment furniture homework luck music practice wealth health word wood glass English America workjewellery可数名词复数形式的构成规则：1）直接加s2)以s,sh,ch,x结尾
2、的加 es 但是：stomachs3)以辅音字母加y结尾的改y为 i+es4)大部分以 f/fe结尾的改 f/fe为 v+es5)不规则变化man men但是：German Germans Roman Romans woman women child children mouse mice ox oxen goose geese/tooth teeth/footf eet bacterium bacteria/medium media phenomenon phenomena oasis oases/basis basesEnglishman Frenchman Englishwoman Fr
3、enchwoman 怎样变？趣味记忆法1.以o结尾的名词变成复数时通常在其后面+s.但是：下列单词在其后+eshero Negro potato tomato（英雄和黑人吃马铃薯和西红柿）2.以f/fe结尾的常改f/fe为ves thief wife life self leaf wolf shelf beef loaf knife half(小偷之妻生活难，自己扫叶来做饭，忽见一狼躲架后，想吃牛肉面包块，取刀把它劈两半）3.以f/fe结尾的有的既可以改成ves也可以直接+s scarf handkerchief dwarf wharf turf oaf hoof(带着围巾、手帕和矮子去码头修
4、草皮者畸形儿 蹄也）4.下列以f/fe结尾只能+sroof gulf cliff（悬崖）reef(暗礁）chief(首领，酋长）proofbelief safe不管是在屋顶上海湾里悬崖上还是碰到暗礁酋长都有他的证据和信念 守住那保险箱合成词单数变复数的规则：1.man-doctormen-doctors woman-teacherwomen-teachers 2.go-betweens touch-me-nots forget-me-nots grown-ups fathers-in-law brides-to-be passers-by lookers-on look-outs editor
5、s-in-chief film-goers wrong-doers fault-finders 单复数同形的词：Chinese/Japanese people sheep deer fish means crossroads(十字路口）species（物种，种类）offspring(后代）series（系列）cattle(牛）spacecraft（太空船）单复数表示不同的含义fish-fishes fruit-fruits food-foods work-works water-waters custom-customs content-contents good-goods iron-iro
6、ns green-greens damage-damages（赔偿金）air-airs（架子）put on/throw off pain-pains brain-brains(头脑 智能）arm-arms look-looks下列名词总是用复数形式 shake hands with sb.take measures/steps as follows（如下）give regards to take turns to do sth by turns hurt ones feelings(伤人感情）take notes.take pains(下功夫）have words within high/lo
7、w spirits make preparations forsee sights(观光）go to the picturesworking conditions(工作条件）travel expenses(路费）come to terms with be on good/bad terms with lazybonesbelongings surroundings congratulations ashes savings(储蓄）outskirts(市郊）earnings(薪水）两部分构成的东西只能用复数形式:trousers pants shorts jeans tights scissor
8、s boots compasses scales glasses gloves socks slippers earphones上述单词做主语时谓语只能用复数，但是如果与量词连用时则根据其单复数进行变化。My trousers are new.This pair of trousers is new.These pairs of trousers are new.有的不可数名词和抽象名词前面加上不定冠词表示“一阵,一份，一件，一种，一场”等：a heavy rain a famous tea a fine paper a brandy a great anger a beauty a succ
9、ess/failure a surprise a pleasure 总是在一起使用的两个名词第二个名词前的冠词一定要省去：a knife and fork(一副刀叉）a watch and chain(一块带链的表）a horse and cart(一辆马车）put the cart before the horse(本末倒置/黑白颠倒）bread and butter(奶油面包/生计）有一些名词可数与不可数意思不一样：单词不可数可数 character 性格人物/角色 exercise锻炼练习 word 消息字/话 will意志遗嘱 relation 关系亲戚 youth 青春青年人 won
10、der惊奇奇观/奇迹 necessity 必要性必需品 time时间时代/次数/倍数 experience经验经历 cloth布（特殊用途的）布 paper纸论文/报纸/试卷三、名词的阴性和阳性：1）schoolgirl schoolboy girlfriend boyfriend salesgirl salesboy girlstudent boystudent 2)man-doctor woman-doctor 3)he-cat she-cat 4)male-elephant female-elephant 5)host-hostess waiter-waitress master-mis
11、tress headmaster-headmistress actor-actress 6)bride-bridegroom widow-widower bull-cow hero-heroin ballerina-ballerino prince-princess nephew-niece名词作定语：1）通常用单数bookstore/shoestore/coffee cup/summer holidaystone bridge/paper money/weather reportheart trouble(disease)/convenience food2)常用复数的情况communica
12、tions technology(通讯技术）careers adviser/guidance(职业顾问/指导）foreign languages department benefits packages a goods train(一列货车）parents meetinga sports man a sales manager savings bank(储蓄银行）human resources manager animal rights group(动物权利组织）greetings telegram(问候电报）works facilities(工程设施）四、名词的格：1.有生命的+s2.无生命
13、的采用of短语3.表时间、地点、国家、天体的直接+s4.each others father-in-laws5.Jack and Toms room-Jacks and Toms rooms6.在表示店铺或者人家的名词后+s 1)at the doctors at the butchers at the tailors at the barbers2)at the Greens to my uncles7.双重所有格 the latest works of my fathers that dog of my friends a few books of mine8.其它所属关系 1）介词to表
14、示所有关系the key to the door(其它短语见动名词语法）the secretary to the mayor the visitors to the Great Wall a journey to the moon2)介词for表所有关系a chair for visitors medicine for cough a gift for my mother films for adults3)介词with 表所有关系（具有某种特征）a girl with a round face a room with furniture a child with big ears a cup
15、 with a handle a man with glasses a book with a white cover五、no 短语1.no way 2.no trouble 3.no problem 4.no wonder 5.no doubt 6.no matter 7.no entry 8.no photos 9.no smoking 10.no parking 11.no littering/no litter 12.no talking13.no fishing 14.no hurry 六、be of+n.句型1.表特性adj.=of+n.useful=be of useimport
16、ant_importancebeneficial_benefitinteresting_interest2.表同一性be of the same age/class/height be of different color注意：1)very+adj.=be of great+n.2)be not+adj.=be of no+n.补充：1.Valentines Day Dragon Boat Festival Tomb Sweeping Day Thanksgiving Day Halloween Easter Carnival Jews Gypsy Eskimo2.在进行书面表达时一定要注意：
17、可数名词在句中绝不能单独出现。11.（2009.天津卷原创解析）1.Im trying to break the _ of getting up too late.A.tradition B.convenience C.habit D.leisure【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。由关键词getting up too late“起的晚和习惯”搭配合适，意思是“晚起的习惯”；tradition传统；convenience方便，便利；leisure休闲，空闲，均不和句意。Habit习惯，选C合适。12.（2009.安徽卷）China has got a good _for fighting a
18、gainst the flu with its careful and smooth organization.A.reputation B.influence C.impression D.knowledge【答案】A【解析】本题考察名词的用法,四个近义词来区分.从句意及空格后面的介词入手,表达”中国在.上面有着较好的声誉”应接介词for.influence后接on.impression后接on.Knowledge后接of.13.（2009.山东卷）.-He says that my new car is a _ of money.-Dont you think those words ar
19、e just sour grapes?A.lack B.load C.question D.waste【答案】D【解析】本题考查单词的区别：lack缺乏；load负担；question疑问；waste 浪费；根据句意，尤其是下句的sour grapes(酸葡萄)可知答案选D。14.（2009.陕西卷）From their _ on the top of the TV Tower,visitors can have a better view of the city.A.stage B.position C.condition D.situation【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析；stage
20、：舞台，时期，阶段；position：位置；condition：条件，情况；situation：形式，情况；情景；根据空前的物主代词their可以推断出此处选B。题干意思是：从他们在电视塔顶部的位置，游客们可以更好地看到这个城市的景色。15.（2009.江西卷）The _ shoes were covered with mud,so I asked them to take them off before they got into _ car.A.girls;Toms B.girls;Toms C.girls;Toms D.girls;Toms【答案】C 【解析】本题考查名词所有格形式。根据
21、题干后半部分的them可知对应复数girls。此题较易16.（2009.湖北卷）Hiking by oneself can be fun and good for health.It may also be good for _ building.A.respect B.friendship C.reputation D.character【答案】D.【解析】考查名词。根据常识便可知运动既可增强体质也可强健个性，不会增强尊敬或名声，友谊可以增强，但与前面health不搭配，故答案为character。17（2009.湖北卷）.In our class,when the bell rang an
22、d the teacher closed his book,it was a _ for everyone to stand up.A.signal B.chance C.mark D.measure【答案】A.【解析】考查名词。根据句意可知打铃及老师合上书本，这是下课的暗示，选项中只能选择signal。chance“机会”，mark“分数，痕迹”，measure“方法，措施”。18.（2009.福建卷）The World Health Organization gave a warning to the public without any _when the virus of H1N1 h
23、it Mexico in April,2009.A.delay B.effort C.schedule D.consideration【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。delay：耽搁，延误；effort：努力；schedule：时间表；consideration：考虑，体谅；关心。题干意思是：当H1N1型2009年4月袭击墨西哥时，世界卫生组织毫不犹豫地向人们提出了警告。选A。19.（2009.辽宁卷原创解析）Children need friends _ their own age to play with.A.of B.for C.in D.at【答案】A【解析】考查名词双重所有格。friends of their own age意思是“他们自己年龄的朋友”，选A符合，其他选项不能构成所有关系。
