1、Unit 2 Robots Section Grammar一、被动语态的基本概述及构成形式1概述被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，表示句子中的主语是动作的承受者，也就是动作的对象。一般说来，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的构成是：助动词be动词过去分词。被动句的时态通过助动词be的变化来体现，它必须与主语的人称和数相一致，其变化规则与系动词be完全一样。不定式的被动形式2各种常用时态的被动语态构成形式(以give为例)时间 动作性质 现在过去将来过去将来一般am/is/aregivenwas/weregivenshall/willbe givenshould/wouldbe gi
2、ven进行am/is/arebeing givenwas/werebeing given完成have/hasbeen givenhadbeen givenshall/willhave beengivenshould/would havebeen given二、不定式的被动语态1不定式被动式的形式、用法形式用法一般式to be done在谓语动词之后或同时发生完成式to have been done发生在谓语动词之前It is a great honour to be invited to speak here.很荣幸被邀请在这儿讲话。The novel is said to be publis
3、hed next month.据说这部小说下个月要出版。No harm seems to have been done.似乎并没有造成损害。2不定式被动式的语法功能(1)作主语To be loved by people is a happy thing.被人爱是一件幸福的事。(2)作表语The task is to be finished by next month.这项工作要在下个月才能完成。(3)作宾语The boy asked to be given an opportunity to try again.那男孩要求给他再试一次的机会。(4)作宾语补足语He ordered the ba
4、ggage to be brought to his room.他吩咐把行李搬进他的房间。(5)作定语He was the last one to be asked to speak at the meeting.他是最后一个在会上被邀请发言的人。(6)作状语His mother left the small village，never to be seen again.他母亲离开了那个小村庄，再也没人见过她。3不定式的主动形式表示被动意义的几种常见结构(1)动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系，不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。I have
5、 a lot of things to do this afternoon.今天下午我有许多事要做。(to do与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。)Ill go to the post office.Do you have a letter to be posted?我要去邮局。你有信要寄吗？(post与主语you之间不存在主谓关系，只和前面的letter构成动宾关系。)(2)在某些“形容词不定式”作表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，常用不定式 的 主 动 形 式 表 达 被 动 意 义。这 些 形 容 词 有 dangerous，difficult，
6、easy，fit，hard，important，impossible，pleasant，funny，heavy，light，amusing，cheap，comfortable，interesting，nice等。This problem is difficult to work out.这个问题很难计算出来。(3)too.to do，enough to do结构中的不定式。This book is too expensive(for me)to buy.这本书太贵，我买不起。The problem is easy enough to solve.这个问题很容易解决。(4)be to blame
7、；be to let(出租)常用主动表示被动。Who is to blame for the accident?谁应为这起事故负责任？The house is to let.此房出租。(5)在“There be名词to do”结构中，不定式和句中的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，如果强调的是必须由人完成某件事时，不定式多用主动形式；如果强调事情本身必须被完成时，则用被动式。There is a lot of homework to do.有许多家庭作业要做。Are there any more clothes to be washed?还有其他的衣服要洗吗？.用括号内单词的适当形式填空。1The c
8、hildren talked so loudly at the dinner table that I had tostruggle_(hear)2 In many peoples opinion，that company，thoughrelatively small，is pleasant_(deal)with.3Sitting at the corner of the meeting room，he looked sadbecause there were so many problems_(remain)_(settle)to be heardto dealremainingto be
9、settled4Because of the financial crisis，unemployment is likely toreach the highest total that_ ever_(record)5 Youcantusethemachinetodaybecausesomeparts_(replace)this week.6Mr.Smith was very glad_(appoint)asthe manager of the company.7Some modern teaching equipment as well as hundreds ofbooks_(donate
10、)to the rural schools last week.hasbeen recordedare being replacedto have been appointedwas donated8 Tomakewayforthewidestreet，thesehousesneed_(pull)down.9What about your new clothes?They are a little expensive but the cloth_(wash)well.10Take this medicine three times a day，Tom.Do I have to take it？
11、It_(taste)so terrible.pulling/to be pulledwashestastes.完成句子1The airport_(明年将竣工的)willhelp promote tourism in this area.2 ItisnotIbutTomandhiswifethat_(为这次汽车事故受责备)3 Bettyisverypopularbecausesheiseasy_(相处)4The American soldiers _(被派往伊拉克的)kissed their families goodbye and left in a hurry.to be completed
12、 next yearare to blame for the car accidentto get along withto be sent to Iraq5There are five pairs_(从中选择)，but Imat a loss which to buy.6I hurried to the meeting hall，_(结果被告知)that the meeting had been put off.7If they win the final tonight，the team are going to touraround the city_(接受热情支持者们的欢呼)8The
13、play _(下月将上演的)aimsmainly to reflect the local culture.to choose fromonly to be toldto be cheered by their enthusiastic supportersto be produced next month9 Hestoodtherehesitating；somethingseemed_(被遗忘了)10 If you want to make even greater progress in yourEnglish，you_(仍有许多困难要克服)11It_(有待观察)whether Jim will be fitenough to play in the finals.12Mr.Johnson preferred _(被分配更重的工作去做)to have been forgottenstill have many difficulties to overcomeremains to be seento be given heavier work to do谢谢观看！
