1、江苏省沛县2015高考英语阅读理解一轮优练（11）及答案阅读理解-ATechnology has been an encouragement of historical change. It acted as such a force in England beginning in the eighteenth century, and across the entire Western World in the nineteenth. Rapid advances were made in the use of scientific findings in the manufacture (
2、制造) of goods, which has changed ideas about work. One of the first changes was that other forms of energy have taken the place of human power. Along with this came the increased use of machines to manufacture products in less time. People also developed machines that could produce the same parts for
3、 a product: each nail was exactly like every other nail, meaning that each nail could be changed for every other nail. This means that goods could be mass production, although mass production required breaking production down into smaller and smaller tasks.Workers no longer started on the product an
4、d labored to complete it. Instead, they might work only one thousandth of it, other workers completing their own parts in certain order. There is nothing strange about this manufacturing work by todays standards. Highly skilled workers were unable to compare with the new production techniques, as ma
5、ss production allowed goods of high standard to be produced in greater number than could ever be done by hand. But the skilled worker wasnt the only loser, the common workers lost too. Similar changes forced farmer away. The increased mechanization (机械化) of agriculture freed masses of workers from p
6、loughing the land and harvesting its crops. They had little choice but to stream toward the rapidly developing industrial centers. Increasingly, standards were set by machines. Workers no longer owned their own tools, their skill was no longer valued, and pride in their work was no longer possible.
7、Workers fed, looked after and repaired the machines that could work faster than humans at greatly reduced cost.1. In this passage, which of the following is NOT considered as a change caused by the use of scientific findings in the production of goods?A. Other forms of energy have taken the place of
8、 human power.B. The increased exploitation of workers in the 19th century.C. The increased use of machines to make products in less time.D. The use of machines producing parts of the same standard. 答案解析：答案为B。本题为细节题。从文章的第一段 “One of the first changes was that other forms of energy have taken the place
9、 of human power. Along with this came the increased use of machines to manufacture products in less time. People also developed machines that could produce the same parts for a product:” 可知，A、C、D都在文中提到了。故答案为B。2. According to the writer, highly skilled workers _A. completely disappeared with the comi
10、ng of the factory systemB. were dismissed by the bossC. were unable to produce goods of high standardD. were unable to produce fine goods at that same speed as machines答案解析：答案为D。本题为细节题。从文章第二段 “Highly skilled workers were unable to compare with the new production techniques, as mass production allowe
11、d goods of high standard to be produced in greater number than could ever be done by hand.” 可知，机器批量生产的产品标准高，数量多，这是手工生产无法匹敌的。故答案为D。3. According to the passage, what did the farmers have to do with the coming of mechanization of agriculture?A. Many of them had to leave their farmland for industrial ce
12、nters.B. They stuck to their farm work.C. They refused to use machines.D They did their best to learn how to use the machines.答案解析：答案为A。本题为细节题。从第二段的倒数第四句话 “They had little choice but to stream toward the rapidly developing industrial centers.” 可知，答案为A。Passage Thirty-five (Exploration on the Origin o
13、f Continents) The origin of continental nuclei has long been a puzzle. Theories advanced so far have generally failed to explain the first step in continent growth, or have been subject to serious objections. It is the purpose of this article to examine the possible role of the impact of large meteo
14、rites or asteroids in the production of continental nuclei. Unfortunately, the geological evolution of the Earths surface has had an obliterating effect on the original composition and structure of the continents to such an extent that further terrestrial investigations have small chance of arriving
15、 at an unambiguous answer to the question of continental origin. Paradoxically, clues to the origin and early history of the surface features of the Earth may be found on the Moon and planets, rather than on the Earth, because some of these bodies appear to have had a much less active geological his
16、tory. As a result, relatively primitive surface features are preserved for study and analysis. In the case of both the Moon and Mars, it is generally concluded from the appearance of their heavily cratered surfaces that they have been subjected to bombardment by large meteoroids during their geologi
17、cal history. Likewise, it would appear a reasonable hypothesis that the Earth has also been subjected to meteoroid bombardment in the past, and that very large bodies struck the Earth early in its geological history. The large crater on the Moon listed by Baldwin has a diameter of 285 km. However, i
18、f we accept the hypotheses of formation of some of the mare basins by impact, the maximum lunar impact crater diameter is probably as large as 650km. Based on a lunar analogy, one might expect several impact craters of at least 500km diameter to have been formed on Earth. By applying Baldwins equati
19、on, the depth of such a crater should be about 20km. Baldwin admits that his equation gives excessive depths for large craters so that the actual depth should be somewhat smaller. Based on the measured depth of smaller lunar crater. Baldwins equation gives the depth of the zone of brecciation for su
20、ch a crater as about 75km. The plasticity of the Earths mantle at the depth makes it impossible to speak of “bracciation” in the usual sense. However, local stresses may be temporarily sustained at that depth, as shown by the existence of deep-focus earthquakes. Thus, short-term effects might be exp
21、ected to a depth of more than 50km in the mantle.Even without knowing the precise effects, there is little doubt that the formation of a 500-km crater would be a major geological event. Numerous authors have considered the geological implications of such an event. Donn et al. have, for example, call
22、ed on the impact of continent-size bodies of sialic composition to from the original continents. Two major difficulties inherent in this concept are the lack of any known sialic meteorites, and the high probability that the energy of impact would result in a wide dissemination of sialic material, ra
23、ther than its concentration at the point of impact.Gilvarry, on the other hand, called on meteoroid impact to explain the production of ocean basins. The major difficulties with this model are that the morphology of most of the ocean basins is not consistent with impact, and that the origin and grow
24、th of continents is not adequately explained. We agree with Donn at al. that the impact of large meteorites or asteroids may have caused continent formation, but would rather think in terms of the localized addition of energy to the system, rather than in terms of the addition of actual sialic mater
25、ial.1. A mare basin is A. a formula for determining the relationship between the depth and width of craters. . a valley that is filled in when a spatial body has impact with the moon or the earth.C. a planetoid (small planet) created when a meteorite, upon striking the moon, breaks off a part of the
26、 moon.D. a dark spot on the moon, once supposed to be a sea, now a plain.2. The writer does not believe thatA. an asteroid is larger than a meteorite. material from space, upon hitting the earth, was eventually distributed.C. the earth, at one time, had craters.D. ocean were formerly craters.3. The
27、article is primarily concerned withA. the origin of continents. the relationship between astral phenomena and the moon.C. differences of opinion among authoritative geologists.D. the relationship between asteroids and meteorites.4. Sialic material refers to A. the broken rock resulting from the impa
28、ct of a meteorite against the earth. material that exists on planets other than the earth.C. a composite of rock typical of continental areas of the earth.D. material that is man-made to simulate materials that existed far back in geological history.Vocabulary1. meteorit 陨石，陨星2. asteroid （火星和木星轨道间）小
29、行星3. obliterate 除去，消减痕迹4. crater 火山口，陨石坑5. mare 海，（也指月亮，火星上的）阴暗区6. impact 撞击7. impact crater 陨石坑，撞击火山8. brecciate 合成角砾岩 the zone of brecciation 角砾岩地带9. mantle 地幔10. stress 应力 local stress 局部（本身）应力11. sialic 硅铝的12. probability 概率，可能性13. disseminate 传播，分散，浸染14. morphology 组织，结构，形态（学）15. astral 星（星状体）的
30、难句译注1. Unfortunately, the geological evolution of the Earths surface has had an obliterating effect on the original composition and structure of the continents to such an extent that further terrestrial investigations have small chance of arriving at an unambiguous answer to the question of continen
31、tal origin.结构简析 句中用suchthat 句型。参考译文 遗憾的是，地球表面的地质变化对大陆原始结构和组成起了抹煞的作用。这种消除作用达到了这种程度，使进一步的大陆的研究工作很难对大陆起源问题去得明确的答案。2. In the case of both the Moon and Mars. It is generally concluded from the appearance of their heavily cratered surfaces that they have been subjected to bombardment by large meteoroids d
32、uring their geological history.结构简析 in the case of 就说，至于，论到。参考译文 拿月亮和火星来说，一般都从它们表面严重的陨石坑得出结论：它们在其地质进化过程中遭到过巨大的陨星的撞击。3. Two major difficulties inherent in this concept are the lack of any known sialic meteorites, and the high probability that the energy of impact would result in a wide dissemination
33、of sialic material, rather than its concentration at the point of impact.结构简析 that clause 是high probability 的说明同位语。参考译文 这一概念本身固有的两大难点是缺乏任何已知的硅铝陨石和下列现象的高概率：即撞击的能量会导致硅铝材料广泛分散，而不是集中于撞击点上。写作方法与文章大意 文章一开始就说明了此文论述“大陆核生成过程中大的陨星的撞击作用。”由于地球表面地质进化抹去了大陆原始结构和组成的痕迹，只好由月亮和火星作为研究对象来说明地球。从三方面来论述：一是鲍德温的方程式，深度和宽度；二是硅
34、铝组成；三是海洋盆地。最后结论。答案祥解1. D. 是月球上的一个黑点，一度认识是海，现在知道是平原。Mare basin海盆地。词义本身说明D项对。另一方面，第二段开始提及“鲍德温所列出的月球上最大的陨石坑直径为285公里。可是，如果我们接受了某些由于撞击而形成海盆地的结构假设，那么月球上最大陨石坑的直径可能有650公里大。”这里都说mare basin指的是月球上陨石坑。这就排除了A,B,C三个选项。A. 是测定陨石坑深度和宽度的公式。 B. 当某一天体或地球撞击时填入的深谷。 C. 当陨星撞击月亮时，撞掉的部分月亮而形成小星体。2. D. 海洋是原来的陨石坑。倒数第二段“另一方面，Gil
35、varry 用陨星撞击来解释海洋盆地的形成。这一模式的最大困难在于大多数海洋盆地结构和撞击情况不符。”A. 小行星大于陨星。 B. 来自太空的材料，在撞击地球时，均匀分布。 C. 地球一度有过陨石坑。这三项明显不对， 谈不上相信不相信。3. A. 大陆起源。这在文章一开始就点明“大陆核起源长期以来一直是个谜。进展到现在的理论一般都不能说明大陆生长的第一步情况，或者遭到严厉的反对。这篇文章的目的就是要研究大陨星或小行星的撞击在地球核生成中可能起的作用。”另见难句译注1。 B. 星际现象和月球的关系。 C. 权威地质学家意见分歧。 D. 小行星和陨星之间的关系。4. C. 地球大陆地区特有的岩石构
36、成。第三段第三句：“举例说，Donn et al.提出大陆区域大小的，硅铝结构的天体撞击形成最初的大陆块的设想。”其它见难句译注3。 A. 由于陨星撞击地球形成破碎的岩石。 B. 存在于地球之外其它星球的材料。 C. 人造材料模拟存在于遥远地质史上的材料。三项文内都没有提到。【2013界内蒙古巴市一中一模】Time and how we experience it have always puzzled usPhysicists have created fascinating theories, but their time is measured by a pendulum （钟摆） an
37、d is not psychological time, which leaps with little regard to the clock or calendarAs some-one who understood the distinction observed, When you sit with a nice girl for two hours it seems like a minute, but when you sit on a hot stove, a minute seems like two hoursPsychologists have long noticed t
38、hat larger units of time, such as months and years, fly on swifter wings as we ageThey also note that the more time is structured with schedules and appointments, the more rapidly it seems to passFor example, a day at the office flies compared with a day at the beachSince most of us spend fewer days
39、 at the beach and more at the office as we age, an increase in structured tune could well be to blame for why time seems to speed up as we grow olderExpectation and familiarity also make time seem to flow more rapidlyAlmost all of us have had the experience of driving somewhere weve never been befor
40、e. Surrounded by unfamiliar scenery, with no real idea of when well arrive, we experience the trip as lasting a long time. But the return trip, although exactly as long, seems to take far less time. The novelty of the outward journey has become routine. Thus taking a different route on occasions can
41、 often help slow the clock.When was become as identical as identical as beads（小珠子）on a string, they mix together, and even months become a single day. To counter this, try to find ways to interrupt the structure of your dayto stop time, so to speak.Learning something new is one of the ways to slow t
42、he passage of time. One of the reasons the days of our youth seems so full and long is that these are the days of learning and discovery. For many of us, learning ends when we leave school, but this doesnt have to be.67The underlined sentence in Paragraph 1 is used to show .Apsychological time is qu
43、ite puzzlingBtime should not be measured by a pendulumCphysical time is different from psychological timeDphysical theory has nothing to do with the true sense of time68Why do units of time fly faster as we grow older?AOur sense of time changes.BWe spend less time at the beach.CMore time is structur
44、ed and scheduled.DTime is structured with too many appointments.69In Paragraph 3 “novelty” probably means .AexcitementBunfamiliarityCimaginationDamusement70The purpose of the passage is to .Agive various explanations about timeBdescribe how we experience time psychologicallyCshow the different ideas of physicists and psychologists on timeDexplain why time flies and how to slow it down psychologicallyD篇CCBD
