1、第一讲 三类不可小觑的词 冠词、代词、介词 技法探究 素养提升语法项目一 冠词冠词是语法填空的常考点，经常考查不定冠词a，an和定冠词the的基本用法和固定搭配。解答冠词类题目时，空格后有名词且两者搭配在一起表示泛指或特指含义时，要考虑不定冠词a/an；有序数词、最高级、表示特指意义的比较级等形式时，要考虑定冠词the；空格前后的词与冠词构成固定搭配短语要牢记。考点1冠词的基本用法12020浙江卷1月A child born in the US today has _63_ very realistic chance of living beyond 100 and needs to plan
2、 accordingly.答案与解析：a 考查冠词。根据下文的chance 可知，这里语意表示“非常实际的一个可能性”，故填不定冠词a,表示泛指。22020安徽省示范高中皖北协作区高三联考Being _ international port,Quanzhou,is home to a huge number of Chinese who have gone abroad and can be tracked to more than 130 countries and regions around the globe.答案与解析：an 考查冠词。句意：泉州作为一个国际港口，拥有大量出国的中国人
3、，可以追踪到全球130多个国家和地区。分析句子结构可知，空处填冠词，再根据句意可知，international port表示泛指，又因是元音音素开头，故填an。32020郑州高三质检She was really excited that day because they were having a dance party.I danced with all the ladies,particularly with Grandma,which was awesome.However,I felt discomfortable throughout _ party.答案与解析：the 根据语境可知
4、，此处的party特指上文中的“a dance party”所以填the。42020全国卷The plum trees are _70_ first to flower even as the snow is melting(融化).They represent the promise of spring and a renewal of life.答案与解析：the 考查冠词。序数词前加定冠词the，表示“第几个”。52019全国卷 Of _69_ nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations，three are declining，six 70
5、.are stable，one is increasing，and nine lack enough data.答案与解析：the 考查冠词。此处特指确认的19个亚种群，故用定冠词the。62020高三八校第二次联考Having a vegan diet might sound hard.However,in recent years,veganism(纯素食主义)has become one of _ fastest-growing lifestyle trends in the world.答案与解析：the 考查冠词。句意：但近年来，纯素食主义成为了全球一种增长趋势最快的生活方式。one
6、 of 后面名词是特指，要用定冠词，故填the。明晰冠词的解题思路1明确冠词在句中的习惯位置冠词是名词的标志，当空格后面是名词或“形容词名词”，而且没有其他限定词时，一般需要用冠词。2辨析特指和泛指(1)在文中第一次提到某人或某物时，一般为泛指，用不定冠词a/an；(2)第二次提到时用定冠词表特指，用定冠词the；(3)当名词前有定语修饰时，多数情况用定冠词the；(4)用在序数词或最高级前或有only,very,same 等修饰的名词前用定冠词the；(5)用在“逢十”的年代前，表示“在某世纪几十年代”用定冠词the。3注意a与an的选用：主要看名词首字母的发音，而不是首字母。考点2固定搭配
7、中的冠词12018全国卷Unexpectedly,Im face-to-face with the gorilla,who begins screaming at _62_ top of her lungs.答案与解析：the 考查冠词。固定短语at the top of“在的顶端”，此处表示以最大的肺活量喊叫。22020河北衡水中学第三次联考Shen Maosheng,who led the dig,said most of the newly found warriors can be divided into two groups.One group is carrying poles,
8、while _ other carries bows.答案与解析：the 考查冠词。one.the other.为固定用法。此处特指另一组，应用定冠词，故填the。32018全国卷 Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over _62_ past 25 years,while rice has increased only 7 percent.答案与解析：the 考查冠词。over the past 25 years“在过去的25年里”。42017全国卷As _65_ result,people will eat more food to
9、 try to make up for that something missing.答案与解析：a 句意：结果，人们将吃更多的食物去弥补损失的东西。固定短语as a result表示“结果”，故填a。5The little boy took the blind man by _ arm and walked him across the busy street.答案与解析：the 考查冠词。句意：小男孩拉着盲人的手臂，陪他穿过繁忙的街道。take sb.by the arm“拉着某人的手臂”。1定冠词用在固定搭配中，如：at the same time,on the contrary,to
10、tell the truth,in the distance,make the most/best of,in the middle of,on the spot等。2不定冠词用在固定搭配中，如：catch a cold,have a fever,all of a sudden,as a matter of fact,as a result,have a gift for,make a living,have/take a rest,give sb.a lift,have a good knowledge of等。3动词(catch/take/hit等)sb.介词the身体部位语法项目二 代词
11、近几年，高考对代词的考查主要集中在代词的基本用法上，因此这类试题一般较为简单。语法填空侧重对it用法的考查。,考生在解题时要根据语境、句意判断人称和数，应仔细阅读上下文，根据代词具体指代的对象和在句中充当的成分，确定代词的格。未来高考对代词的考查将继续侧重代词的基本用法，并会加强语境的真实性和复杂性。1In many ways,the education system in the US is not very different from _ in the UK.答案与解析：that 句意：在很多方面，美国的教育体系与英国的并没有很大的不同。分析句子结构可知，这里指代前面的不可数名词the
12、education system，为避免重复，所以用that。22018浙江6月卷Many westerners 57.who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap _58_ can be to eat out.答案与解析：it 此处应用it作形式主语，真正的主语是to eat out。32017全国卷 However,the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months,mo
13、re than 25,000 people were using _67_ every day.答案与解析：it 考查代词。根据上文的“the railway quickly.”可知，此处用it代替the railway。42020安徽安庆二模Every new year in the heartland of industrial China,thousands upon thousands of motorcyclists brave the weather and hit the road,determined to make _ home.答案与解析：it 考查代词。句意：每年春节，在
14、中国工业的中心地带，成千上万骑摩托的人不畏寒冷的天气，骑摩托上路，下定决心回家。make it to sp.为固定搭配，意为“成功到某地”，home为副词，不与介词连用，make it home意为“成功到家”，故填it。52020山东东营一模_ is generally acknowledged that young people from poorer socio-economic backgrounds tend to do less well in our education system.答案与解析：It 考查代词。句意：人们普遍认为，在我们的教育体制里，社会经济背景不佳的年轻人往往
15、会表现欠佳。it作形式主语，“that young people from poorer socio-economic backgrounds tend to do less well in our education system”为主语从句，是真正的主语。当句子缺少主语、定语、宾语或表语时，一般填代词；确定填代词之后，再看一下设空处所填代词是否与前文提到的人或物有指代关系。1作主语：人称代词主格(I,we,you,he等)2作宾语/表语：人称代词宾格(me,us等)、名词性物主代词(ours,mine,yours等)3作定语：形容词性物主代词(our,my,your等)4如果宾语与主语是指
16、同一人，用反身代词(myself,yourself,itself等)5填it的情况：作形式主语或形式宾语；指代前面提到的同一个事物或情况。6that,those作替代词，用来代替已提到的名词，以避免重复。7it的常用固定句型It is/was被强调成分that其他Itbeadj.of/for sb.to do sth.It is no good/no use/useless/a waste of time doing sth.hate/like/enjoy it that.讨厌/喜欢；when it comes to.当谈到；as sb.puts it 正如某人所言；make it成功。语法项
17、目三 介词高考对介词的考查主要集中在介词的基本用法及含介词的固定搭配的用法上。语法填空题对介词的考查形式为纯空格，即没有提示词，这对考生正确理解句意和掌握的知识提出了较高的要求。,因此，考生在掌握介词的基本用法的同时，注意总结和积累其与名词、形容词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意义和用法。考点1介词多义看语境12020浙江卷1月This aging of the population is driven _59_ two factors.答案与解析：by 考查介词。空处位于表示被动的动词后，故应该填by。22019北京卷First celebrated _5_1970，the Day now inc
18、ludes events in more than 190 countries and regions(地区)答案与解析：in 考查介词。在1970年，应用介词in。在年、月和季节前，用介词in。32019全国卷Modern methods _63_tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s，and are expensive 64.to_perform consistently over a large area.答案与解析：of/for 考查介词。a method of/for do
19、ing sth.做某事的方法。42020山东省师大附中阶段性检测The most important thing is to practice.You can do this _ joining such kind of clubs.答案与解析：by 考查介词。句意：你可以通过参加这样的俱乐部来做这件事。根据句意及后面的doing可知，此处应用表达“通过”之意的介词。52020四川绵阳高三四诊断Cleaner air has been most noticeable.For example,_April 3,people living in Jalandhar,a city in the no
20、rth,woke up to a sight:snow-covered Himalayan mountains more than 160 kilometers away.答案与解析：on 考查介词。根据后文April 3可知表示在具体的某一天应用介词on。62018浙江卷6月If you are not going to suffer this problem,then I suggest that the next time you go to your mums home _65_ dinner,get a few cooking tips from her.答案与解析：for 考查介词
21、。for表示目的，意为“为了”。72020青岛市高三统一质量检测About 1.4 billion people around the world do not get enough physical exercise.This number comes _the United Nations World Health Organization(WHO)7答案与解析：from 考查介词。句意：这个数字来自联合国世界卫生组织。固定短语 come from 意为“来自”。1表示时间的 in,on,atin 表示在某段较长的时间内(如世纪、年代、月份等)或泛指上午、下午、晚上等。on 表示在具体的日
22、子或具体的某一天的上午、下午、晚上等。at 表示某个时间点、时刻等。2表示方位的 through 和 acrossthrough 表示“从的内部穿过”。across 表示“从表面穿过”。3表示交通方式的 by 和 on/inby 后可直接跟涉及和不涉及交通工具的名词，名词前不加冠词。on/in 后跟交通工具时，名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。4表示“用”的 by,in,withby 指“靠手段，用方法，凭借”，后可接名词、代词或动名词。in 多用于表示语言、材料的名词前。with 多用于表示工具或身体器官的名词前。5of 表示“的”“ofn.”相当于该名词对应的形容词。考点 2依据
23、句式和搭配填介词12020浙江卷 7 月Some time after 10000 BC,people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived _56_，through agriculture.答案与解析：in 考查介词。live in 是固定词组，表示“在地方生活”。故填 in。22019浙江卷 6 月But can uniforms help improve school standards?The answer _61_ this question is not clear.答案与解析：to 考查介词。the
24、 answer to the question 为固定用法，表示“问题的答案”，故用介词 to。32017全国卷It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible 61.crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and _62_ work.答案与解析：from to and from 为固定搭配，意为“来回”。42020宁波市新高考适应性考试Anne Gu believes that the page is so popular because
25、 it identifies just little things in our lives that no one talked _ before.答案与解析：about 考查介词。根据短语 talk about 表示“谈论”。52020厦门市第二次质量检查In Singapore theres no better place to find Chinese medicines than in Chinatowna colorful and lively place,rich _ Chinese culture and history.答案与解析：in 句意：在新加坡，没有比唐人街更好地找到
26、中药的地方了，它是一个丰富多彩而充满生机的地方，有着丰富的中国文化和历史。(be)rich in：在方面丰富。故填 in。62020河南省高三 5 月质量检测Plastic in the ocean puts fish and plants _ danger,and even causes them to die.答案与解析：in 考查介词。句意：海洋里的塑料会危害鱼类和植物，甚至导致它们死亡。“put.in danger”意为“将置于危险的境地”，为固定搭配。1与动词搭配，如：remind sb.of sth.“提醒某人某事”rob sb.of sth.“抢劫某人某物”go back to/
27、date from 追溯到exchange.for.交换come about 发生run out of 用完2与名词或代词搭配，如：by accident “偶然”by oneself “靠自己”in spite of 尽管，虽然in turn 依次，转而3与形容词搭配，如：be curious about “对感到好奇”be proud of “因而自豪”考场练兵 检验考试能力小题夯基练单句语法填空12020濮阳市高三毕业班第二次模拟In August 2018,tired of the“refusal”of world leaders to take action,the young gi
28、rl started camping in front of the Swedish Parliament every Friday with _ sign,which said:“Schools Strike for Climate”答案与解析：a 考查冠词。句意：在 2018 年 8 月，对世界领导人决定采取行动感到厌烦，这个年轻的女孩开始每周五在瑞典议会门前露营，并拿着写着一个“学校为气候大罢工”的标牌。sign是可数名词，根据句意可知此处是泛指，应用不定冠词，又 sign 是辅音音素开头，故填 a。22020衡阳市高三毕业班联考三To ensure the accuracy of th
29、e measurement,and to work it in _ more effective way,experts were invited to assist in the technical design and planning of the project from the beginning.答案与解析：a 考查冠词。way 是可数名词，此处泛指“一种更有效的方式”，应该用不定冠词修饰，more 的发音以辅音音素开头，故填 a。32020山东省滨州市高三第二次模拟Admittedly,eco-therapy wont cure everything,but it is _ op
30、tion for therapists to use.答案与解析：an 考查冠词。句意：诚然，生态疗法不会治愈一切，但它是治疗师的一种选择。分析句意可知，此处的 option 是可数名词，在本句中表示泛指“一种选择”，且是元音音素开头，故填 an。42020山东师范大学附属中学 3 月模拟Some reports also show that _ number of giant pandas in the wild is on the rise.答案与解析：the 考查冠词。句意：一些报道表明野外大熊猫数量在上涨。the number of 表示“的数量”。52020山东省滨州市高三第二次模拟
31、Eco-therapy doesnt involve taking medicine.Instead,it just develops a persons relationship _ nature.答案与解析：with 考查介词。句意：相反，它只是发展了一个人与自然的关系。分析句子可知，此处表示人与自然的关系。62020山东师范大学附属中学 3 月模拟The giant panda，also known as panda bear or simply panda，is a bear native _ south central China.答案与解析：to 考查介词。句意：大熊猫或被称为熊猫
32、是中国南方本土动物。“native to”是固定短语，表示“本土的”。故填 to。语法填空Test 12020郑州市高中毕业年级第二次质量预测At a very young age,Oindrila Basu had no idea of 1._ to live with nature.She would climb trees or destroy the nests of birds just for fun,like other kids.Once her mother caught her and got angry,and then the girl realized she 2._
33、(do)something terribly wrong.1答案与解析：how考查副词。根据下句可知，为了好玩，她会爬树或者破坏鸟巢；又结合语境可知，Oindrila Basu 在很小的时候不知道如何和大自然相处。故用 how。2答案与解析：had done考查动词的时态。句意：她的妈妈曾经抓住了她并且发怒了，然后这位女孩才意识到她做了非常错误的事情。根据该句中的“realized”，并结合句意可知，她做那些非常错误的事情发生在她意识到之前，表示过去的过去，故用过去完成时。This is just a way that Basus parents shaped her understandin
34、g and appreciation of nature.3._(live)in the countryside,she spent her youth studying ants before the rain,watching sunbirds drink honey,counting fireflies and watching young plants grow.Then her parents decided to move to a nearby city 4._ better educational chances,and then she stopped having firs
35、t-hand experiences with nature.3答案与解析：Living考查现在分词。分析该句结构可知，动词 live 和主语 she 为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用其现在分词形式。4答案与解析：for/with考查介词。根据语境可知，此处表示“她的父母为了更好的教育机会决定搬到附近的一个城市”，表目的；此处也可以表示“她的父母决定搬到附近的一个有更好教育机会的城市”，表示“带有”，故填 for/with。Later,as she struggled 5._(choose)a college major,her mother suggested a career in forestr
36、y(林业).Thats when her journey began,and she fell in love with forestry.Away from the crowded cities,in the lap of the Himalayas,she graduated in forestry from Kumaun University,India.When she went on to study a 6._ (master)degree in forestry from the Forest Research Institute,India,she finally got in
37、troduced to a group of like-minded people,devoted to the International Forestry Students Association (IFSA)5答案与解析：to choose考查动词不定式。struggle to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“努力做某事”，故该处用动词不定式。6答案与解析：masters考查固定用法。masters degree 为固定用法，意为“硕士学位”。句意：当她继续在印度森林研究所攻读林业硕士学位时，她最终结识了一群志趣相投的人，致力于国际林业学生协会。IFSA is a 7._(globe)o
38、rganization connecting students to exchange knowledge and participate in forestry activities.The youth joining IFSA are 8._(encourage)to undertake its task to enrich forest education and spread a love of nature through events and exchanges.7答案与解析：global考查形容词。形容词修饰名词，空处修饰名词 organization，故用形容词。8答案与解析：
39、encouraged考查被动语态。分析句子结构可知，该句主语 The youth 和动词 encourage 之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。After six months of exciting international conferences and workshops,Basu,then 25,found her home a family that loved forests as much 9._ she did.She felt more active,so her passion had a direction.Now she wants to do more.As a key
40、 member of IFSA,Basu recalled the experience of joining it,“10._(deliberate)or by accident,we chose forestry,or rather,forestry chose us.”9答案与解析：as考查固定用法。“asadj./adv.as.”为固定用法，表示“和一样”。句意：经过六个月激动人心的国际会议和研讨会，当时 25 岁的 Basu 找到了她的家一个和她一样热爱森林的家庭。10答案与解析：Deliberately 考查副词。空处在该句中作状语，修饰整个句子，故用副词形式。Test 22020
41、石家庄市高三年级阶段性训练题Most of us have recently experienced quarantine(隔离期)to minimize the risk of meeting somebody who may be carrying the virus.It is certain 1._ being under quarantine is no fun.1答案与解析：that考查名词性从句的连接词。分析句子结构可知，it作形式主语，空处引导一个主语从句，且在从句中不作句子成分，本身也没有词义，所以填that。However,with our access to food,2
42、._(deliver)services and the entertainment 3._ (offer)by the Internet,were actually very lucky.Lets take a quick look at the history of quarantine.2答案与解析：delivery考查名词。分析句子结构和语境可知，此处表示“快递服务”，空处应为名词，所以填delivery。3答案与解析：offered考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构并结合表示被动符号的介词by可知，空处和其逻辑主语the entertainment构成动宾关系，故用其过去分词形式offere
43、d。The idea of quarantining sick people dates 4._ancient times.Yet the word“quarantine”first came into use in Europe of the 14th century during the Black Death.The population was dropping like flies from the mysterious disease,and as the death toll climbed into the millions eventually killing 5._(app
44、roximate)half of the European population,cities began to take 6._(measure)to protect their citizens.4答案与解析：from考查介词。date fromdate back to，表示“追溯到”，是固定搭配，符合语境，所以填from。5答案与解析：approximately考查副词。分析句子结构可知，空处应为副词，修饰代词half，作状语，所以填approximately“大约”。6答案与解析：measures考查名词的单复数。measure是可数名词，在本句中其前无限定词修饰，且此处表示“采取措施
45、”，故应用可数名词的复数形式，所以填measures。The port city of Venice,Italy,was an important trading center with ships 7._ (come)from all corners of the Earth every day.If a ship 8._(suspect)to be harboring the plague(鼠疫),7答案与解析：coming考查with复合结构。分析句子结构可知，此处为with复合结构“with名词/代词分词/形容词/副词/名词/介词短语”，此处ships和come构成逻辑上的主谓关系，所
46、以填come的现在分词形式coming。8答案与解析：was suspected考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子成分可知，此处为条件状语从句的谓语，又与该从句的主语a ship构成被动关系，故用被动语态，又根据主句中的was可知，事情发生在过去，故用一般过去时，且主语为单数，所以填was suspected。it was sent to 9._ offshore place to be kept in quarantine and ordered to wait there for 40 days when either those suffering from the plague recovered or they were more likely 10._(die).The waiting period gave rise to the term quarantinario,the Italian word for 40.9答案与解析：an考查冠词。此处泛指一处隔离点，故用不定冠词修饰，另offshore的发音以元音音素开头，所以填an。10答案与解析：to die考查固定用法。此处考查be more likely to do sth.“更有可能做某事”，故填to die。
