1、 MODULE 3 Adventure in Literature and the Cinema Section B GRAMMAR 单元语法 非谓语动词要点1 非谓语动词的概念和功能非谓语动词指在句子中不作谓语成分的一类动词形式。它们可以作除谓语外的其他成分，如主语、宾语、宾补、定语、状语或表语。非谓语动词有三种形式：动词不定式、-ing 形式和过去分词。题组练领悟方法 单句语法填空（1）Most of the people （invite）to the party were famous scientists.（2）Both of my parents insisted on （buy）a
2、 computer for me，but I dont think it isnecessary.（3）The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks，（add）that he hadenjoyed his stay here.（4）I have worked with children before，so I know what （expect）in my new job.（5）（tell）many times，he still couldnt understand it.invited buying addin
3、g to expect Having been told 要点 2 非谓语动词作宾语（1）只接不定式作宾语的动词：agree，intend，plan，demand，promise，prepare，determine，decide，refuse，choose，wish，hope，expect，pretend，beg，fail（未能），claim，manage，arrange，threaten，hesitate，happen（碰巧）等。（2）只接动名词作宾语的动词及短语：admit，avoid，consider，escape（避开），imagine，mind，miss，practise，sugge
4、st，feel like，give up，put off，object to，look forward to 等。（3）接不定式与动名词作宾语意义不同的动词：try to do 努力做，try doing 试着做；mean to do 打算做，mean doing 意味着做；regret to do 遗憾要去做，regret doing 后悔做过；remember to do 记得去做，remember doing 记得做过；forget to do 忘记去做，forget doing 忘记做过。误区警示（1）动词want，need，require 作“需要”讲 时，其后要用动名词的主动形式或
5、不定式的被动形式作宾语。与此用法相同的动词还有deserve（值得）。（2）不定式可以和疑问词how，what，whether，where，when，who 等构成不定式短语，作主语、宾语、表语等。（3）介词后一般要接动名词作宾语，但介词but/except 后接不定式作宾语，若前有实义动词do，不定式要省略to。（4）不定式作宾语时，如果还带有宾补，常用 it 作形式宾语，而把不定式放在宾补之后。常用句型：主语+find/feel/think/believe/consider/make+it+adj./n.+to do sth.。单句语语法填空（1）I avoided （mention）th
6、e subject in case he should be offended.（2）The climbers expected （climb）to the top of the mountain.（3）Nervous and anxious，Jill failed （make）a good impression at the job interview.（4）His written French is very good but he needs to practise （speak）it.（5）I remembered （lock）the door before I left the of
7、fice，but forgot to turn off thelights.（6）He knows nothing about it，so he cant help （do）any of your work.（7）Weve had a good start，but next，more work needs （do）to achieve thefinal success.（8）I feel it interesting （work）with him.mentioning to climb to make speaking locking to do to be done/doing to wor
8、k 单句写作（9）I feel it （受到邀请是一种荣幸）.（10）Its quite hot today.Do you feel like （去游泳）?（11）We could do nothing but （等待音乐会开始）.an honour to be invited going for a swim wait for the concert to begin 要点3 非谓语动词作状语1.不定式作状语（1）作目的状语，可用 so as to do/in order to do 替换，但 so as to do 一般不置于句首。（2）作结果状语，常与 only 连用，表示出 乎意料的结
9、果。此外还可用于下列结构中：enough to do（足够做）；too.to do.（太而不能）；so/such.as to.（如此以至于）等。（3）作原因状语，常跟在一些形容词 或过去分词后说明产生这种情绪的原因。这类形容词有 happy，lucky，glad，surprised，astonished，delighted，disappointed 等。误区警示“主语+be+形容词+不定式”结构主动 表被动：句子的主语和不定式构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且形容词表示主语的特征或性质。另外，该结构中不定式中的动词必须是及物动词（或短语）。2.分词作状语现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之
10、间构成逻辑上的主动关系。过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。误区警示（1）部分过去分词源于系表结构，作状语时表示一种状态。常见的有located/situated，lost，seated，hidden（躲着的），lost/absorbed/buried in（沉溺于），dressed in（穿着），tired of（厌烦的），faced with 等。（2）有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，被称作独立成分。常见的有generally/frankly/strictly speaking，judging from/by，taking e
11、verything into consideration，compared to/with，to be frank，to tell（you）the truth，to be honest，to make things worse 等。单句语法填空（1）On Fathers Day，people in Canada wear roses （express）gratitude to theirfathers.（2）George returned after the war，only （tell）that his wife had left him.（3）（face）with the increasi
12、ng unemployment，many people went on strike in most of the European countries.（4）More highways have been built in China，（make）it much easier for people totravel from one place to another.（5）Hearing the news，he rushed out，（leave）the book lying open on the table，and disappeared into the distance.to exp
13、ress to be told Faced making leaving 单句写作（6）We （吃惊地发现）the temple still in its original condition.（7）Once plastic pollution arises in most public areas，（很难处理）.（8）（陷入沉思），he almost ran into the car in front of him.（9）Tom kept quiet about the accident （为了不失去工作）.（10）（说实话），I dont like the film.are/were as
14、tonished to find it is hard to deal with Lost in thought so as not to lose his job/in order not to lose his job To tell（you）the truth/To be honest 要点 4 非谓语动词作宾语补足语1.不定式作宾补不定式作宾补时，宾语和不定式之间在逻辑上是主谓关系，表将来、主动。常用不定式作宾补的动词（短语）：advise，allow，ask，beg，cause，encourage，expect，forbid，force，intend，invite，order，per
15、suade，prefer，require，remind，tell，want，warn，wish，call on，depend on 等。误区警示（1）有些动词，如think，consider，find，believe，suppose，feel，understand 等后常用to be 作宾补或主补。（2）在“sb./sth.+be+过去分词+to do/to have done”结构中，不定式作主语补足语。常用于该结构的词：said，believed，known，reported，considered，thought 等。2.分词作宾补（1）现在分词作宾补时，动词与宾语之间 存在主谓关系，且强
16、调正在进行。过去分词作宾补时，动词与宾语之间存在动宾关系。（2）可接分词作宾补的常见动词：感官 动词（see，watch，observe，notice，hear，listen，feel），使役动词（have，get），find，leave，keep，catch 等。误区警示（1）使役动词have，get 后接非谓语动词作补语的异同点：have sb./sth.doing 让一直做，get sb./sth.doing 让 开始做；have sth.done=get sth.done 使某事被做；have sb.do sth.=get sb.to do sth.让某人做某事。注意：have sth
17、.to do 表示“有某事要做”，此结构中，have是实义动词“有”，不定式作后置定语。（2）“with+宾语+宾补”结构中，可以用现在分词、过去分词和不定式，要根据宾语和宾补的关系确定宾补的形式。单句语法填空（1）The little boy saw the dog （kill）.Thats why he was frightened.（2）Alexander tried to get his work （recognize）in the medical circles.（3）Robert is said （study）abroad，but I dont know what country
18、he studied in.（4）With a lot of work （do），she wasnt allowed to leave her office.（5）The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see （carry）out the next year.killed recognized to have studied to do carried 单句写作（6）Chinese people （被认为是）the most hard-working people in the world.（7）Listen!Do yo
19、u hear （有人正在呼救）?（8）The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with _（他们的宠物狗在后面跟着他们）.（9）Barbara often makes a schedule （来提醒自己）what she is to do in the day.（10）You can never imagine what great difficulty I had （找到你的房子）all by myself.are considered to be someone calling for help their pet
20、 dog following them to get herself reminded of finding your house 要点5 非谓语动词作定语1.不定式作定语（1）不定式作定语通常放在所修饰词之 后，表示将来的动作，与其所修饰的词之间往往是动宾关系。若不定式是不及物动词，其后必须加介词。（2）序数词，形容词最高级，the last，the only 等后或被这些词修饰的名词/代词后，常用不定式作定语。（3）被修饰词是抽象名词时常用不定 式作定语。常见的该类名词有ability，chance，idea，hope，wish，fact，excuse，promise，attempt，wa
21、y 等。2.分词作定语作定语的及物动词的分词形式有现在分词、现在分词的被动式（being done）、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用现在分词；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时，用现在分词的被动式（being done）；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词。误区警示（1）不及物动词的分词作定语：现在分词表进行；过去分词只表完成，不表被动。（2）表示被动、完成用过去分词（done）；表示主动、进行用现在分词（doing）；表示被动、进行用being done；表示主动、尚未进行用to do；表示被动的动作尚未进行用to be done。（
22、3）动名词作定语表示名词的性质或用途，和所修饰名词没有逻辑上的主谓关系。如：sleeping pill 安眠药，walking stick 拐杖。单句语法填空（1）Suddenly a good idea occurred to her，but she couldnt find any paper to write .（2）The ability （express）an idea is as important as the idea itself.（3）We must keep a secret of the things （discuss）here.（4）Traffic rule says
23、 young children under the age of four and （weigh）less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat.（5）The bridge （build）next year was designed by a local company.（6）The bridge （build）last year was designed by a local company.on to express being discussed weighing to be built built 单句写作（7）He is alwa
24、ys the first （到校）and the last to leave the school.（8）（增强意志力最好的方法）is to make it into a habit.（9）Can those （坐在教室后边的同学）hear me?No problem.（10）Theres （门上别着一张便条）saying when the shop willopen again.（11）The picture （挂在墙上）is painted by my nephew.to arrive at the school The best way to strengthen willpower s
25、eated/sitting at the back of the classroom a note pinned to the door hanging on the wall 要点 6 非谓语动词作主语和表语1.不定式作主语和表语（1）不定式作主语，一般表示具体某一次 的动作，常用it 作形式主语而将不定式后置。（2）不定式作表语时：表示预定要发 生的动作；当主语是 purpose，idea，plan，wish，decision，aim，choice 等词时，常用不定式作表语；主语为what 引导的名词性从句时，表语多用不定式。2.动名词作主语和表语（1）动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的、泛指
26、的概念，常用it 作形式主语，真正的主语放在句末。常用句型：Its a waste of time doing.；Its no use/good doing.；It is useless doing.。（2）动名词作表语时相当于名词，解释主 语的内容，表语和主语常常可以互换位置。3.分词作表语现在分词、过去分词都可作表语，但现在分词意为“令人的”，过去分词意为“感到的”。误区警示（1）不定式和动名词作主语时，谓语动词都用单数。（2）动名词的复合结构：动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，需要在动名词之前加上其自身的逻辑主语（多为形容词性物主代词或名词所有格），即ones/sb.s doing，
27、可在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。单句语法填空（1）Its important for the figures （update）regularly.（2）What do you think made Mary so upset?（lose）her new bike.（3）Its necessary （prepare）for a job interview.Having the answers ready willbe of great help.（4）There were many people waiting at the bus stop，and some of them looked ver
28、y anxious and （disappoint）.to be updated Losing to be prepared disappointed 单句写作（5）His wish is （将来当一名医生）.（6）Its no use （抱怨而不采取行动）.（7）The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier，（而不是更困难）.单句改错（8）What I want to do most in senior high school are improve my English._（9）It remains seeing whethe
29、r the newly formed committees policy can be put into practice._to be a doctor in the future complaining without taking action are 改为is seeing 改为 to be seen not to make it more difficult 要点 7 非谓语动词解题步骤第 1 步：利用“有无连词”原则确定是谓语还是非谓语。第 2 步：根据句意和作用确定句子成分不定式可以充当谓语动词之外的所有成分，动名词可以充当主语、宾语、表语和定语，现在分词和过去分词可以充当表语、
30、补语、定语和状语。第 3 步：根据与逻辑主语之间的关系确定语态如果非谓语动词表示的动作与其逻辑主语之间为主谓关系，则用-ing 形式或不定式的主动式；若为动宾关系，则用-ing 形式的被动式、不定式的被动式或过去分词。第 4 步：根据与谓语动词的先后关系确定时态如果非谓语动词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，用-ing 形式或不定式的完成式；如果非谓语动词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后，则用不定式或-ing 形式的一般式。单句语法填空（1）（eat）at the cafeteria before，Tina didnt want to eat there again.（2）（rai
31、se）in the poorest area of Glasgow，he had a long，hard road to becoming a football star.（3）We still remember once （take）round the famous towerwhen we were young.（4）The presidents （attend）the meeting himself gave them a great deal ofencouragement.Having eaten Raised being taken/having been taken attend
32、ing 单句写作（5）Im going to the supermarket.（你有什么东西要买吗）?（6）She reached the top of the hill and （停下休息）on a big rock.（7）Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could _ （进入一所好大学）.Have you got anything to be bought?stopped to have a rest to enter a good college 连系动词要点 1 连系动词连系动词（系动词）本身有词义，但不
33、能单独用作谓语，后面必须跟表语共同构成谓语部分。连系动词与其后的表语合起来叫“系表结构”。系表结构说明主语的状态、性质、特征等情况，通常由名词、数词、代词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、分词或从句等充当。连系动词分类（1）“状态”类：常见的有be（是），keep（保 持），stay（保持），remain（依然），seem（似乎是），appear（似乎，显得），prove（证明是），这类词表示具有或保持某种特征或状态。（2）“感官”类：主要指与五种感官有关 的动词，如look（看起来），sound（听起来），smell（闻起来），taste（尝起来），feel（摸起来/感到）。（3）“
34、变化”类：turn（变成），grow（渐渐变 得），get（变成），become（变成），make（成为，合计为），come（变得），go（变得），fall（进入某状态），run（变成，进入 状态）学法点拨（1）become 与 turn 都可以接名词，become 后的名词前有冠词，turn 后的名词无冠词且常用单数形式。（2）当 run 意为“变成，进入状态”时。后面接 short，dry，low，deep 等词，主语多为能流动、能消耗掉的东西。单句语法填空（1）Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple，but it
35、 remains （see）whether they will enjoy it.（2）The children all looked （sad）at the broken model plane and felt quite _（sad）.（3）The meat you bought last week smells terrible.It （go）bad.单句写作（4）（为了保持健康），all students go in for sports.（5）As we all know，global warming （变得日益严重）.to be seen sadly sad has gone I
36、n order to keep fit/To keep fit is growing serious/is getting more and more serious 选词填空（stay/feel/keep/seem/get/look/make/prove/grow/sound/fall/go/run/turn）（1）He was quiet by nature and he always silent at the meeting.（2）This kind of cloth very soft.（3）When I mentioned it to him he red.（4）Several p
37、eople ill，victims of blood poisoning.（5）Listen!It like the singing of the birds.（6）Harry is older than I.But he younger than I.（7）At first those questions easy，but later I found them difficult.（8）An old cardboard box a comfortable bed for a kitten.（9）He writer after he graduated from a medical college.（10）At one time I was unemployed and money short.kept feels went fell sounds looks seemed makes turned was running 完成“综合练提升能力”中的题目 综合练提升能力
