1、特 殊 句 式上一页一、倒装1完全倒装谓语动词全部置于主语之前的句子,便是完全倒装句。这类句型主要有两种:(1)第一种要具备以下三个条件:副词或介词短语位于句首。如:here,there,now,then,up,down,in,away,off,out,on the room,on the wall等,置于句首时。谓语动词常用come,go,follow,rush,hang,live,stand,fly等不及物动词,而且只能使用一般现在时或一般过去时两种时态。主语必须是名词。上一页 In a lecture hall of a university in England sits a prof
2、essor.在英格兰一所大学的讲堂里坐着一位教授。Out rushed the children.孩子们冲了出去。主语为人称代词,不是名词时,句子不倒装。如:Out they rushed.他们冲了出去。(2)第二种是such置于句首时。Such was Albert Einstein,a simple man and the 20th centurys greatest scientist.这就是艾伯特爱因斯坦,一个简单的人,也是20世纪最伟大的科学家。此句型中的such多被认为是表语,所以,such后的be动词的单复数应与其后的“真正的主语”保持一致。如:Such are the fact
3、s;no one can deny them.这就是事实,没有人能否定它们。上一页2部分倒装只把谓语的一部分(多为助动词或情态动词)置于主语之前,而中心动词依然位于主语之后的句子,叫部分倒装句。这类句型主要有三种:(1)only 修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句,且放在句首时。Only in this way can we learn English well.只有用这种方法,我们才能学好英语。(2)否定副词never,nor,not,hardly,little,seldom,scarcely,rarely及表否定意义的介词短语at no time,under/in no circumstance
4、s,in no case,by no means,on condition等置于句首时。Never before have I seen such a moving film.I have never seen such a moving film before.以前我从未看过这么感人的电影。Not a single mistake did he make.He didnt make a single mistake.他一个错误也没犯。上一页(3)六个重要句型:sobe动词/助动词/情态动词主语,意为“也是如此”。They love having lots of friends,so do I
5、.他们喜欢有很多朋友,我也一样。上一页如果句意不是“也是如此”,而仅是对前面内容的肯定或附和(此时的soindeed),那么,句子不可使用倒装式。试比较:A:I was afraid.(I指的是A)A:我害怕。B:So you were.(you 指的也是A。此句意为:Indeed you were afraid.)B:你就是这样。neither(或nor)be动词/助动词/情态动词主语,意为“也不这样”。Lily cant ride;neither/nor can Lucy.莉莉不会骑车,露西也不会。上一页上一页如果前面谈到的不止一件事,常用Its the same with或so it i
6、s with结构,肯定否定都一样。Shes pretty but doesnt work hard.Its the same with her sister.她长得很漂亮但工作不努力,她妹妹也一样。Soadj./adv.that.意为“如此以致于”。So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.他英语说得如此清晰以致于别人都能听得懂。上一页Neither.,nor.,意为“既不,也不”。Neither do I know it,nor do I care about it.我不知道,也不关
7、心。Not only.,but also.,意为“不仅,而且”。Not only will help be given to people to find jobs,but also medical treatment will be provided for people who need it.不仅要帮助人们找工作,而且也要给那些需要帮助的人提供医疗保健服务。Not until.,意为“直到才”。Not until 4:00 in the morning can he fall asleep.He cant fall asleep until 4:00 in the morning.直到凌
8、晨4点他才睡着。上一页如果Not until引导的是句子,until 引导的从句主谓不可倒装,而主句需要倒装。Not until he returned did we have supper.直到他回来我们才吃晚饭。上一页3as,though 引导让步状语从句倒装的情况(1)表语的倒装Tired as/though he was,he still went on with his work.尽管他很累,但他还是继续工作。上一页如果是单数名词或形容词的最高级作表语,不再用冠词。Child as he is,he can speak 3 foreign languages.尽管他是个孩子,但他会讲
9、3种外语。Youngest as he is in our class,he speaks English the best.他虽然是我们班年龄最小的,但英语说得最好。(2)谓语动词的倒装Try as he might,he didnt pass the exam.尽管他努力了,但考试仍不及格。(3)状语的倒装Much as he liked the bike,he didnt want to buy it.他虽然很喜欢那辆自行车,但仍不想买它。Hard as I studied I could not catch up with them.我虽然努力学习,但仍赶不上他们。二、强调1强调句型:
10、It is/was被强调部分that/who句子剩余成分(1)被强调部分为“人”时,可用who/that作连接词;被强调部分是“非人”时,用that。所强调的可以是单词、短语,也可以是从句,但结构必须完整。被强调的成分可以是主语、宾语和状语,但不能是定语或谓语。It is I who/that am right.(强调主语)是我对了。上一页(2)这种强调句的一般疑问句只需把 is/was 提前。Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out?第二次世界大战是在1939年爆发的吗?Is it professor Wang who teache
11、s you English?教你们英语的是王教授吗?(3)特殊疑问句是“疑问词is/wasit that.?”。Who was it that broke the window?打破窗户的是谁?What is it that you want me to do?你想要我干什么?上一页(4)有时可用It might be.that.或It must have been.that.句型表示强调。It might be his father that youre thinking of.你关心的可能是他父亲。It must have been his brother that you saw.你看到
12、的一定是他的弟弟。(5)not.until.句型的强调句其强调句式为:It is/was not until被强调部分that其他成分。He didnt go to bed until ten oclock.It was not until ten oclock that he went to bed.直到10点他才上床睡觉。上一页2区分It is/was.that.与It is/was时间when/before从句,It is时间since从句,It was not long.before.(1)强调句型与It is/was时间when/before从句It is/was.when.句型中i
13、t指时间,when引导的是时间状语从句。注意两种句型“时间”表达方式的不同。It was at midnight that I got back home yesterday.昨天我是在午夜回到家的。It was midnight when/before I got back home yesterday.昨天当我回到家的时候/在我回到家之前已经是午夜了。第一句是强调句型,被强调的是时间状语,因此用介词短语表示;而第二句是一般句型,时间以名词的方式表示,用来作表语。上一页(2)强调句型与It is时间since从句It is.since.表示“自从以来已有(时间)”。(3)强调句型与It wa
14、s not long.before.上述句型可有以下几种句式:It wasnt long before.不久就It wont be long before.不久就会It was(not)two years/days before.两年/天后(不到两年/天)就It will(not)be two years/days before.两年/天后才会(用不了两年/天就会)试比较:It was two years before he came back from abroad.It was two years later that he came back from abroad.同样表示“他两年以后
15、回国”,强调句型中强调时间应用时间状语的方式表示。上一页三、反意疑问句1陈述部分含有must/(may)might 的反意疑问句must 必须needntmustnt 不允许、禁止must/may表推测must/may(might)bebenot主语must have done过去的时间didnt主语must have done无时间状语havent/hasnt主语You mustnt smoke here,must/may you?你不可以在此吸烟,行吗?You must/might be hungry now,arent you?你一定/也许饿了,是吗?上一页2陈述部分含有ought to
16、 的反意疑问句其反意疑问部分用oughtnt 或shouldnt 均可。He ought to go to the lecture,oughtnt/shouldnt he?他应该去听演讲,对吧?3陈述部分含有否定词或半否定词的反意疑问句当陈述部分含有seldom,hardly,scarcely,never,few,little,nothing,nobody等否定词或半否定词时,疑问部分用肯定形式。He could hardly walk without a stick,could he?没有拐杖他几乎不能走路,是吗?上一页4如果陈述部分含有由表示“否定”意义的前缀构成的词,其反意疑问部分一般用
17、否定式。Tom dislikes playing tennis,doesnt he?汤姆不喜欢打网球,是吗?Its unfair,isnt it?那不公平,是不是?5陈述部分含有宾语从句的反意疑问句(1)当陈述部分带有宾语从句时,疑问部分的主语常和主句的主语保持一致。He said that she would come to my birthday party,didnt he?他说她要来参加我的生日晚会,是吗?上一页(2)主句谓语动词为think,believe,suppose,guess,expect,imagine等,且主语为第一人称时,疑问部分的主语和谓语动词与宾语从句的主语和谓语保
18、持一致;若主句的主语为第二、三人称时,后面的反问部分由主句来决定。I dont believe he will succeed,will he?我认为他不会成功,是吗?Tom doesnt believe Jack will succeed,does he?汤姆不相信杰克能成功,对吗?上一页6祈使句的反意疑问句否定祈使句,will you?肯定祈使句,will/wont you?Lets.,shall we?Let us.,will you?Letme.,will you?Open the door,will/wont you?打开门,好吗?Lets go out for a walk,sha
19、ll we?我们出去散步,好吗?Let us go home now,will you?现在,(您)让我们回家,好吗?上一页四、省略1定语从句中的省略现象定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that,which,whom常可以省略。2状语从句中的省略现象(1)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致且从句中的谓语部分含be动词时,可以省略状语从句中的主语和be动词,这时从句中可出现如下结构:连词(as,as if,once)名词Once(he was)a teacher,he now works in a government office.他原来是教师,现在在政府办公室工作。连词(though,whether
20、,when)形容词Work hard when(you are)young,or youll regret.少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。上一页连词(whether,as if,while)介词短语He looked everywhere as if(he was)in search of something.他到处打量好像在寻找什么东西。连词(when,while,though)现在分词While(I was)walking along the street,I heard my name called.我正在沿着大街散步时,听见有人叫我的名字。连词(when,if,even if,unless,
21、once,until,than,as)过去分词The exhibition is more interesting than(it was)expected.展览比期望的更有趣。连词(as if,as though)不定式He opened his lips as if(he were)to speak.他张了张嘴好像要说话。上一页当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时,有时也有这样的省略。Her father told her to be careful when(she was)crossing the street.她父亲告诉她过马路时要小心。(2)当从句中的主语是it,谓语动词中又含有be动词
22、时,可以把it和be 动词一起省略。此时构成“连词(if,unless,when,whenever)形容词”的结构。Unless(it is)necessary,youd better not refer to the dictionary.除非有必要,否则不要查字典。另外,我们还可以用so或not代替上文内容,此时可有“ifso/not”的省略句式:Get up early tomorrow.If not(If you dont get up early),you will miss the first bus.明天要早起床。如果不早起,你就会错过第一班公交车。He may not be a
23、t home then.If so(If he is not at home),leave him a note.那时他可能不在家。如果不在家的话,给他留个便条。3不定式中的省略现象(单独使用不定式符号to)(1)代替动词不定式后被省略的动词,常放在be afraid,expect,forget,hope,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,refuse,seem,try,want,wish等后面。I asked him to see the film,but he didnt want to.我请他看电影,但是他不想去。(2)放在have,need,ought,be g
24、oing,used等后面。I didnt want to go there,but I had to.我不想去那里,但不得不去。(3)放在某些形容词,如:glad,happy,pleased,delighted等后面。Will you join in the game?你愿意参加这个比赛吗?Id be glad to.我很愿意。(4)否定形式的省略用not to。Shall I go instead of him?我可以代替他去吗?I prefer not to.我宁愿你不去。(5)如果不定式中含有be,have,have been,通常保留be,have和have been。Are you a sailor?你是水手吗?No,but I used to be.我不是,但我过去是。He hasnt finished yet.他还没做完呢。Well,he ought to have.哦,他早该完成了。详 见 Word 文 档上一页详 见 Word 文 档