1、2014高考英语译林牛津一轮语法专题(15)(介词和介词短语01)语法专题十五介词和介词短语高考预练单项选择-易错模块1The disc,digitally_in the studio,sounded fantastic at the party that night.ArecordedBrecordingCto be recorded Dhaving recorded解析:选A。由语境可知,所选项应该在句中作定语,且表示被动和完成,故选择A。2Dont use words,expressions or phrases_only to people with specific knowledg
2、e.Abeing known Bhaving being knownCto be known Dknown解析:选D。这里是过去分词短语作定语,相当于一个定语从句which are known.,故用过去分词。3The Town Hall _in the 1800s was the most distinguished building at that time.Ato be completed Bhaving been completedCcompleted Dbeing completed解析:选C。根据句子结构可知,所选项应该在句中作定语,且表示被动和完成,故用过去分词。B项,现在分词的
3、完成式不能作定语;A项,不定式表将来;D项,现在分词表示正在进行的动作,均不符合题意。4“Things _never come again!”I couldnt help talking to myself.Alost BlosingCto lose Dhaving lost解析:选A。根据句子结构可知,所选项应该在句中作定语,排除D;lose与逻辑主语things是动宾关系,故用过去分词。5Five people won the “Chinas Green Figure”award,a title _to ordinary people for their contributions to
4、environmental protection.Abeing given Bis givenCgiven Dwas given解析: 选C。根据语境,空格处为定语修饰a title,排除B、D;give与title之间是动宾关系,表示一般情况,不表示正在进行的动作,故用过去分词充当定语。高考链接单项选择1Was it at the end of the exploration _ you discovered the evidence _ the monsters used to exist in the lake?Awhich;whichBthat;thatCwhere;that Dtha
5、t;which解析:选B。考查强调句型和名词性从句。前面的that属于强调句型中的连词,强调句中的状语at the end of the exploration。后面的that引导一个同位语从句,表示evidence的具体内容。2This result shows that people prefer faces _ appear to them and _ attraction is not simply about physical beauty.I cant agree more.Athat;that Bwhich;whichCwhat;what Dthat;which解析:选A。考查从
6、句在具体语境中的用法。第一空的that为关系代词,修饰先行词faces,在从句中作主语;第二空的that引导一个宾语从句,与and前面的“that people prefer faces”这个宾语从句并列,共同作shows的宾语。3I have learned from my bitter experience _we dont know _ weve got until its gone.Athat;that Bwhat;whatCthat;what Dwhich;that解析:选C。考查名词性从句。第一空后为learned的宾语从句,句子成分完整,应填连接词that;第二空后为know的宾
7、语从句,weve got后面缺少宾语,应填what。4The question was put forward at the meeting _ we had enough money for our research.Athat BwhatCwhich Dwhether解析:选D。考查名词性从句。同位语从句whether we had enough money for our research是question的具体内容。介词是一种虚词(前置词),用来表示在句中与名词或相当于名词的其他词之间的关系,不能单独使用。介词可与名词或相当于名词的其他词构成介词短语,介词短语可在句中作定语、状语、表语
8、和宾语补足语。在高考试题中对介词的考查主要集中在常见介词的基本用法及其搭配上,对介词短语的考查主要侧重其辨析。考点一表示时间和日期的介词1in用在表示年、季节、月份、周,或泛指上午、下午或晚上的名词前;on用在表示某一天,某一天的上午、下午或晚上的名词前;at用在表示某一时刻或时间上的某一点的词前。We will have a meeting at 8 oclock in the morning on Sunday.2for后接“一段时间”,表示某事持续多久,多与完成时连用;during表示“在期间”;through表示“一直,自始至终”。She has been ill for severa
9、l days.I went to France during the summer holiday.They worked hard through the winter.3from,sincefrom表示时间的起点,意为“从”,多用于“from.to/till.”中;since表示“自从以来”。I have been waiting here from morning till noon.We have been friends since we first met.注意:for和since都常与完成时连用,但for接时间段,since接时间点。如for two hours(持续)两小时;s
10、ince last week从上周直到现在。4before,by,till,untilbefore指“在之前”,与after相对。by指“不迟于,到时为止,在以前”,by后接过去时间,常与过去完成时连用;by后接将来时间,常与将来完成时连用。till(until)“直到为止”,在肯定句中,till/until必须与延续性动词连用;在否定句中,till/until常与非延续性动词连用。Please come before ten oclock.You must wait for him till tomorrow.5after,inin一段时间:表示以说话时为起点一段时间之后,与一般将来时连用;
11、但表示“在之内”时,用于各种时态。after一段时间表示:“在之后”,用于一般过去时;但时间为点时间时,只能用after,即after点时间,用于各种时态。Ill arrive in an hour after 3:00 pm.考点二表示方位的介词1on意为“在的上面”;over意为“在(垂直)的正上方”;above意为“在(不一定垂直)的上方”;under意为“在(垂直的)正下方”;below意为“在(不一定垂直)的下方”;near意为“在附近”;next to意为“紧挨着”;round/around意为“在周围”;by意为“在旁边”;along表示沿着街、路、河岸等;across主要表示从
12、某物的表面“横过”,涉及“面”的概念;past意为“从旁经过”;up表示向上,由南到北,由西到东,由沿海到内陆,由小地方到大地方,由农村到城市,反之则用down;through指从某物的内部“穿过”;over指“越过”某一障碍物;Pipes carry oil across the desert.It took us ten minutes to drive through the tunnel.2表示两者的位置关系时,in表示“在同一区域内或同一范围内”;on表示“接壤,相邻”;to表示“相离,相隔”,两者不属同一范围,也不接壤。 Mongolia is/lies on the north
13、of China.考点三表示计量的介词1at表示“以速度,以价格”。I sold my car at a low price.2for表示“用交换,以为代价”。He sold his car for 500 dollars.他以五百美元把车卖了。注意:at表示单价(price),for表示总钱数。3by表示“按计算”,后跟度量单位。加具体单位前用定冠词the,加具体度量名词时该名词前不加冠词。They are paid by the day.考点四表示行为的工具、手段或者方式的介词1by表示用某种方式,多用于交通。如by bus乘公共汽车,by email通过电子邮件。注意:表示搭乘交通工具时
14、,用by时,名词前不加冠词;用in时,名词前要加冠词。请比较:I went there by bus/in a car.2with表示“用某种具体工具,身体的某部分或是器官”。We speak with our mouths.注意:with表示用某种工具时,名词前必须用冠词或物主代词。3 in表示用某种材料或语言。Please speak in English and write in ink.4through表示“以(方法、手段),经由”,后面多接抽象名词。You can only achieve success through hard work.考点五表示“除之外”的介词besides表
15、示包含,“除之外还有”。except表示排除,“除之外”,指整体里面排除部分,后面可接代词、副词、介词短语或状语从句,也可接(省略to的)动词不定式、动名词、基数词,还可接that或wh 从句。but表示排除,多与nobody,none,no one,nothing,anything,everyone,all,who等连用,其后可以接不定式;except for表示“除之外”,常在说明基本情况后,从细节上加以修正。apart from表示“此外,除之外”,相当于besides/as well as;表示“撇开来说,除去”,相当于except for;in addition to表示“除之外还有
16、”,相当于besides。Apart from going shopping,the old lady likes walking after dinner except when it rains.Beijing is a beautiful city,except for its traffic.除了交通之外,北京是一个漂亮的城市。考点六介词after与behind的区别两者均可表示“在之后”,其区别是:1after 主要用于时间或次序,behind 主要用于位置。Mary came after you.玛丽在你之后到的。The hospital is behind the post of
17、fice.医院在邮局后面。注:behind 有时也用于时间,表示“迟于”,主要用于behind time(迟,晚)这一短语。The plane was 30 minutes behind time.飞机晚点30分钟。2两者都可用于引申义,after 侧重指追求、寻找、模仿等;而behind 则侧重指在背后、支持、落后等。如:He ran after her with the book.他拿着那本书在后面追赶她。We are behind you completely.我们完全支持你。He is behind the others in maths.他的数学不如别人。考点七表示原因的几个介词1f
18、or表示原因,常与sorry,famous,punish,praise,thank,blame等词连用。如:I am sorry for what I said just now.2at指情感变化的原因,意为“因听到或看到而”。He was surprised at the bad news.听到这个坏消息他大吃一惊。3from指“外在的原因”,如受伤、车祸、劳累等。The young man died from an accident.4of指“内在的原因”,如疾病、饥饿,年老等。The old man died of hunger.5with指生理上或情感上的由外界到内心的原因。He wa
19、s trembling with cold.6by表示外部的,尤其是暴力的或无意中造成某种结果的原因。She took your umbrella by mistake.7because of 表示引起结果的直接原因。He came late because of illness/because he was ill.8owing to多表示引起某不良后果的原因。Owing to the rain,they did not turn up.9thanks to表示引起某种幸运结果的原因,意为“幸亏,多亏”。Thanks to John,we won the game.10out of表示动机的
20、起因,意为“出于”。He asked the question out of curiosity.考点八against1(表示方向)与方向相反;逆着;迎着;顶着against the wind 迎着风;逆着风 2(表示方位)紧靠着;倚靠着against the wall 靠着墙 3(表示对象)对不利;对有害;以为竞争对手;违反;违背fight against同战斗;against the natural law 违背自然规律4(表示对比)和比;和对照;以为背景against the blue sky 以蓝天为背景考点九beyond1(表示位置)在往另一边;在往那一边;在往的更远处The hou
21、se is beyond the bridge.房子在桥那边。2(表示时间)迟于;晚于;在之后Dont stay here beyond midnight.待在这里不要超过午夜。3(表示范围)超出;非所能及The switch on the wall was beyond the babys reach.墙上的开关小孩子是够不到的。4(表示程度)超出的范围;超过;对来说太难 The tasks they faced seemed far beyond their ability.他们面临的任务似乎远远超出了他们的能力。5(表示数目)多于;超过There werent beyond twenty
22、 people present.出席的人不超过20个。考点十常用介词短语的意义by hand 用手by heart 牢记;凭记忆by means of 借助于;用by mistake 错误地in a sense从某种意义上说in addition 另外in case 假如;以防(万一)免得in common共同;共有in place在适当的位置in practice在实际中;实际上in public公开地;当众in return作为报答;作为回报in spite of 不管;不顾in turn 依次;轮流;反过来in terms of 就来说out of order发生故障;失调out of place不得其所的;不适当的to the point切中要害;切题in honor of以纪念;向表示敬意in favo(u)r of 有利于;赞成;支持on the spot 当场;在现场on ones own 独自地;独立地on purpose故意;有意out of date 过期(时)的