1、第一节 基础写作第一讲 句子成分的准确定位句子由各个组成部分构成，这些组成部分叫作句子的成分。句子的成分可分为主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等。弄清句子成分有利于在短文写作中写出正确的句子，有利于在完成句子题型中对考点的判断，有利于在阅读中对长句的理解。一、主语主语是句子的主体，是句子所要说明的人或事物，表示句子描述的是谁或什么。主语通常由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等充当。I was,nevertheless,talked into going on another fun-filled holiday in the wilderness.尽管如此，我
2、还是被说服参加了另一个充满趣味的野外假期。(代词I作主语)It is important to speak English fluently.流畅地说英语很重要。(不定式作主语，it为形式主语)注意 从句、不定式或动名词作主语时，为避免头重脚轻，往往用形式主语it来替代。二、谓语英语中动词一共分为四类：实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词，实义动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。实义动词可以单独作谓语，其他种类的动词都不能单独作谓语，连系动词需要和表语构成谓语；情态动词和助动词需要和实义动词或连系动词一起构成谓语。The earthquake happened in 2018.地震发生在2018年
3、。(实义动词作谓语)The cake smells good.蛋糕闻起来很好。(连系动词表语作谓语)You should drink more water when you have a cold.感冒时，你应该多喝水。(情态动词实义动词作谓语)He has slept for 20 hours.他已经睡了20个小时了。(助动词实义动词作谓语)三、表语表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等，位于系动词之后，与之构成系表结构。可以用作表语的有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语和从句等。His theory sounds reasonable.他的理论听起来是合理的
4、。(形容词作表语)All the people are in high spirits.所有的人都情绪高涨。(介词短语作表语)He is the president of this company.他是这个公司的董事长。(名词作表语)四、宾语1宾语在句中主要充当动作的承受者，因此一般置于及物动词后，但不少介词与动词已构成固定的动词短语，所以介词的宾语亦变为动词短语的宾语。可以用作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、介词短语、从句等。He admitted stealing the gold watch.他承认偷了金表。(动名词作宾语)What Im
5、hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and white anymore.我希望达到的目标是我们这一代和年轻一代开始重新思考和理解爵士乐不再是黑人和白人的区别。(从句作宾语)2宾语可分为直接宾语和间接宾语。(1)直接宾语表示动作的承受者或结果，通常指物。(2)间接宾语表示动作的接受者或指向，通常指人，它位于直接宾语之前，若在其后面则常加介词to或for。He passed me a_book.间接宾语 直接宾
6、语(He passed a_book to me.)直接宾语 间接宾语My friend bought me a dictionary as my gift.我的朋友给我买了本词典作为礼物。五、定语定语是用来说明名词或代词的品质与特征的词或一组词。可以用作定语的有：形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语和从句等。There are 50 women doctors in this hospital.这家医院有50个女医生。(名词作定语)Because my left foot was injured，I cant go with you as planned.因为我的左
7、脚受伤了，我就不能按原计划同你一起去了。As we all know,many people,especially some students are interested in the life of American.众所周知，许多人，尤其是一些学生对美国人的生活非常感兴趣。(从句作定语)六、状语状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。可以用作状语的有：副词、名词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格和从句等。We got to the top of the hill，tired and hungry.我们到达了山顶，又累又饿。(形容词作状语)He tried his best
8、 to catch the rope.他尽他最大的努力抓住绳子。(不定式作状语)You can write anything relevant so long as its interesting and informative.你可以写任何相关的东西，只要是有趣的、提供信息的就可以。(从句作状语)七、补足语补足语是一种补足主语和宾语意义的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫作主语补足语，补足宾语意义的句子成分叫作宾语补足语。可以用作补足语的有：形容词、名词、不定式、分词和介词短语等。He was heard to sing last night.有人听到他昨天晚上唱歌。(不定式作主补)I no
9、ticed him sitting on the chair.我注意到他坐在椅子上。(v.-ing作宾语补足语).分析下列句子成分1My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.2He made it clear that he would leave the city.3All_the_students think_highly_of his_teaching._4No_matter_how_difficult_the_task_may_be，we must_fulfill it this_month._5Luckily the_1989_e
10、arthquake did_not_happen in_the_center_of_town._【答案】1.主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语 2.主语谓语形式宾语宾语补足语宾语 3.主语谓语宾语4让步状语从句主语谓语宾语时间状语 5.状语主语谓语地点状语.按要求完成下面短文Dear Mr.Headmaster，Im Li Yue，1._(高三 1 班的学生，用名词作同位语)I am writing to draw your attention to improper behaviour，2._(其中最常见的是随意乱涂和乱丢垃圾，用定语从句)It makes our school 3._(脏乱不堪，用形
11、容词作宾补)and does harm to the image of our shool.I always feel ashamed 4._(每当我看到这点时，用状语从句)It is not appropriate 5._(对学生来说随意乱涂和乱丢垃圾，用不定式的复合结构作真正主语)I wonder 6._(是否学校能够放置更多的垃圾箱，用宾语从句)and set up special rules against such behaviour.At the same time，students 7._(应该被鼓励，用被动语态作谓语)to develop good habits and bet
12、ter behave themselves.I believe that，with the joint efforts of both teachers and students，our school will become 8._(一个更令人愉快的地方，用名词短语作表语)in the near future.Thank you for your consideration.Yours faithfully，Li Yue【答案】1.a student from Class 1，Senior 3 2.of which scribbling and littering are the most c
13、ommon 3.dirty and unpleasant 4.whenever I see this 5.for a student to scribble and litter 6.if the school could place more dustbins 7.should be encouraged 8.a more enjoyable place.分析下列短文中画线部分的句子成分，并背诵该范文It is said 1.that about half of people in China smoke.Many young boys and girls have the habit of
14、 smoking,2.though they are middle school students.3As we all know,smoking does great harm to human beings.More and more people have come to realize 4.how serious this problem is.But they are never bored with it.Some people think it is 5.a kind of fashion,some think it is of great fun and others thin
15、k that smoking can refresh themselves.Smoking causes many illnesses.A lot of people always cough because of smoking.The most serious illness 6.caused by smoking is lung cancer.7.Meanwhilesmoking is a waste of money.Besides,careless smokers may cause dangerous fires.In order to keep healthy,we should get rid of the bad habit of smoking.Please stop smoking at once.【答案】1.主语从句 2.让步状语从句 3.定语从句 4.宾语从句 5.表语 6.定语 7.状语
