1、江苏省沛县2015高考英语阅读理解一轮优练（10）及答案【2013界上海市宝山区质量监测】 Discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds” to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold ( 霉 ) on a piece of cheese and get the idea
2、 for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of tough trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more
3、 frequently than they score. The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goaland so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovation and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously
4、on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities. “Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that theres no particular goodness in doing things the way they
5、 have always been done.” Wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: “How come nobody thought of that before?” The creative approach begins with the propos
6、al that nothing be as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easi
7、er in the long run and are sure to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends. Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.72. What does the author probably mean by “untaught mind” in the first paragraph? A. An individual who often comes up with new ide
8、as by accident. B. A person who has had no education. C. A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity. D. A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.73. According to the author, what differs innovators from non-innovators? A. The way they present their findings. B. T
9、he way they deal with problems. C. The intelligence they possess. D. The variety of ideas they have.74.The phrase “march to a different drummer” (the last line of the passage) suggests that highly creative individuals are _. A. unwilling to follow common ways of doing things B. diligent in pursuing
10、their goals C. concerned about the advance of society D. devoted to the progress of science75.The most suitable title for this passage might be _. A. The Relation Between Creation and Diligence B. To Be a Creative Expert in the Study of Human Creativity C. What Are So Special about Creative Individu
11、alsD. Discoveries and Innovation【参考答案】7275 DBAC【2013界内蒙古巴市一中一模】Babysitter Wanted I am seeking a babysitter for my 6-month-old son. A few hours on Saturdays and Sundays to help me and then other times as needed. He or she should be over 18, responsible, loving, warm, and have some experience in carin
12、g for babies. This position also suits a college student with experience looking for a part-time job. The pay is $10 an hour. If this sounds like a good job to you, please reply to rebecharvor call 800-4964. Office Manager Wanted Our company is looking for a full-time experienced manager to run the
13、business. Strong skills in organisation and business management are required for this position. The office manager will be responsible for keeping financial (金融的) records, so he or she should be familiar with computers. Please reply to jimor call 800-6978 to apply.Waiter/ Waitress Wanted A restauran
14、t is looking for an experienced waiter / waitress. Knowledge of wines and experience in dining are necessary. Must work well under pressure and understand the basics of fine dining and customer service. If youre interested, please contact us at job-tkupe-1329358152craigslist.orgto apply. This is a p
15、art-time job. Office Cleaner Wanted Looking for a Part-time job? A position in the Mississauga area needs an office cleaner! Part-time 4 hours a day from 10:00 am - 2:00 pm. Duties include:Cleaning the washrooms Cleaning the furniture Sweeping the floors Other general cleaning Some experience is nec
16、essary. Pay:$15 per hour Replyto:job-p3b7u-1365632206craigslist.orgor call 800-8197.60. Which of the following position is a full-time job? A. Babysitter. B. Office manager. C. Waiter / waitress. D. Office cleaner.61. If a college girl with some experience caring for children wants to apply for a jo
17、b, where should she send an email?A. job-p3b7u-1365632206craigslist.orgB. job-tkupe-1329358152craigslist.orgC. jim D. rebecharv62. What can we learn from the passage? A. The office cleaner has to work three hours each day.B. One can apply for a waiter or waitress by telephone.C. A babysitter earns $
18、5 more than an office cleaner per hour. D. Experience is necessary for all these four jobs. 63. Which of the following is necessary for a waiter / waitress? A. Being familiar with computers.B. Having knowledge of wines.C. Knowing more about menus.D. Working well with others.B篇BDDB 阅读理解课堂练学案Passage T
19、hirty-four (The Relationship between Brain Process with Mental Experience) By 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain processes to mental experience appeared rather discouraging. Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demonst
20、rated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience. Near the turn of the century, it had been suggested by Hering that different modes of sensation, such as pain, taste and color, might be correlated with the discha
21、rge of specific kinds of nervous energy, However, subsequently developed methods of recording and analyzing nerve potentials failed to reveal any such qualitative diversity. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking
22、that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits. Although qualitative variance among nerve rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing vie
23、w, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency” throughout the nervous system. According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but, rather, the
24、different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidence for this view. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of the cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for that partic
25、ular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditory sensation from the auditory cortex, and so on. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as for as psychoneural correlations were concerned, th
26、e obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.However, cortical as diverse as those of red, black, green and white, or touch, cold, warmth, movement, pain, posture and pressure apparently may arise through activation of th
27、e same cortical areas. What seemed to remain was some kind of differential patterning effects in the brain excitation: it is the difference in the central distribution of impulses that counts. In short, Brain theory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity of relatively hom
28、ogenous nerve-cell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses through homogeneous cerebral tissue. To match the multiple dimensions of mental experience psychologists could only point to a limitless variation in the spatiotemporal patterning of nerve impulses.1. Up until 1950, efforts to esta
29、blish that brain processes and mental experience are related would most likely have been met withA. vexation. . irritability. C. discouragement D. neutrality2. The author mentions “common currency” primarily in order to emphasize the A. lack of differentiation among nerve impulses in human beings. s
30、imilarities in the views of the scientists.C. similarity of sensations of human beings.D. continuous passage of nerve impulses through the nervous system.3. Which of the following theories is reinforced by the depiction of the experiment in lines 1619?A. Cognitive experience manifested by sensory ne
31、rve impulses are influenced by the area of the brain stimulated. Qualitative diversity in nerve potentials can now be studied more accurately.C. Sensory stimuli are heterogeneous and are greatly influenced by the nerve sensors they produce.D. Differentiation in neural modalities influences the lengt
32、h of nerve transmissions.4. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following exhibit the LEAST qualitative variation?A. Nerve cells. . Nerve impulses.C. Cortical areas. C. Spatial patterns of nerve impulses.Vocabulary1. mental experiences 精神感受2. discharge 释放3. negligible 微小的，可以忽略不计的4.
33、 manifold 多种多样的，多方面5. neuron 神经元/细胞6. neural （中枢）神经的（系统）7. qualitative diversity 质的多样性，量变的8. disprove 反驳，反证9. homogeneous 相似的10. sensory nerve 感觉神经11. cortical 外皮的，皮质的12. cerebral cortex 大脑皮层13. locus 地点，区域14. psychoneural 精神神经15. heterogeneous 异源的，异种的，异体的16. spatiotenporal 时空的难句译注1. Such variations
34、 in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.结构分析 句型为suchas 可as 具有关系代词作用，此处作从句中had been demonstrated 的主语。参考译文
35、 神经细胞中所显示的诸如在尺寸，形状，化学，神经脉冲中传导速度，激发界限等方面的那种变化差异对多方面的精神感受可能有联系来说仍然意义不大。2. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed in
36、stead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.参考译文 有可能用其他办法来显示神经类型之间细微的结构差异。可是，缺乏证据证实脉冲的或者其脉冲传导的质量受这些差别的影响。相反，这种质量看起来它却影响了中枢神经循环的进展模式。3. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of the cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it
37、produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditory sensation from the auditory cortex, and so on.结构分析 主从句。后面跟解释性同位语：that is 。参考译文 在一个实验中，当电刺激作用于有意识的人体大脑皮层的某个感觉部位，它对这个特定部位产生一种恰如其分的感觉道，也就是说，视觉来自视觉皮层，听觉来自听皮层，以此类推。4
38、. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as for as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differenc
39、es.参考译文 其他实验揭示了神经细胞在尺寸，数目，排列和相互联结上的细微变化。可是，就精神神经相互关系而论，这些感觉部位相互之间明显的相似性似乎比任何细微差异更为明显多。5. In short, Brain theory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity of relatively homogenous nerve-cell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses through homogeneous cerebral tissue
40、.参考译文 总之，大脑理论说明精神感觉和相对相似的神经细胞单位的活动有关系。这种活动通过相似的大脑皮层组织传导的基本相似的脉冲。写作方法与文章大意 文章是对“大脑神经活动和精神感受关系的探讨。”采用时空写法。先从1950年，探索两者关系的结果令人沮丧谈起。在临近本世纪转折时期，由赫林提出的不同的感觉态可能和某种神经能量有关。经过一系列理论和经验探索，最后得出大脑理论说明神经感受和相对相似的神经细胞单位活动有关的结论。这是一种通过相似的大脑结构引导相似脉冲的活动。答案祥解1. C. 令人失望。答案见文章的第一句话“到了1950年，大脑活动过程和精神感受有关系的实验结果看起来令人沮丧。”A. 令人
41、恼火。 B. 激怒。 D. 中立。 均不对。2. A. 在人的神经脉冲中缺少变异（差别）。Common currency 本义是一般通用。这里的上下问决定了它的含义“无变异脉冲（普通脉冲）”。第二段“虽然神经能量中的质变理论从没有受到严厉的驳斥，但这一学说被普遍放弃，而赞成其对立的观点；那就是：神经脉冲在质量沙锅内基本相似，并作为无变异脉冲（普通脉冲）经神经系统传送。”所以普通脉冲就是指神经脉冲无变异，在质量上基本相似。B. 科学家观点上的相似性。 C. 人类感觉相似性。 D. 神经脉冲连续不断通过神经系统。这三项和common currency 无关。3. A. 受刺激的大脑部位影响感觉神经
42、脉冲所显示的认知感受。在第二道题译文下面“根据这一理论，不是感觉神经脉冲的质量决定它们所产生的各种有意识的感觉。而是由脉冲在大脑中释放的不同部位决定，并且有证据证明这一论点。”见难句译注3。 B. 现在对神经潜力的质量变化可以进行更精彩的研究。 C. 感官刺激是异源的，并深受它们所产生的神经感觉（感受器）的影响。 D. 神经形态上的差异影响神经传递长度。4. B. 神经脉冲。这在第2题答案A中译注（即第二段）已有明确的答复。“神经脉冲在质量上基本相似。”A. 神经细胞。见难句译注2，“有可能用其他办法来显示神经细胞类型之间细微的结构差异。” C. 外皮区域（部位）。 D. 神经脉冲空间模式。见
43、难句译注5和本文最后一句“为了和精神感受多样性吻合，心理学家只能指明神经脉冲时空模式上的无限差异。”这说明，它不是 “Least qualitative variation.”【2013界内蒙古巴市一中一模】Obama Still Smokes in SecretUS President Barack Obama has just made life more difficult for cigarette makers. He has just signed a law that will set tough new rules for the tobacco industry. The n
44、ew law gives the US Food and Drug Administration the power to strictly limit the making and marketing of tobacco products.At a White House signing ceremony Monday, Obama said that he was among the nearly 90% of smokers who took up the habit before their 18 th birthday.Obama, who has publicly struggl
45、ed to give up smoking, said he still hadnt completely kicked the habit. Every now and then he still smokes in secret.“As a former smoker I struggle with it all the time. Do I still smoke sometimes? Yes. Am I a daily smoker, a constant smoker? No.” Obama said at a news conference.“I don t do it in fr
46、ont of my ladsI don ?t do it in front of my familyI would say that I am 95% cured, but there are times when I mess up, he saidOnce you go down this path, it s something you continually struggle with, which is exactly why the law is so importantThe new law is not about me, it s about the next generat
47、ion of kids coming upWhat we don t want is kids going down that path, he saidNearly 20% of Americans smoke and tobacco use kills about 440,000 people a year in the United States due to cancer, heart disease, and other serious diseases64The new law makes life difficult for .AObama Btobacco industryCWhite House DUS Food and Drug Administration65What do we know about Obama?AHe no longer smokesBHe still smokes as usual CHe began to smoke at eighteenDHe is trying hard to give up smoking66According to the passage, Obama is most concerned about Achildren Bofficials Chis family DbusinessmenC篇BDA