1、2017年高考英语总动员阅读理解 4.高分句式【1】1.写作要求明确全国高考书面表达题多为控制性写作(controlled writing),它不同于自由写作(free writing),考生不能随心所欲,想写什么就写什么。命题者在写作任务中通过文字说明、要点提示或几幅图画等形式明确给出了写作的内容和具体的写作要求,同时也限定了写作的题材和体裁。全国卷高考书面表达题大都是要求考生写一封书信,在体裁和题材上均十分稳定。这让考生在考试过程中有较好的知识和心理上的准备,便于考生答题。2.内容贴近考生学习和生活不论体裁、题材如何,全国卷书面表达所提供的书面材料总是和考生的日常学习生活相关。3.内容的具
2、体性和开放性并举全国I卷书面表达在写作的要求上既有明确的写作要点,也有一定的开放性,考生可根据自己的已有知识加以适当的扩展,这在一定程度上既考虑到考查考生抓住写作中心去表达的基本功,又为考生提供了展示自己想象力和运用英语自主表达的能力的空间。4.评分标准的明确性全国I 卷高考书面表达总分为25分,在评分上有较为明确的说明,分五个档次给分。评分的依据是:内容要点是否全面,应用词汇和语法结构的准确性和复杂性,上下文的连贯性及语言的得体性等方面。拼写和标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面,评分时,应视其对交际的影响程度而予以考虑。同时,可以对文章主题适当加以发挥。所以,全国卷书面表达提倡学生使用高级词汇和
3、复杂结构,并注重文章的连贯性,这样不仅有利于反映学生的水平,而且更加突出了对考生语言运用能力和创造能力的考查。1.努力扩大词汇量,以便于灵活准确地使用词汇是衡量考生英语水平的一个重要标准。在书面表达中不仅应准确使用词汇,也需要考虑展示自身词汇的丰富性。所以,在平时的备考中,考生应注意词汇的积累,不断扩大词汇量,以便在写作过程中准确而灵活地使用。并注意避开常见词,而多使用高级词汇。例如:cleverintelligent;more and morean increasing number of.;veryextremely;onlymerely;properappropriate;trueexa
4、ct/accurate;absorbtake in;goodexcellent/outstanding;helpfulbeneficial/rewarding;importantsignificant;surprisingastonishing;angryannoyed;firstinitially/primarily;believebe convinced;rememberbear in mind;explainillustrate;lead tocontribute to;because ofon account of;attract ones attentioncapture ones
5、attention;(sb.)be interested in(sth.)appeals to sb.;considertake.into consideration/account;ifon condition that/provided that。2.以简单句为基础,努力提高表达的精准性简单句是英语各种句式的基础,平时应加强简单句的练习,注意简单句的五种基本句型的准确表达,即“主谓结构、主谓宾结构、主系表结构、主谓宾宾结构、主谓宾宾补结构”。只有简单句写得准确无误才能谈得上用复杂句式。3.掌握语法基础知识,注意句式的复杂性和多样性一篇好的书面表达,只有准确的简单句是远远不够的,还需要使用复
6、杂句式,并努力做到表达的多样性,而这些都是以扎实的语法知识为前提的。我们应重点掌握主从复合句、强调句、倒装句等结构的使用规则和使用技巧,学会非谓语动词的正确使用,正确使用主被动及虚拟语气结构等。4.诵读优秀范文,掌握各种写作类型的写作特点在复习过程中,我们还应多阅读一些优秀的高考或模拟书面表达的范文,甚至是同学中写得十分出色的范文,同时精选部分这样的范文进行诵读,直至可以背诵。在阅读和背诵的过程中体会优秀书面表达的特点,体会各种不同类型的书面表达的写作模式,从而强化自身的书面表达基本功。5.养成良好的练习书面表达习惯,掌握书面表达写作技巧我们平时需要加强书面表达训练,并在训练中养成良好的习惯,
7、在文章应如何审题、如何抓住中心、如何开头、行文中如何过渡、句式如何使用、要点如何突出、作者如何适当加以发挥等方面下功夫,通过训练掌握书面表达的写作技巧。训练中应注意长短句交替使用、主被动句及虚拟语气句式结合使用、适当运用过渡词、适当使用倒装及强调句式、必要时引用谚语、文章适当加以分段,使其结构清晰明了等。当然,平时养成良好的书写习惯保持卷面美观整洁也尤为重要。(2016课标全国)假定你是李华，暑假想去一家外贸公司兼职，已写好申请书和个人简历（resume）。给外教Ms Jenkins 写信，请她帮你修改所附材料的文字和格式（for mat）。注意：1.词数100左右;2.可以适当增加细节，已使
8、行文连贯。【答案】Dear Ms Jenkins,I am Li Hua.I am writing to tell you something about my plan for the coming summer vacation and I also want you to do me a favor.In order to get some practical experience,I am planning to take a part-ti me job in a foreign capital company.I have already finished my job appli
9、cation and personal resume.But this is the first time that I have written an application and the personal resume,so I dont even know if there are something to pay attention to.So,Im writing you the letter,hoping you can give me some help.I will be very grateful if you can help me.Looking forward to
10、your reply.And Id be really thankful.Yours,Li Hua【解析】本文是一篇考生们熟悉的书信类体裁的书面表达，内容贴近学生生活，所以人人有话可说。文章没有给出开头和结尾，所以考生要注意书信的格式，包括称呼语，正文以及结束语等。在写作时要注意先列出写作要点，而且要注意将来时、现在时以及现在完成时的交错使用注意使用高级句式和多种结构的使用，而且语气要委婉礼貌。【亮点】本文是一篇较为优秀的范文。格式正确，要点全面，语言通顺流畅，很好地完成了写作任务。在本文中开头提出写信的目的，然后具体讲述自己的困难，再提出请求，最后表达自己的感激之情。所以在内容上逻辑性较强。
11、此外，作者还使用了不定式短语In order to get some practical experience,现在分词短语hoping you can give me some help,宾语从句if there are something to pay attention to等。经典句式this is the first time that I have written an application and the personal resume也是文章的亮点所在。(2015课标全国)假定你是李华,你校英文报“外国文化”栏目拟刊登介绍美国节日风俗和中学生生活的短文。请给美国朋友彼得写信约
12、稿,要点如下:1.栏目介绍;2.稿件内容;3.稿件长度:约400词;4.交稿日期:6月28日前。注意:1.词数100左右;2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯;3.开头、结束语已为你写好。Dear Peter,Id like to ask you to write an article for our schools English newspaper.Yours,Li Hua范文:Dear Peter,Id like to ask you to write an article for our schools English newspaper.The“Foreign Cultures”sec
13、tion in our newspaper is very popular among us students.It carries articles written by foreign friends about the cultures of their home countries.Would you please write something about the culture in your part of the United States?And we would especially welcome articles about how Americans spend th
14、eir holidays and festivals,and the life of American high school students.You can write anything relevant so long as its interesting and informative.400 words would be fine.Could we have your article before June 28?Im looking forward to hearing from you.Yours,Li Hua 1.该篇书面表达要求考生写一封信件,为书信体书面表达,这种文体为考生
15、熟悉,体现了全国卷书面表达设题的稳定性。题目设题科学,首先是为校英文报写稿,有用英语写作的必要性,其次是给美国朋友彼得写信,也有用英语写作的必要性,这体现了全国卷书面表达设题的严谨。再者,该书面表达为一封约稿信,是学校校报或广播站常用的一种形式,和考生生活贴近,便于考生下笔。2.写作任务提供的写作要点实际上是四个方面:(1)栏目介绍;(2)稿件内容;(3)稿件长度:约400词;(4)交稿日期:6月28日前。这四个方面要求十分明确具体,考生只需合理组织写作要点,运用所学英语词汇和句式有效地加以表达,便可顺利地完成写作任务。3.文章开头已经给出,所以考生只需注意连贯性,接着写作即可。但值得一提的是
16、,写作任务中有一处说明易被考生忽视,就是约稿的内容涉及介绍美国节日风俗和中学生生活,这一要点需在文章中加以明确说明。1.该范文的写作思路:开始直接说明写信目的,简洁明了,接着说明Foreign Cultures栏目的文章特点,由此引出对对方写稿的要求,这一部分是全文的写作要点,作者运用了大量的笔墨进行说明,并提出了稿件的词数要求及到稿时间。最后表达对对方参与写稿的期望。全文写作脉络十分清晰,结构完整。2.作者用词十分考究,用熟悉的词表达不熟悉的意义,如carry一词在此处表达“(指报纸或广播)登载,刊出”之意,运用准确生动;有运用恰到好处而又不十分常见的词relevant,informativ
17、e等,这些词汇的准确使用为文章增添了亮点。3.作者在句式选择上符合约稿信件的特点,使用了许多设问句,语气十分委婉。其中也不乏复杂句式,如It carries articles written by foreign friends about the cultures of their home countries.中使用了过去分词短语written by.作定语;You can write anything relevant so long as its interesting and informative.一句中relevant为形容词作后置定语的用法,而so long as则引导一个条件
18、状语从句。这些复杂句式的使用体现了作者深厚的写作功底。4.高分句式【2】一、正确使用基本句型句式1:主语+谓语(不及物动词)此句式常用来表示主语的动作或状态。其特点是:句子的谓语动词能表达完整的意思,这类动词称为不及物动词,后面可以接副词、介词短语、状语从句等。She runs in the park.她在公园里跑。Tom walks to school every day.汤姆每天步行上学。句式2:主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语此句式的句型特点为:谓语动词均为实义动词,是主语发出的动作,但是不能表达完整的意思,其后必须接一个宾语(宾语可以是名词、代词、动词-ing形式或不定式),即动作的承受者
19、,才能表达完整意思。I know her very well.我非常了解她。She stopped writing.她停下笔。句式3:主语+系动词+表语此句式就是常说的主系表结构。该句式侧重说明主语是什么或怎么样,其中谓语动词需用系动词(主要是be动词),表语多是形容词,也可以是名词、介词短语、不定式或动词-ing形式等。He became a teacher.他成了一位老师。Mary is an actress.玛丽是位演员。The boy was frightened.这个男孩害怕了。句式4:主语+谓语(及物动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语此句式中的谓语动词必须接两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。其中
20、一个是表示人的间接宾语,另一个是表示物的直接宾语。一般情况下,间接宾语在前,直接宾语在后。She gave her mother a present.她给了她母亲一件礼物。His father bought him a bike.他父亲给他买了辆自行车。句式5:主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+宾语补足语此句式中的动词虽然是及物动词,但只接一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须再加上一个成分来补充说明宾语,这样才能使意思完整。宾语补足语直接跟在宾语后面,补充说明宾语的情况。They usually call the baby Tom.他们通常叫那个婴儿汤姆。I consider it possible
21、 to work out the problem in another way.我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。二、灵活使用非谓语动词1.使役动词let/make/have/get/keep/leave.sb./sth.do/doing/done.使/让做/正在做/被做The boy made the girl cry.男孩把女孩惹哭了。Its wrong of you to leave the machine running.你让机器一直开着是不对的。We cant leave such an important matter unfinished.我们不能让这样一件重要的事半途而废。2.感官
22、动词see/notice/watch/hear.sb./sth.do/doing/done.看到/注意到/观察到/听到某人/某物做/正在做/被做I heard her sing an English song just now.刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.昨天经过她房间时,我听见她在唱英文歌。I heard the English song sung many times.我多次听到有人唱这首英文歌。3.when/while/once/unless/a
23、lthough.+doing/done.当/当/有一次/除非/虽然做/被做When offered help,one often says“Thank you.”or“Its kind of you.”当被提供帮助的时候,人们常说“谢谢”或“你真好”。Be careful while/when crossing the street.过马路的时候小心点。4.having done.已经做Having talked with him for several seconds,the driver led the man across the road.和他谈了几秒钟后,司机领着这个人过了马路。Ha
24、ving finished his English composition,he started to read ChinaDaily of that day.在完成了英语作文以后,他开始读当天的中国日报。5.by doing.通过做Under the environment of fierce competition,the only way he could imagine to handle stress was to get tougher by making greater efforts.在激烈竞争的环境下,他唯一能够想到的应对压力的方式就是通过更加努力使自己变得更加坚强。6.疑问
25、词+to doHow to stop polluting rivers is a big problem.如何停止对河流的污染是一个大问题。For a fresh man of society,the question is how to start work.对于刚涉世的人来说,问题是如何开始工作。7.only to do/to be done 结果却He hurried to the post office only to find it was closed.他匆忙赶到邮局,却发现关门了。8.with+宾语+宾语补足语Similarly,with the improvement of l
26、iving standards,people tend to provide their children with material comfort.同样地,随着生活水平的提高,人们趋向于给孩子们提供舒适的物质条件。9.have difficulty/trouble(in)doing sth.做有困难/麻烦When Peter speaks in public,he always has trouble thinking of the right things to say.彼得在公共场合讲话时,总难找到合适的话语。三、规范使用复合句1.名词性从句(1)I wonder whether/if
27、.我想知道是否I wonder if you could do me a favor.不知道我能否请您帮我个忙。(2)What impressed/surprised/shocked me most was that.最使我印象深刻/惊讶/震惊的是What impressed me most was that they never lost heart.使我印象最深刻的是他们从不丧失信心。What surprised me most was that she dared to swim in such cold weather.最使我惊讶的是她竟敢在这么冷的天游泳。(3)It is+impor
28、tant/necessary/strange.that.重要的/必需的/奇怪的是It is important that you should be good at it.重要的是你应该精通于此。(4)That/This/It is why/because.那就是为什么/因为That is why he likes the place so much.那便是他如此喜欢这个地方的原因。This is because the earth is traveling round the sun.这是因为地球是在围绕着太阳运转。(5)The reason why.is that.的原因是The reas
29、on why mother was late with dinner was that there were so many dishes to prepare.母亲晚饭做得晚的原因是她要做的菜实在太多。(6)The chances are(that).很可能The chances are you wont have to pay.你可能不用付钱。(7)No one can deny the fact that.不可否认的事实是No one can deny the fact that smoking leads to cancer.没有人能否认吸烟能致癌这一事实。(8)Sb.holds th
30、e belief/view that.某人(坚定地)持有某种观点Most people hold the view that education can change ones fate.多数人坚定地持有这样一种观点,即教育能改变人的命运。2.状语从句(1)when/while 当的时候When I showed my answer to him,the teacher praised me for my independent thinking.当我把答案给老师看的时候,老师表扬我具有独立思考的能力。(2)on condition that.在条件下;如果Ill lend this book
31、 to you on condition that you keep it clean.我会把书借给你,前提是你不把它弄脏。(3)each/every time 每次,每当Every time I think about the sad experience,I feel very sorry for my mother.每次想起那伤感的往事的时候,我就觉得非常对不起我的母亲。(4)the first time 第一次The first time I saw you,I realized I seemed to have met you somewhere before.第一次看见你时,我就意
32、识到好像以前在哪里见过你。(5)as soon as/the moment/the instant/immediately/directly/instantly 一就The moment the teacher entered the classroom,the students pretended to be reading.老师一进教室,学生们就假装在读书。(6)as/so long as 只要We can surely overcome these difficulties as long as we are closely united.只要我们紧密团结,就能克服困难。(7)provi
33、ding/provided/suppose/supposing(that).如果;假如Supposing that there is no pure water,what shall we drink?假如没有纯净的水,我们喝什么?(8)before 在之前;还没来得及就;才Mr.Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here.布朗先生来这里之前,已经在一家银行工作一年了。He rushed out of the room before I could say a word.我还没来得及说一句话,他就冲出了房间。It was
34、a long time before I went to sleep again.过了很长时间我才睡着。(9)(ever)since 自从Mr.Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago.格林先生自从三年前来到中国以来,就一直在这所学校教书。(10)as 当时候;一边一边;随着He smiled as he stood up.他边笑边站起来。3.定语从句(1)As you can see in.正像你在中看到的那样As you can see in the drawing,it is windy
35、and rainy outside,and yet the flower in the greenhouse is at its best.正如你在图画中所看到的那样,外面刮风下雨,而温室里的花却长势很好。(2)As sb.puts it.正如某人所说的那样As our coach often puts it,everything is possible if we keep on.正如我们教练所说的那样,只要我们坚持,一切皆有可能。(3)As we all know./As is known to all.众所周知As we all know,there is no short cut to
36、 learning English.众所周知,学习英语没有捷径。(4)which引导非限制性定语从句,意为“这”The number of the books is 10,000 or so,which can be used for improving your knowledge of Chinese culture.图书有一万本左右,这些书可以用来提高你们对中国文化的认识。(5)one of the+复数名词+定语从句 中的一个As far as I know,this is one of the rooms that were damaged in the fire.据我所知,这就是那
37、次大火烧毁的房间之一。(6)the only one of the+复数名词+定语从句 中唯一的一个Mary is the only one of the youngest girls who plays in the band.玛丽是这些最年轻的姑娘中唯一一个参加乐队伴奏的。(7)such.as.像这样的;诸如此类的Hes not such a fool as he looks.他并不像看上去的那样愚蠢。(8)the same.as./the same as.像一样的She knew he felt just the same as she did.她知道,他的感受和她的一样。四、高调使用特
38、殊句式1.强调句型(1)It is/was+被强调部分+that+其他It is not the story itself but what is reflected in the story that counts.有价值的不是故事本身,而是故事所反映的内容。It is the people who obey the rules that matter.至关重要的是遵守这些规则的人们。(2)It is/was not until.that.It was not until 8 oclock that he realized he had spent the whole day on the
39、Internet.直到八点钟,他才意识到自己一整天都在上网。(3)动词+特殊疑问词+it is/was+that+被强调部分I wonder what it is that makes you so happy.我想知道到底是什么让你如此高兴。He did not know who it was that gave him so much money.他不知道到底是谁给了他那么多钱。(4)强调谓语时,借助于“do/does/did+动词原形”We study as a group and all of us do enjoy ourselves.我们以小组为学习单位,而且大家确实非常开心。(5
40、)Is/Was it+被强调部分+that+其他?Is it because he is ill that he cant come?是因为生病他才没有来吗?(6)特殊疑问词+is/was it+被强调部分+that+其他?Why was it that you did not attend the meeting yesterday?昨天你为什么没来开会?2.倒装句(1)only+状语/状语从句+部分倒装 只有Only when we think more for others can we create a harmonious environment.只有当我们更多地为别人考虑的时候,我
41、们才能创造一个和谐的环境。Only in this way can you learn English well.只有这样,你才能学好英语。(2)not only.but also.不仅还Not only is he a teacher,but he is also a poet.他不仅是一位教师,还是一位诗人。(3)not until.直到才Not until we lose our health do we realize its value.直到失去了健康,我们才明白它的价值。(4)as 尽管Quiet student as he may be,he talks a lot about
42、his favorite singers after class.尽管他可能是个沉默寡言的学生,但课下谈论喜爱的歌手时,他却话很多。Try as he would,he might fail again.尽管他还会尝试,但可能还会失败。(5)so+形容词/副词+that.如此以至于So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape.袭击来得非常突然,我们来不及逃跑。So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home.天气太冷,我们只好待在家里。(6)hardly.when./no so
43、oner.than.一就Hardly had we arrived there when we divided this activity into three parts.我们一到那里,就把这项活动分成了三个部分。No sooner had we reached the airport than the plane took off.我们刚到机场,飞机就起飞了。(7)were/should/had.如果Were I you,I wouldnt do that.如果我是你,我就不会那样做。Had you worked hard,you would have finished it early.
44、要是你工作努力的话,你早就完成了。(8)up/down/in/out/now/then.+全部倒装For a moment nothing happened.Then came voices all shouting together.有一小会儿什么也没发生,然后传来了大家的喊叫声。(9)in front of/at the foot of.+全部倒装At the foot of the mountain stands an old temple,which takes on a new look.一座古老的寺庙屹立在山脚下,呈现出一番新景象。五、恰当使用光彩谚语1.As the saying
45、 goes,“Actions speak louder than words.”正如谚语所说:“事实胜于雄辩。”2.Just as the saying goes,“A friend in need is a friend indeed.”正如谚语所说:“患难见真情。”3.A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半。4.What is worth doing is worth doing well.凡值得做的事就值得做好。5.Francis Bacon once said,“Knowledge is power.”弗朗西斯培根曾经说过:“知识就是力量。”
46、6.As a famous saying goes,“Care and diligence bring luck.”正如一句名言所说:“谨慎和勤奋带来好运。”7.As the saying goes,“An apple a day keeps the doctor away.”正如谚语所说:“一天一苹果,医生远离我。”8.As we all know,books are the ladder of human progress.众所周知,书籍是人类进步的阶梯。9.As the saying goes,the roses in her hand,the flavor in mine.正如谚语所说
47、:“赠人玫瑰,手留余香。”10.As the saying goes,“No pains,no gains.”正如谚语所说:“不劳而无获。”11.Above all,experience is the best teacher.总之,经验是最好的老师。12.As the saying goes,“Where theres a will,theres a way.”正如谚语所说:“有志者事竟成。”13.As an ancient saying goes,“Health is better than wealth.”古人说得好:“健康胜过财富。”14.As the saying goes,“Every man has his faults.”正如谚语所说:“金无足赤,人无完人。”