1、语法专项训练(一)名词1名词的概念名词就是表示人、事物、地点、现象及其他抽象概念等名称的词.2名词的分类(1)个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:girl 语法精讲语法精讲(2)集体名词:表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family(3)物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air(4)抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词,物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词.3名词的复数名词复数按以下规则构成:规则例词在词尾加-sboyboys,girlgirls,deskdesks,schoolschools,t
2、eacherteachers,etc.在以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词后加-esboxboxes,matchmatches,bossbosses,busbuses,fishfishes,etc.特例:stomachstomachs规则例词在以辅音字母加y结尾的词后,先改y为i,再加-escitycities,universityuniversities,factoryfactories,etc.规则例词在以f或fe结尾的词后,先改f或fe为v,再加-es这样的词共有12个,它们是:calfcalves,halfhalves,knifeknives,leafleaves,lifelives,loa
3、floaves,selfselves,sheafsheaves,shelfshelves,thiefthieves,wifewives,wolfwolves规则例词其他的以f或fe结尾的词直接加-sbeliefbeliefs,chiefchiefs(首领),handkerchiefhandkerchiefs,roofroofs,etc.规则例词在以字母o结尾的词后加S或-espianopianos(Italian),photophotos(photograph),kilokilos(kilometer,kilogram),radioradios,zoozoos,etc.NegroNegroes
4、,heroheroes,tomatotomatoes,potatopotatoes,etc.(记忆口诀为黑人英雄爱吃西红柿和土豆)规则例词有些名词的复数形式是不规则的manmen,womanwomen,childchildren,basisbases,footfeet,goosegeese,mousemice,oxoxen,toothteeth,phenomenonphenomena,etc.有些名词的单复数形式相同sheepsheep,deerdeer,ChineseChinese,JapaneseJapanese,etc.4.名词复数的一些用法用法专练(1)某些以-s或-es结尾,表示疾病
5、、学科的名词,某些专有名词通常被用作单数,这些词有:physics,the United States,the United Nations,mathematics,politics,etc.(1)Physics _(be)one of the most difficult subjects for girl students to learn.(2)Politics _(do)not arouse his interest.isdoes用法专练(2)以-s或-es结尾,表示由两部分构成的工具、仪器、服装等名词常作复数,这类名词主要有:glasses,scissors,trousers,cho
6、psticks,gloves,etc.(1)Where _(be)my glasses？I cant read the newspaper without them.(2)My trousers _(be)black,and yours _(be)blue.(3)_(This/These)scissors_(be)made in Suzhou.areareareTheseare用法专练(3)某些集体名词,尽管不是以-s或-es结尾,但总是用作复数.这类名词主要有:people,folk,police,cattle,etc.(1)The police _(be)looking for the t
7、hief.(2)The people here _(be)friendly to the visitors.areare用法专练(4)某些指有生命的东西的集体名词,视为一个集体时用作单数,而强调的是集体中的成员时用复数:audience,class,couple,family,government,etc.(1)The old couple _(be)walking in the park hand in hand.(2)The team _(have)won a second game during this week.(3)The team _(be)taking the annual p
8、hysical test before the new season.arehasare5名词的格英语名词有普通格与所有格之分.普通格顾名思义就是指一般的名词用法,所有格则是指“某某的”,通常有两种表达法:-s和of.如:the ships name,the name of the ship,etc.(1)-s格的构成单数名词和不以s结尾的复数名词在词尾加-s:Jacks brother,Uncle Toms cabin,Childrens Day,etc.以s结尾的复数名词只加“”:the soldiers letters,the workers union,etc.复合名词和词组构成所有格
9、时,“-s”加在最后一个词上:my brotherinlaws computer,someone elses dictionary,etc.(2)-s格的使用主要用于表示有生命的名词:womens clothes,the lions tail,the teachers office,etc.用于国家机关、社会团体及一些地理名称:the governments policy,the Europes future,the schools decision,etc.用于船只、飞机、火车等:the ships bell,the trains heating system,etc.用于表示距离、时间、价
10、值和重量:a moments thought,an hours walk,five hundred dollars worth,a tons weight,etc.(3)of格的使用主要用于表示无生命的名词:the wheel of history,the window of the room,the height of the mountain,etc.(4)双重所有格用来表示的所有关系是人,不是物:a/any friend of mine(one/any of my friends),one of the books of Henrys,etc.【注意】以上所用的a,any,some及数词
11、不能用the代替,如不能说the friend of mine；而且,of后面的名词必须是特指,不能说a sister of a friends.6名词的基本用法(1)作主语:My friend is from Shanghai.我的朋友是上海人.Mr.Wu usually has breakfast at six.武先生通常六点吃早饭.The dog is barking at us.这条狗在冲我们叫.China is a developing country.中国是一个发展中国家.The sun is bright.阳光明媚.(2)作宾语He asked a lot of question
12、s.他问了很多问题.Tom doesnt have a football.汤姆没有足球.How far is from your school to your home?从学校到你家有多远？There is a computer on my desk.我的桌子上有一台电脑.(3)作表语Mr.Sun is our teacher.孙先生是我们的老师.The man was a dancer ten years ago.这个人十年前是一名舞蹈演员.We are all her friends.我们都是她的朋友.Were you a soldier at that time?那时你是一名战士吗？(4
13、)作补语She is chosen our monitor.她被选为我们的班长.(主语补足语)We choose her our monitor.我们选她当我们的班长.(宾语补足语)He is called Mr.Sun.他被称为孙先生.(主语补足语)We call him Mr.Sun.我们称他为孙先生.(宾语补足语)(5)作定语There are some school things in my bag.我书包里有一些学习用品.The air conditioning is good.这台空调很好.Stamp collection is an interesting thing.集邮是一件
14、很有趣的事.(6)作同位语Mike,one of my good friends,is over there.麦克,我的一个好朋友,在那边.We Chinese people mean what we say.我们中国人说话算数.He likes talking with us young people.他喜欢和我们年轻人聊天.(7)作状语He will know it some day.总有一天他会知道这件事的.They work in the company day and night.他们日夜在公司工作.Wait a moment,please!请等一下！(8)作称呼语Ladies an
15、d gentlemen,come in please.女士们,先生们,请进.Susan,please pass me a piece of paper.苏珊,请递给我一张纸.Listen to me carefully,boys and girls.孩子们,请认真听我说.7名词与语法填空(1)单数可数名词前通常会填冠词、名词的所有格、形容词性物主代词、不定代词等.(2)空格在冠词、数词、形容词性物主代词、名词所有格后,要用括号中所给词的名词形式.(3)在名词前作定语的可能是形容词或分词,在名词后作定语的可能是分词短语、不定式短语或介词短语,还可能是定语从句.(4)若有定语从句、形容词、分词短语
16、或介词短语等修饰,应当用所给词的名词形式.(5)作主语,或在及物动词或介词后作宾语,要用括号中所给词的名词形式.(6)在确定用名词形式后,还要考虑该名词是用单数还是复数、是否需要用所有格、首字母是否需要大写.写出下列名词的复数形式1desk _ 2.class _3Pencil-box _ 4.watch _5dish _ 提升演练提升演练desksclassesPencil-boxeswatchesdishes6.month _7city _ 8.Sunday _9half _ 10.wife _11potato _ 12.tomato _monthscitiesSundayshalvesw
17、ivespotatoestomatoes13zoo _ 14.foot _15tooth _ 16.child _17woman _ 18.Englishman _19German _zoosfeetteethchildrenwomenEnglishmenGermans20.Chinese _21Japanese _ 22.American _23sheep _ 24.looker-on _25a man doctor _ 26.a woman teacher _ChineseJapaneseAmericanssheepLookers-onmen doctorswomen teachers.单
18、句填空1(2011高考四川卷改编)总是要记得将小刀这类危险的东西放到小孩拿不到的地方.Always remember to put such dangerous things as knives out of childrens _.reach2(2011高考江西卷改编)在你看来,如果他不努力帮助自己,我们帮他又有什么意义呢？Whats the _,in your opinion,of helping him if he doesnt make an effort to help himself?point3(2011高考湖北卷改编)“Tommy,快跑！快点！房子着火了！”母亲大声叫喊,嗓音里
19、夹杂着一种惊慌.”“Tommy,run!Be quick!The house is on fire！”the mother shouted,with _ clearly in her voice.panic4(2011高考湖北卷改编)放弃我的工作去接受全日制教育是一个重大承诺,但现在我知道这是我做过的最好的决定.Giving up my job to go back to fulltime education was a big _,but now I know it was the best decision I ever mitment5(2011高考江苏卷改编)为了能保持专业技能,老师们
20、必须不断地更新他们的知识.Teachers have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional _.competence6(2011高考浙江卷改编)“无论如何,我不能骗他这违背我的原则”.Anyway,I cant cheat himits against all my _.principles7(2011高考山东卷改编)在我们办公室有一个长期以来形成的传统,那就是当某个人的生日的时候,他们会拿一个蛋糕跟大家分享.Theres a _ in our office that when
21、its somebodys birthday,they bring in a cake for us all to share.tradition8戴维不会迷路,他方向感很好.(2012山东济南质检)David wont get losthe has a good_of direction.语篇填空用适当的词或所给词的适当形式完成下面的短文senseCharles Pink was a young 1._(Canada)who had a good house and he knew how to enjoy himself.Every Saturday,he went to the thea
22、tre and 2._(party)His car was one of the best in his city.CanadianpartiesHe had lots of 3._ and one day bought a plane.He learned to fly and flying became one of his main 4._(enjoy)One day about thirty 5._(year)ago,he set off in his small plane on a trip across 6._(Mexican)moneAyenjoymentsyearsMexic
23、oAt first everything went well,but when he was over the part of the country,7._ engine of the little machine failed.Fortunately,Pink was flying at a good 8._(high)when the bad thing happened,and he had time to find a place to land.theheightBelow him he could see a number of 9._(field)which looked nice enough to land on,and he managed to bring his 10._down on one of them.fieldsplane本部分内容讲解结束按ESC键退出全屏播放
