1、2017年高考英语总动员语法填空4.技法点拨1考查介词,包括表时间、方位、方式的介词on,in,at,with,by,through 等。2考查连词,包括表转折but,while;表并列and,or;表因果because,so 等。3考查副词,包括形容词转化成副词时的一般情况及特殊情况,如warmwarmly,truetruly;“le”结尾e改y,如:possiblepossibly,probableprobably 等。4考查形容词,一般常考查比较级或最高级形式,如形容词的比较级 sweeter:The teacher replied,“You tasted the water.I tas
2、ted the gift.The water was simply the container for an act of kindness and love.Nothing could be _39_(sweet)”5考查代词,代词的种类繁多,包括人称代词、物主代词、疑问代词、反身代词和指示代词等,其中近年来对指示代词 it 在句中指代事物、不定式或从句的用法较常见,如:He asked his teacher,“Sir,the water was awful.Why did you pretend to like _38_?”6考查冠词。考生应非常明确冠词 a,an,the 的用法。对冠词
3、的考查方面,A young man,while traveling through a desert,came across a spring of clear water._31_ water was sweet.7考查谓语动词,包括考查谓语动词的时态及语态方面。教学大纲要求学生掌握的常考时态有十种。在语篇型语法填空题中,对一般过去时的考查是近几年高考的重点考查对 象,如 After a four-day journey,the young man _33_(present)the water to the old man.8考查关系代词及关系副词,这主要是考查学生对于连接词在从句中的应用能
4、力,其常考词为 that,who,which,what 等,另外,学生对 that 在定语从句中可作主、宾、表语,但在名词性从句中是不作成分并没有词义的不同用法一定要区别开来,否则很容易造成失分。如考查了关系代词that 的特殊用法:We understand this lesson best _40_ we receive gifts of love from children.还有考查了关系代词who:He filled his leather container so that he could bring some back to an elder _32_ had been his
5、teacher.9考查非谓语动词,包括不定式、现在分词、过去分词及动名词。考生掌握它们在句中的功能、区别及常考点是非常必要的。现在分词表示主动且表示动作正在进行,如考查的就是现在分词 saying:He spit it out,_37_(say)it was awful.10考查倒装句及强调句等特殊句式。一、语篇型语法填空解题步骤1通读全文,把握大意。既然是通过短文在语境中考语法,那么,我们在解题前,应快速浏览短文,把握全文大意,为下一步填空做好准备。2结合语境,试填空格。读懂短文之后,要结合短文所提供的特定的语言环境,从句子结构的完整性去分析空格所缺单词的词性,再根据句子的结构和意义以及句子
6、之间的逻辑关系来确定具体要填的单词和所给词的正确形式。3重读全文,验证复查。有时间的话,复查是必要的。复查的方法是:将所有答案“填进”短文并进行通读,纠正之前的错误,最后确定答案。二、语篇型语法填空解题技巧(一)有提示词填空题的解题技巧有提示词题是指“使用括号中词语的正确形式填空”这类题,主要考查谓语动词的时态和语态、非谓语动词、形容词和副词的比较级、词类转化等四种情况。1给出动词原形当设空处前给出动词原形,设空处一般会考查动词的时态(即考纲上要求的一般现在时、现在完成时、现在进行时、一般过去时、过去完成时、过去进行时、一般将来时、过去将来时),动词的被动语态形式或考查非谓语动词用法。(1)考
7、查时态或语态第一步:分析句子结构,确定句中是否缺谓语。如缺谓语动词,则考查动词的时态和语态。第二步:看主语与谓语之间是主动关系还是被动关系,以确定用主动语态还是被动语态,同时还要根据语境考虑用哪种时态。第三步:要注意主谓一致。如:【例1】At that time,soda pop was sold in bottles,and they were washed and _3_(fill)again.解析:分析句子结构可知设空处为谓语动词且与were washed 并列,主语they 与 fill 为被动关系,但设空前已经有了助动词were,故设空处应填filled。【例2】In Logan,t
8、hree people _(take)to a hospital,while others were treated at a local clinic.解析:根据并列连词while(而)可知是,三个人“被送”去了医院,而其他人在当地一家诊所接受治疗。有根据下文中的were treated(一般过去时的被动语态)此空需用一般过去时,根据句意此空还需用被动语态,主语为three people(名词复数),故答案为were taken。(2)考查非谓语动词第一步:若句中已有谓语,且设空处不是作并列谓语,应考虑该空考查非谓语动词。第二步:根据非谓语动词在句中所作句子成分、句式的特殊要求,或某些词语的
9、特殊要求,确定用哪种非谓语动词形式。如作目的状语一般用不定式形式,而作原因、伴随、时间等状语时,需用现在分词、过去分词形式;如作主语或宾语用ing形式或不定式;如作enjoy,finish等的宾语时,需用v.-ing形式;如作decide,refuse等动词的宾语时,需用不定式形式。如设空前为系动词,需用v.-ing形式(意为:令人感到的)或过去分词(感到的)作表语。第三步:确定非谓语动词与其逻辑主语是主动还是被动关系。第四步:根据非谓语动词的动作与谓语动词的动作发生的先后关系确定用一般式还是用完成式。【例1】When I was a young boy about 8 years old,m
10、y younger sister and I got the idea to buy something for my mother for Mothers day.Money was hard _(make)解析:设空处所在的句子主系表结构完整,根据句子结构可判断设空处作状语,be表示难、易、好、坏的形容词,后面需用不定式的主动形式作状语,故答案为to make。【例2】_(complete)the project as planned,well have to work two more hours a day.解析:句意:为了按计划完成这项工程,我们每天不得不额外多工作两小时。逗号后为一
11、完整句子,逗号前没有主语,也没有从属连词,故设空处作状语。根据句意可知设空处作目的状语,故需用不定式形式,主语we与complete为逻辑上的主动关系,故用to complete形式,又因设空处位于句首,故答案为To complete(首字母“t”需大写)。2给出形容词或副词形式当给出形容词、副词形式时,往往要求写出形容词的比较级或最高级形式;有时考查形容词与副词之间的转换。第一步:分析结构,确定所给词在句子中作定语还是状语。第二步:根据结构、语境或句子意义确定是填比较级还是最高级以及要不要加表示否定或相反意义的前缀。【例1】Soon Charlie made friends with Pat
12、rick,who was gay,and his stepsister Sara and they _(gradual)became best friends.解析:and 后的分句结构完整,故可判断设空处应为副词作状语,而gradual 的副词形式为gradually,故gradually 为本题答案。【例2】The water was simply the container for an act of kindness and love.Nothing could be _(sweet)解析:用nothing 与 an act of kindness and love 相对比,这里是用比
13、较级的否定形式表示最高级,因此答案是sweeter。【例3】The other frog went on jumping as hard as he could.He jumped even _(hard)and finally made himself out.解析:联系前句,又有even(更加)的提示,可知设空处用比较级,故答案为harder。【例4】The higher you stand,the _(far)you will see.解析:本题考查“the比较级.,the比较级.”句式,故设空处需用far 的比较级形式,即farther。3词类转化词类转换多以派生词变化为主,如:形容词
14、与名词间的相互转化;形容词与动词间的相互转化;动词与名词间的相互转化等。第一步:分析结构,确定要填的词在句中充当哪种句子成分。比如,修饰动词、形容词或副词,或修饰整个句子,作状语,用副词;作主语或宾语用名词;在冠词、形容词性物主代词或名词所有格后,用名词。第二步:根据构词法将括号中的词变成所需要的词类。注意:有时不但要注意词性转换,而且还要考虑用表示相反意义的前缀或后缀,其逻辑意义才通顺;而且要特别注意所填词的正确的拼写形式。【例1】Jane knew from past experience that her _(choose)of ties hardly ever pleased her
15、father.解析:在形容词性物主代词her后,用名词或动名词形式,而空后有of 短语作定语,所以填名词choice。【例2】Despite Crabtrees professional and family success,those around her had noted her _(satisfy)with not finishing school.解析:由上文的her和下文的with 即可分析,此处该用satisfy 的名词形式satisfaction,而后文的not finishing school 则进一步暗示,Crabtree 对此耿耿于怀而并不满意,故用否定含义的名词diss
16、atisfaction。(二)无提示词填空题的解题技巧无提示词填空题需考生在不给出提示词的情况下填出符合上下文逻辑、语法、句法的词汇,主要考查代词、冠词、介词、情态动词、并列连词、复合句、特殊句式等。1代词(不定代词、指示代词、替代词、it 的用法、人称代词的主格和宾格、反身代词、名词性物主代词等)。第一步:分析句子结构。若句子缺主语,则要填代词主格、指示代词、不定代词或it;若动词或介词后面缺宾语,则要填代词的宾格、指示代词、不定代词或it。如果该宾格与主语是同一人(或物),应用反身代词。第二步:理解句子意思。根据各个代词的意义和用法以及句子所需的意义,填入合适的代词。【例1】When st
17、ressors throw your nervous system out of balance,relaxation techniques can bring _ back into a balanced state.解析:根据语境即可分析,此处it 即代指上文的your nervous system。【例2】A strong memory depends on the health and vitality(活力)of your brain.Humans are highly social animals,so relationships stimulate(刺激)our brainsin
18、 fact,interacting with _ may be the best brain exercise.解析:由上文的关键信息词social animals 和relationships 分析,与人相处即与“别人”(others)相处是最好的脑部锻炼。【例3】It is said that a short-tempered man in the Song Dynasty(9601279)was very anxious to help _ rice crop grow up quickly.解析:名词rice crop 前还没有限定词,应当填限定词;根据句意,这个急性子人当然是急于使“
19、他的”禾苗长得快,故填形容词性物主代词his。2冠词、形容词性物主代词或作定语用的不定代词。理解句子结构,设空后为名词,设空处为名词的定语,又无提示词,可认定设空处应填冠词(a,an,the)或形容词性物主代词(如:my,your等)或能作定语的不定代词(如:other,another,either,both 等)。【例1】Please spend time with those who make laugh easilyboth at themselves and at lifes humor events.Surround yourself with reminders to lighte
20、n up.Keep _ toy on your desk or in your car.Put up a funny poster in your office.Choose a computer screensaver that makes you laugh.解析:本段介绍的是如何使自己心情舒畅。设空后的toy 为单数名词,在本句中表示泛指,故用不定冠词a。【例2】To say it is one thing,but to do it is _ thing.解析:根据第一分句中的one thing 可判断设空处应为another。3介词第一步:若设空后是名词、代词、动名词或what 从句,
21、且它们不作主语或宾语时,很可能就是填介词。若设空前是动词且设空处后为名词、动名词,设空处也可能填介词构成动词短语。第二步:根据具体的语境或空格所在的句子意思来确定填哪个介词。【例1】The only reason why a man would sell his house _ a lower price would be that he needed money badly.解析:名词a lower price 在句中不作主语,也不作动词的宾语,应为介词的宾语,根据习惯搭配,用介词at。【例2】.who should have the honour of receiving me _ a g
22、uest in their house.解析:由句意可知,他们把我“当作”客人来接待,所以此处填介词as。4情态动词和助动词若句子结构较完整,空格后的谓语动词是原形或have done 或 be doing 等,特别是与上下文时态不一致或主谓不一致时,很可能是填情态动词;或强调设空后的谓语动词需填do,does,did;若构成部分倒装,设空后需有主语,主语后需为动词原形或过去分词、现在分词,这时需根据需要填 do,does,did;have,has;is,am,are 或某些情态动词。【例1】I explained that while I didnt carry any cash,I _ h
23、appen to have a new blanket,and asked him if he could use it.解析:因谓语动词happen 是原形,而前后语境的谓语动词都是过去式,所以此处应填情态动词或助动词;“虽然我没有带现金,但我的确恰好有一张新毯子”,故填助动词did,对谓语动词进行强调。【例2】Mike:You should consider eating healthier food and getting some more exercise.Jane:Hey,I started a diet and lost 10 pounds.Mike:Then what happ
24、ened?Jane:Well,I quit and gained it back plus 5 pounds.Mike:You _ kept trying.解析:根据上一句中的“Well,I quit and gained it back plus 5 pounds.”可知,此处表示用should/ought to have(kept trying)表示“某人应该做某事,而实际上没有做”。5并列连词或复合句并列连词(and,but,or,so 等)复合句(包括定语从句,名词性从句,状语从句)。定语从句考查关系代词(that,which,who,whom,whose,of which,of wh
25、om)、或关系副词(when,where,why);名词性从句考查连词that,if/whether,或连接词(which,who,whom,whose,what,when,why,where,how,however等);状语从句考查表示原因的从属连词(because,as,since),表让步的从属连词(though,although,as),表条件的从属连词(if,unless等),表时间的从属连词(when,while,as,before,after,until,since 等),表结果的句型(so.that.或such.that.等)第一步:分析结构,若句中有两个句子(有两个主谓结构)
26、,且两句间没有句号、分号,也没有连接词,空格必填并列连词或复合句中相应的关系词或连词。第二步:根据两句之间的意义和逻辑关系,或根据句式结构来确定是并列结构还是某种主从复合句。第三步:若是主从复合句,要根据从句的特点,结合连词的意义和作用,确定具体的连接词。注意:若两个或几个单词或短语之间没有连词,也可能是填并列连词。【例1】.two world-famous artists,Pablo Picasso _ Candido Portinari,which are worth millions of dollars.解析:因与Pablo Picasso(毕加索)与Candido Portinari
27、(坎迪多波尔蒂纳里)这两个名词之间没有连词,设空处需填并列关系,前后为递进关系,故答案为and。【例2】I wanted to see as much of the city as possible in the two days _ I was to return to Guangzhou.解析:因I wanted to.是一个句子,I was to return.也是一个句子,这两个句子之间没有连词,也没有分号或句号,一定是填连词;根据句意和两句之间逻辑关系,可知“参观这个城市的尽可能多的地方”应是在“返回广州”之前,故填before。【例3】My friends walked me to
28、 the bus stop and waited with me _ the bus arrived.解析:由两句之间的逻辑关系可知,是“和我一起等着直到车来”,所以用until 引导时间状语从句。【例4】Behind him were other people to _ he was trying to talk.解析:空格前后都是句子且这两个句子之间没有关联词,应填关联词;people 后面是定语从句,先行词是pepole,在介词后应用关系代词whom 引导定语从句。6特殊句式(强调句型,倒装句型,there be 句型,感叹句型,“祈使句and或or陈述句”句型,“not only.bu
29、t also.”句型,“neither.nor.”句型,“either.or.”句型等)【例1】.and _ was only after I heard she became sick that I learned she couldnt eat MSG(味精)!解析:由句式结构可知,本句为强调句,应填it。【例2】_ I regret the hours wasted in the woods and fields!解析:根据标点符号可知本句为感叹句,设空后为一个句子,故设空处用How,相当于How much。【例3】_ Alice but also Jane and Mary are tired of having one examination after another.解析:根据后面的but also 可判断前面应填Not only,与 but also 构成“not only.but also.”句型。