1、Foreign Food Module 3 Section Grammar复习定语和定语从句课前自主领悟语法要点精析针对强化训练目录Contents 课前自主领悟语法图解定语和定语从句定语概念：位置多个词作定语时的顺序名词作定语定语从句定语从句中关系词的选择难点突破“介词关系词”引导的定语从句定语从句中需要注意的问题探究发现I thought this vast wave of food was the totalnumber of dishes to be served.Everyone else just tasted a bit of each dish and then put the
2、ir chopsticks down,continuing to chat.I still remember what I ate:a tuna fish and cheese sandwich.Do you know the girl singing over there?He is always the first person to leave the office.One evening he was entertaining the ruler of a small island in the Pacific.However,there are other kinds of food
3、s that have taken longer for me to accept.But one thing I do admire is the polite manner in which British people eat,even if it is just a potato.As we all know,Putin was elected President of Russia a third time.The sun heats the earth,which is very important to us.我的发现(1)句中，黑体部分在句中均作定语，且_句中作前置定语，_作后
4、置定语。(2)由句可知，形容词修饰不定代词时要放在不定代词_。(3)句中，黑体部分均为_从句。(4)句中，黑体部分为_。后面定语非限制性定语从句语法要点精析一、定语1概念修饰名词或者代词的词、短语或者从句称为定语。形容词、名词、代词、数词、不定式(短语)、动名词、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语以及从句等都可用来作定语。A bright future shines before my eyes.光明的未来展现在我的面前。(形容词作定语)His rapid progress in English made us surprised.他在英语方面的快速进步使我们很吃惊。(代词作定语)Our monit
5、or is always the first to enter the classroom.我们的班长总是第一个进教室。(动词不定式作定语)He walks with the help of a walking stick.他在手杖的帮助下行走。(动名词作定语)There is nothing that worries him.没有什么事使他烦恼。(从句作定语)2位置定语的位置有两种：一种是前置定语，位于中心词之前，此时定语多为单个的词或复合词；另一种是后置定语，位于中心词之后，此时定语多为词组或从句。China is a developing country;America is a dev
6、elopedcountry.中国是一个发展中国家，美国是一个发达国家。(单个词作前置定语)Who is the man shaking hands with our teacher?和我们老师握手的那个人是谁？(分词短语作后置定语)【提示】something,anything,nothing 等复合不定代词的修饰词，即使是单个词，也要后置。There is something wrong with my watch.我的手表出毛病了。3多个词作定语时的顺序当多个词修饰同一个名词时，这些词的顺序为：限定词性质(描绘/观点)大小、长短、高低(矮)形状年龄、新旧颜色国籍、地区、出处物质、材料用途、类
7、别名词。a charming small round old brown Chinese wooden table一个迷人的、小而圆的、老式的、棕色中式木质桌子4名词作定语名词作定语时，往往是说明中心名词的材料、功能、目的、时间、地点、种类等。a stone bridge 石桥a motor car 摩托车peace conference 和平大会winter vacation 寒假sea fight 海战science fiction 科幻小说即时训练 1 划出下列句子中的定语The _ shop is just around the corner and you wont miss it.
8、It is reported that the floods have left about _ people homeless.The flowers _ attract the passersby to the beauty of nature.bicycle two thousand smelling sweet in the park For breakfast he only drinks juice _.We are invited to a party _ in _ club _Friday.The _ town has _ streets and _ houses _.Look
9、 at the _ glasses.from fresh fruitto be held our next old narrow small that are built close to each other broken grown on his own farm They are playing an _ match against Liverpool on Sunday._ hair needs cutting.The _ rooms _ are _ bedroom.important football Your two upstairs my sisters 二、定语从句(一)定语从
10、句中关系词的选择准确地判断关系词在定语从句中所作的成分是确定关系词的关键所在，再结合先行词自身的属性便可做到万无一失。关系词 whose 指人或物，在从句作定语 关系代词who指人，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语whom指人，在从句中作宾语which指物，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语that指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语as指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语whose指人或物，在从句中作定语关系副词when指时间，在从句中作时间状语where指地点，在从句中作地点状语why指原因，在从句中作原因状语1关系代词引导的定语从句(1)who,whom,that 所代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，
11、在从句中所起作用如下：The man who(m)you saw just now is our manager.你刚才见到的那个人是我们的经理。(先行词指人，关系词在从句中作宾语)Is he the man who/that wants to see you?(who/that 在从句中作主语)他就是想见你的那个人吗？He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.(whom/that 在从句中作宾语)他就是我昨天看到的那个人。(2)whose 用来指人或物(只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同 of which 互换)They rushed over to hel
12、p the man whose car had broken down.他们急赶过去帮助那个车坏了的人。Please pass me the book whose(of which the)cover is green.请把那本绿色封面的书递给我。(3)which,that 所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。A prosperity which/that has never been seen beforeappears in the countryside.(which/that 在从句中作主语)乡村出现了前所未有的繁荣。The package(which/th
13、at)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.(which/that 在从句中作宾语)你拿着的这个包裹快要散开了。(4)as 引导的定语从句，as 在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。They talked in such simple English as children could understand.(as 在从句中作宾语)他们用孩子们能听懂的简单的英语交谈。As is known to all,fish cant live without water.(as 在从句中作主语)众所周知，鱼离不开水。2关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词
14、是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。关系副词 when,where,why 的含义相当于“介词which”结构，因此常常和“介词which”结构交换使用。There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.一个人肯定有屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.北京是我出生的地方。Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助的原因吗？3定语从句的分类(1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从
15、句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。This is the house which we bought last month.(限制性)The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.(非限制性)(2)当先行词是专有名词或被物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：Charles Smith,who was my former teacher,retired last year.My house,which I
16、bought last year,has got a lovely garden.This novel,which I have read three times,is very touching.(3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词，对其进行修饰，这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。He seems not to have grasped what I meant,which greatly upsets me.Liquid water changes to vapor,which is called evaporation.【提示】关系代词 that 和关系副词 why 不能引导非
17、限制性定语从句。即时训练 2 用适当的关系词填空Is he the man _ will help you?He is the man _ I shook hands with yesterday.They rushed over to help the man _ leg had been hurt badly.who/that whom/that whose Ill never forget the days _ we studied in Beijing.Is this the reason _ he was late for the meeting?The room _ window
18、faces south is mine.when why whose(二)难点突破1“介词关系词”引导的定语从句(1)关系代词作介词的宾语，当介词置于定语从句句首时，关系代词只能用 which(指物)或 whom(指人)。The pencil with which he was writing suddenly broke.他正在用来写字的铅笔突然断了。Look at the photo.This is Mr Green,in front of whom sit three students.看这张照片。这是格林先生，在他的前面坐着三个学生。Do you remember the day wh
19、en/on which you joined our club?你还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？【提示】“介词关系词”引导定语从句时介词的选择介词的选择要根据定语从句中的谓语、先行词以及它们之间的搭配来确定。有些动词短语中的介词是固定搭配，不可以拆开，故不能提到关系词前。关系副词 when 根据先行词的不同可转化为：介词in/during/on/at 等which；关系副词 where 可转化为：介词 in/on/at 等which;关系副词 why 可转化为：介词 forwhich。(2)“不定代词或数词ofwhich/whom”引导的定语从句可转化为“ofwhich/whom不定代词或
20、数词”引导的定语从句。其中不定代词为：some,any,none,both,all,many,a few,few,a little,little,either,neither,one,most,part等。There are 40 students in our class,most of whom(of whom most)like English.我们班有 40 名学生，他们中的大多数喜欢英语。(3)“whose名词”引导定语从句时，可转化为“the名词ofwhich/whom”或“ofwhich/whomthe名词”。介词 of 表示所有关系。I live in a room whose
21、 windows are all broken.I live in a room the windows of which(of which the windows)are all broken.我住在一个窗户都坏了的房间里。(4)表示“方式”的名词 way 后的定语从句中如果关系词在从句中作方式状语，关系词用 that 或 in which,也可省略关系词。I dont like the way(that/in which)he talks to me.我不喜欢他和我说话的方式。(5)“某些介词关系副词”可引导定语从句。He graduated from Beijing University
22、 in 1988,since when he has improved himself in all aspects.他 1988 年毕业于北京大学。从那时起他在各方面都提高了。即时训练 3 介词填空Ill never forget the day _ which I joined the Party.The witness _ whom the policemen referred was murdered last night.I cant remember the age _ which he won the prize.on to at I forgot the exact place
23、 _ which I had hidden the box.Is this the reason _ which he didnt want to help us?I dont know the thing _ which they quarreled yesterday.in for about 2定语从句中需要注意的问题(1)as,which 引导非限制性定语从句时，as 通常指代整个主句的内容，which 既可指代整个主句的内容，也可指代具体的词或词组；as 引导的从句位置灵活，可位于句中、句末及句首，而 which 引导的从句通常位于先行词之后。As we all know,smoki
24、ng is harmful to ones health.我们都知道，吸烟有害健康。He finished the work ahead of time,which is very important to us.他提前完成了工作，这对我们很重要。(2)the samethat 表示“同一个，就是那一个”；而the sameas 表示“与一样(但不是同一个)”。This is the same book that I lost yesterday.这就是我昨天丢的那本书。This is the same book as I lost yesterday.这与我昨天丢的那本书一样。(3)在一些类
25、似地点的抽象名词后面，也可用关系副词where 来引导定语从句。I can think of many cases where cultural differences really exist.我可以想出许多文化差异确实存在的事例。(4)定语从句的关系代词只用 that而不用which的情况：当先行词是 all,much,anything,nothing,everything等不定代词时。We should do everything that is useful to the people.我们应该做一切有益于人民的事。当先行词是序数词或被序数词/last 修饰时。When we talk
26、 about Hangzhou,the first that comes to our mind is the West Lake.我们谈论杭州时，首先想到的是西湖。This is the fifth film that has been shown in our village.这是在我们村庄放映的第五部电影。当先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。This is the smallest computer that can be found in the world now.这是当今世界上最小的计算机。当先行词既有人又有物时。They talked about the teachers and
27、schools that they had visited.他们谈论他们访问过的那些老师和学校。当先行词被 the very,the only,the same 等修饰时。The only thing that I need now is a cup of coffee.我现在唯一需要的是一杯咖啡。This is the very storybook that I want to read.这正是我想看的那本故事书。即时训练 4(1)用适当的关系词填空The road conditions there turned out to be very good,_ was more than we
28、could expect.You can use a larger plastic bottle,_ top is cut off,with its bottom as a pot to grow flowers in.The girl in plain clothes,_ was wonderfully calm in face of danger,was just sixteen years old.which whose who _ many of you are old enough to remember,the Beatles came from Liverpool.Its imp
29、ossible to do all _ work in such a short time!Can you think out a situation _ this word can be used?As that where(2)句型训练That is _ I lost.那辆自行车和我丢失的一模一样。He is _ as we all love and respect.他是那样一位我们大家都热爱和尊敬的好老师。The first thing _ is the mural.最先引起我注意的是壁画。the same bike as such a good teacher that catches
30、 my eye 针对强化训练.单句语法填空1A young man _ writes novels came to speak to us yesterday.2A young man _(write)novels came to speak to us yesterday.3I like to see the films _(direct)by Zhang Yimou.who/that writing directed 4The first thing _ you have to do is to discuss it with your classmates.5The dictionary
31、 _ my mother bought for me is very useful.6I know the man with _ you talked at the meeting.7I dont know the reason _ which he is late for school.that which/that whom for 8The film in _ she stars has not released yet.9He is always the first person _(come)to school.10This is such an easy novel _ you c
32、an read.which to come as.语法与写作1Your art skills are excellent and admirable,_.你的艺术技能非常出色，特别令人钦佩，给我留下了深刻的印象。which leaves me a deep impression 2Any student _is welcome to take part.任何对这次活动感兴趣的学生都欢迎参加。3If there is something else _，we are more than glad to give a helping hand.如果我们能为你做些别的事，我们会很乐意伸出援助之手。wh
33、o is interested in this activity that we can do for you 4A new study appeared in the foreign medical field _ called DNA Test.在国外医学领域，出现了一项新的研究，研究人员完成了一个名为 DNA 测试的项目。5I think the reason _ may be the high pressure of study.我认为你总是生气的原因可能是学习的压力。where researchers completed a project why you are always angry 6_，besides tasty dumplings,what elderly people in the nursing home also need is warmth and care.正如你所知道的，除了美味的饺子外，养老院的老人也需要温暖和关怀。As you know
