1、Module 5The Conquest of the UniverseGrammar1&2Grammar 1Noun Clauses 名词性从句是由if,whether,that和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，其功能同名词一样。一主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。1.It作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It作形式主语代替主语从句主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that，被强调部分指人时可用who/whom。It i
2、s a pity that you didnt go to see the film.It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not.It is in the morning that the murder took place.It is John that broke the window.2.用it作形式主语的结构 (1)It is 名词从句 It is a fact that 事实是 It is an honor that 非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that.是常识(2)It is 形容词从句 It is
3、natural that 很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是(3)It is 不及物动词从句 It seems that 似乎 It happened that 碰巧(4)It 过去分词从句 It is reported that 据报道 It has been proved that 已证实3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况(1)if 引导的主语从句不可位于复合句句首。(2)It is said/reported 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week.
4、(right)That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.(wrong)(3)It happens,It occurs 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.(right)That he failed in the examination occurred to him.(wrong)(4)It doesnt matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：It doesnt matter whe
5、ther he is wrong or not.(right)Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter.(wrong)(5)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?(right)Is that will rain in the evening likely?(wrong)4.what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 what 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语、宾语、表语，而that 则不然。例如:1)What you said yest
6、erday is right.2)That she is still alive is a consolation.二宾语从句 宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。1.作动词的宾语(1)由that引导的宾语从句（that 通常可以省略）,例如：I heard that be joined the army.(2)由what,whether(if)引导的宾语从句。例如：She did not know what had happened.I wonder whether you can change this note for me.(3)动词间
7、接宾语宾语从句。例如：She told me that she would accept my invitation.2.作介词的宾语 Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.3.作形容词的宾语 I am afraid(that)Ive made a mistake.that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious,aware,certain,confident,convinced,determined,glad,proud,surprised,worried,sorry,thankfu
8、l,ashamed,disappointed,annoyed,pleased,hurt,satisfied,content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。4.It 可以作为形式宾语 it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。例如：We heard it that she would get married next month.5.后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词 这类动词有allow,refuse,let,like,cause,force,admire,condemn,celebrate,dis
9、like,love,help,take,forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。例如：I admire their winning the match.(right)I admire that they won the match.(wrong)6.不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词 有些动词不可用于“动词间接宾语that从句“结构中，常见的有envy,order,accuse,refuse,impress,forgive,blame,denounce,advise,congratulate等。例如：He impressed the manage
10、r as an honest man.(right)He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.(wrong)7.否定的转移 若主句谓语动词为think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,fancy,guess,imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：I dont think this dress fits you well.三表语从句 表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语连系动词表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连
11、系动词有be,look,remain,seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外常用的还有the reason is that 和It is because 等结构。例如：1)The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2)This is why we cant get the support of the people.3)But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4)The reason he is late
12、 for school is that he missed the early bus.四同位语从句 同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。1.同位语从句的功能 同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导。例如：1)The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2)The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2.同位语在句子中的位置 同位语
13、从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别 (1)定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时又在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语）；而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。(2)定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：1)The news that he told me is that Tom w
14、ould go abroad next year.（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）Grammar 11 Decide which one belongs to subject clause,objective clause,predicative clause,or appositive clause.(1)That our football team has won excited all of us.(2)Whethe
15、r Mr Wang will attend the meeting has not been decided.(3)My suggestion is that we should have a picnic tomorrow.(4)The problem is what we should do next.(5)He said that the plan turned out to be very practical.(6)They didnt tell us how the project was carried out.(7)Have you got the news that Tom w
16、asfired by his boss?(8)The general gave the order that all the work be done within two days.Answers:subject clause:(1,2)predicative clause:(3,4)objective clause:(5,6)appositive clause:(7,8)Grammar 1-2 Look at the underlined clauses and check the true statements.A noun clause:(a)can be the subject of
17、 a sentence(b)can be the object of a sentence(c)cant follow the verb be(d)can begin with a question word(e)doesnt include a verb.Grammar 1-3 Do Activity 2 on page 60(a)means we have to think about safety.(b)is still very little(c)is limited by the laws of physics.(d)how much money we have(e)the flig
18、ht was a complete success(f)where and when the space race will end.1.The future of space research depends on 2.How far we can go3.What we really know about the universe4.No one knows5.The fact that space is dangerous6.The space control centre announcedAnswers:(a)It can be the subject(1),object(3&5),
19、predicative(2)or parity(4).(b)Yes.(3&5)(c)In the objective clauses theworld“that”can be left out.Grammar 1-4 Read the sentences and answer the questions.Grammar 1-5 Write noun clauses to complete the sentences.Example answers:(1)When the space race will end is a question which is difficult to answer
20、.(2)The fact that Apollo II had less power than a domestic PC is extraordinary.(3)I would really like to know whether people will walk on Mars in my lifetime.(4)The problem is that space travel is very expensive.(5)What I need is the right training to become an astronaut.Grammar 1-6 Supplementary ma
21、terials:Go through the profile of Fei Junlong.He was born in May,1965.He is from Jiangsu province.He joined the army in 1982.His father didnt know that he had decided to become one of the first Chinese astronauts in 1998.He was chosen as one candidate for space travel of Shenzhou VI in June,2005.He
22、has a 13-year-old son.His family supported him in spite of danger.He trained hard in order to carry out the mission.He visited the Disneyland in Hong Kong with his partner and was warmly received by the people there.(1)_ is new to me.(2)I didnt know that _.(3)The fact that _ surprised me.(4)What imp
23、ressed me most was _.(5)It is said that _.Grammar 1-7 Talk about the passage above by completing the following sentencesGrammar 2Grammar 2-1 Combine the two parts of the sentence,making proper changes when necessary.When will the sports meeting be held?We wonder.How can they collect so much money?.i
24、s unknown to all of us.Why didnt he tell me this earlier?What we should discuss now is.Will Mr.Wang attend the meeting tomorrow?Do you know.How much money has been spent on the project?Please tell us.Grammar 2-1 Put the words in the noun clauses into the correct order.Add capital letters where neces
25、sary.1.is there life Mars on if2.people the question about in the past asked Mars3.we what about Mars know if there is life on Mars the question people asked about Mars in the past what we know about Mars4.awaited them what5.that has an extra 37 minutes to allow to remember the data-hungry robots ev
26、erything a day on Mars6.answer the no is what waited them that a day on Mars has an extra 37 minutes to allow the data-hungry robots to remember everything the answer is“no”Grammar 2-3 Activity 2 on Page 62:(a)if there is life on Mars(b)the question people asked about Mars in the past(c)the answer i
27、s“no”(d)what awaited them(e)that a day on Mars has an extra 37 minutes to allow the data-hungry robots to remember everything(f)what we know about Mars课后练习一、判断下列各句哪句含有名词性从句，并指出是什么从句：1.China is no longer what it used to be.2.The truth that the earth turn around the sun is known to all.表语从句 同位语从句3.It
28、was snowing when he arrived at the station.4.How he persuaded the manager to change the plan is interesting to us all.时间状语从句是副词性从句不是名词性从句主语从句5.The news that they had won the gamesoon spread over the whole school.6.The news that you told me yesterday was really disappointing.同位语从句定语从句是形容词性从句不是名词性从句7.
29、That is where Lu Xun used to live.8.He spoke as if he understood what he was talking about.表语从句宾语从句9.Do you remember the teacher who taught us English at middle school?10.I wonder why she refused my invitation.宾语从句定语从句是形容词性从句不是名词性从句二、用适当的连词填空：1.I cant decide _ dictionary I should buy.2.Thats _ he re
30、fused my invitation.3.I am very interested in _ he has improved his pronunciation in such a short time.whichwhyhow4._ we need is more time.5.The fact _ she had not said anything at the meeting surprised everybody.6._ and _ they will meet has not been decided yet.7.Please tell me _ you are waiting fo
31、r.WhatthatWhen wherewho(m)8.Is that _ you are looking for?9.Would you please tell me _ the nearest post office is?10.I dont know _ he will agree to the plan or not.whatwherewhether三、选择填空：1.Do you see _ I mean?A.that B./C.how D.what2.Tell me_ is on your mind.A.that B.what C.which D.why3.We must stick
32、 to _ we have agreed on.A.what B.that C./D.howDBA4.Let me see _.A.that can I repair the radio B.whether I can repair the radioC.I can repair the radio D.whether can I repair the radio5.Keep in mind _.A.that the teacher said B.what did the teacher sayC.that did the teacher say D.what the teacher said
33、BD6.Could you advise me _?A.which book should I read first B.what book should I read firstC.that book I should read first D.which book I should read first7.He was criticized for _.A.he had done it B.what he had done C.what had he done D.that he had done itDB8.Would you kindly tell me _?A.how can I g
34、et to the Beijing Railway Station B.how I can get to the Beijing Railway StationC.where can I get to the Beijing Railway StationD.whether can I get to the Beijing Railway StationB9.Mrs.Smith was very much impressed by _.A.what had she seen in China B.that she had seen in ChinaC.what she had seen in
35、China D.which had she seen in ChinaCA10.We took it for granted _A.that they were not coming B.that were they not comingC.they were coming not D.were they not coining11.I really dont know _A.I should do next B.what should I do nextC.what I should do next D.how I should do nextC12.Im afraid _.A.the li
36、ttle girl will have to be operated onB.that will the little girl have to operate onC.the little girl will have to operate onD.that will the little girl have to be operated onA13.She walked up to _.A.where did I stand B.where I stood C.I stood there D.where I stood thereB14.Can you tell me _?A.who is
37、 that gentleman B.that gentleman is whoC.who that gentleman is D.whom is that gentlemanC15.Well give you _.A.that do you need B.what do you needC.whatever you need D.whether do you needCFor more exercises,click here.高考链接1.(10福建35)We should respect food and think about the people who dont have_we hav
38、e here and treat food nicely.A.thatB.which C.what D.whether2.(10湖南35)Cindy shut the door heavily and burst into tears.No one in the office knew _ she was so angry.A.where B.whether C.that D.why C D3.【2012陕西卷】As many as five courses are provided,and you are free to choose _ suits you best.A.whatever
39、B.whichever C.whenever D.wherever【答案与解析】考查名词性从句。所填词引导的从句做动词choose的宾语，引导词在从句中做主语。选B,其余选项与句意不符。B4.【2012北京卷】Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt _ he could have expressed it differently.A.why B.how C.that D.whether 从句考查，宾语从句不缺少成分用that引导。C5.【2012江西卷】25It suddenly occurred to him _ he had lef
40、t his keys in the office.A.whether B.where C.which D.that 考点：考察名词性从句当中的主语从句。解析：it作形式主语，真正的主语为that he had left his keys in the office。且that在句中无意义，并不充当任何成分。D6.2012湖南卷 Everyone in the village is very friendly.It doesnt matter _ you have lived there for a short or a long time.A.why B.how C.whether D.whe
41、n 本题是一形式主语句型。考查名词性从句引导的用法。根据空后的or可知为whether or短语。复合句、名词性从句、主语从句、形式主语、引导词whether。C7.【2012重庆卷】34.Evidence has been found through years of study_ childrens early sleeping problem likely to continue when they grow up.A.why B.how C.whether D.that【解析】分析句子结构可知，空白处后面为句子主语“Evidence”的同位语从句，在这一从句中，句意完整，不缺少成分，应
42、该使用“that”作为引导词。因此，正确答案为D选项。D8.(10天津14)As a new graduate,he doesnt know _ it takes to start a business here.A.how B.what C.When D.which 9.(10北京33)_some people regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many others.A.Whether B.What C.That D.HowFor more exercises,click here.BBHomework1.Revise what you have learnt during this period of class.2.Get ready for the next period.
