1、2012高考英语：书面表达秘诀英语写作要诀-Agreement: 主语和谓语在人称、数上的一致，关系代词与先行词的一致。Ambiguity: 尽量不去使用可能引起歧义的词语或句子。Brief: 文章简为贵，要抓住要点，简明扼要。Coherence: 文理通顺，前后连贯。Development: 主题的发挥应当充分、合理、正确。Division: 词汇、句子、段落要分配使用得当，划分要清楚，避免使用重复字句和种子片段。Figures: 正确合理使用各类修辞格式。Inflated diction: 不使用做作的语言。Key: 用适当的关键词突出主题，每段都应有主题句。Logical: 内容要符合逻
2、辑。Message: 信息要新鲜、确实、可信。Omit: 合理删除多余的不必要部分。Proposition: 主张、观点、论述要清楚肯切、合情入理。Punctuation: 正确适时使用标点符号。Relevant: 文章一定要要题。Sentence pattern: 句型要尽量多样化。Strait: 开门见山，直来直去。Style: 文体恰切，适合内容要求。Tense: 动词时态要正确、一致、变化合理。Theme: 选题得当，主题突出。英语作文的文章的开头-一篇文章通常可分为三个部分，即开头、正文和结尾。这三个部分安排是否得体，直接影响到文章的质量。 文章的开头一般来说应尽量做到开门见山，用简
3、单明白的叙述引出文章的话题。作文常见的开头形式大致有以下几种：1开门见山，揭示主题文章一开头，就交待清楚文章的主题是什么。如“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎样度假)的开头是： I Spent my last vacation happily下面是题为Honesty(谈诚实)一文中的开头：Honesty is one of the best virtuesAn honest man is always trusted and respectedOn the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a liar，and is
4、looked upon by honest people2交代人物、事情、时间或环境开头在文章的开头，先把人物、事件和环境交待清楚。例如A Trip to Jinshan (去金山旅游)的开头：The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan. The bus ride there took three hours. The long trip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us. 3. 回忆性的开头用回忆的方法来开头
5、。例如A Trip to the Taishan Mountain(泰山游)的开头是：I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday.4概括性的开头即对要在文章中叙述的人或事先作一个概括性的介绍。如“The Happiness of Reading Books”(读书的快乐)的开头：People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world. But I say that to read books
6、 is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power.5介绍环境式的开头即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍的事物。如“An Accident”(一场事故)的开头是:It was a rainy and windy morning. The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly empty. I was on my way back to school.
7、Suddenly, a speeding car came round the corner. 6交待写作目的的开头。在文章的一开头就交待写作目的，如通过文章要表扬谁，批评谁，或说明一个什么问题等。如 Pollution Control (控制污染)的开头：In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.英语作文的文章的结尾-文章结尾的作用是概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想，使文章意义表达得更加深刻。 文章结尾的形式也是多种多样的，常见的有以下几种：1首尾呼应，画龙点睛在
8、文章的结尾，把含义较深的话放在末尾，以点明主题，深化主题，起到画龙点睛的效果。如I Cannot Forget Her (我忘不了她)的结尾：After her death, I felt as if something were missing in my life. I was sad over her passing away, but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the people.2重复主题句结尾回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，达到强
9、调的效果。如“I Love My Home Town”(我爱家乡)的结尾：I love my home town, and I love its people. They too have changed. They are going all out to do more for the good of our motherland.3. 自然结尾随着文章的结束，文章自然而然地结尾。如“Fishing”(钓鱼)的结尾：I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours, but my brother caught many more. Tired fro
10、m fishing, we lay down on the river bank, bathing in the sun. We returned home very late. 4含蓄性的结尾用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接点明作者的看法，而是让读者自己去领会和思考。如“A Day of Harvesting”(收割的日子)的结尾：Evening came before we realized it. We put down our sickles and looked at each other. Our clothes were wet with sweat, but on every face
11、 there was a smile.5用反问结尾虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，并具有特别的强调作用，引起读者深思。如 Should We Learn to Do Housework? (我们要不要学做家务?) 的结尾。Everyone should learn to do housework. Dont you agree, boys and girls?6指明方向，激励读者结尾表示对将来的展望，或期待读者投入行动。如“Lets Go in for Sports”(让我们参加体育运动)的结尾：As we have said above, sports can be of great va
12、lue. They not only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues and do their work bettter. A sound mind is in a sound body. Lets go in for sports.文章的结尾没有一定的模式，可以根据表达主题的需要灵活创造。一般的习惯是，一些记叙文和描写文经常采用自然结尾的方法；但说理性和逻辑性较强的说明文和议论文则往往都有结束语，以便使文章首尾呼应，结构完整。英文写作中词语的选择-实际上，我们每个人的脑子里都有了一个或大或小的词库，
13、只要我们肯去发掘，往往可以得到更好的表达方式。这是我们做好词语选用的主观条件。从客观条件广看，我们有各种类型的词典和参考书，只要我们平时多翻译、多阅读，写作时勤查考，就会在词语选用上不断进步。1词语选择的三项标准关于择语标准，人们说法不一，但准确、鲜明、生动三项原则是公认的。当然，某词语用得是否符合要求，不可孤立地从词语本身的含义上着眼，还要看其具体使用场合，包括同其他词语搭配等。1)择语的准确性准确性，就是要根据使用场合选用确切的语言形式，正如有句英语俗语所言：Do not write so that your words may be understood, but write so th
14、at your words must be understood.著名美国作家马克吐温说：“用词准确与用词几乎准确，这两者之间的差异就如闪电与萤火虫之间的差异。”(The difference between the right word and the almost-right word is as great as that between lighting and the lighting bug)为了择语准确，必须熟悉词语的多义性。例如depression对心理学家、经济学家或地质学家来说，含义各不相同：He is in a state of deep depression as a
15、result of his setback latest experiment.The depression first hit almost all the small and medium-sized enterprises.Transportation was at a standstill caused by the depressions in the highways after the earthquake in that area.反之，也常常有几个词语可以表示类似的含义，如心理学上的“depression”也能用melancholia，the blues，the dismal
16、 in the dumps，low等词语表示。要做到准确选择，有必要注意词语的两种意义：“基本意义”(denotation)和引申意义(connotation)。前者指该词语的本身，或客观的固有含义，后者指该词语在一定搭配或上下句中出现的其他意义，往往比较含蓄，带有词语使用者的主观态度或感情色彩。如inexpensive和cheap都表示便宜的基本意思，如顾客问营业员：“May I have some thing cheaper?”意思是希望要价钱便宜一点的，当然并不是说质量可以不好，但cheap在其他句式或使用场合可引出“低劣”、“平庸”、“吝啬”、“卑鄙”等多种意思，这类意思正是修辞上的“
17、敏感地带”。选用词语的准确性还表现在区分表示大体/抽象含义的词语和表示具体/特定含义的词语上，需要根据不同的使用场合做出正确的选择。抽象含义词语和具体含义词语不是两个对立的家族，在一定的条件下可以转化，如labor一词通常带抽象含义，但并非一成不变。试比较：A)Honest labor creates wealth for the society.B)In the GM contract dispute, labor seeks a five-cent per hour wage increase.上述A句中labor一词为抽象含义，泛指各种社会劳动，B句中labor为具体含义，特指WAW，即
18、美国汽车、飞机、农业机械工人联合会。2)择语的鲜明度准确性是鲜明度的前提，也是提高鲜明度的基础。然而，鲜明与简练相关。英国文豪莎士比亚的名言“Brevity is the soul of wit”相当于汉语的“言贵简洁”。我们说话、写文章都要以“言简意赅”四字为目标，为此，应从两个方面加以注意：A在可以运用较简短的常见词语表达意思时不要用复杂而少的词语，如：do something for(不用perform，accomplish)，用endfinish a letter (不用terminate，conclude)。B多余的或转弯抹角的词语都不利于明白地表达思想，因而下列短语中加括号的部分都应省去：mutual aid(to each other)(mutual)aid to each other，(an entirely)complete confidence，repeat thequestion(again)，return(back) from abroad，etc3)择语的生动感生动感也可以叫做优美感(gracefulness)，它是建筑在准确性和鲜明度的基础上的，否则，单纯追求生动或优雅，就会出现辞藻华丽(flowery)
