1、UNIT 4 BODY LANGUAGE4.2 Learning About Language动词ING形式的用法一、动词ing形式作宾语1作动词的宾语接动词ing形式作宾语的常用动词(短语)有：avoid，miss，delay/put off避免错过少延期advise，finish，practise建议完成多练习enjoy，imagine，cant help喜欢想象禁不住admit，deny，envy承认否定与嫉妒escape，risk，excuse逃避冒险莫原谅stand，keep，mind忍受保持不介意He admitted referring to his notes in the e
2、xam.他承认在考试中查阅了笔记。She cant stand being looked down upon in public.她忍受不了在公众场合被人看不起的感觉。Would you mind opening the window?你介意打开窗子吗？He tried to avoid answering my questions.他试图对我的问题避而不答。2作介词的宾语在下面的短语中，常用动词ing形式作介词的宾语： be good at，dream of，care about，be concerned about，be interested in，feel like，insist on，
3、think of，aim at，set about，be used to习惯于；get down to开始做；lead to导致；devote oneself to献身于；look forward to期待；stick to坚持；pay attention to注意。I dream of sailing around the world and leading a happy life.我梦想着环游世界，过上幸福的生活。He insisted on doing it in his own way.他坚持要按照自己的方法做。Im looking forward to your coming ne
4、xt time.我期待着你下一次的到来。Because of the bad weather，they have to give up going out for a picnic tomorrow.因为天气不好，他们不得不放弃明天的外出野餐。3在以下结构中，动词ing形式作介词的宾语，介词常省略。spend.(in) doing花费做某事have difficulty/trouble (in) doing.做有困难/麻烦stop/prevent.(from) doing阻止做某事waste time (in) doing浪费时间做某事be busy (in) doing忙于做某事have a
5、 good/hard time (in) doing高兴做某事/费了很大劲做某事There is no point (in) doing做某事毫无意义He is always busy working every day，which has made him have little time to play with his child.他每天总是忙于工作，这使他很少有时间和孩子一起玩。There is no point giving him such a good chance.给他提供这样一个好机会没有意义。4动词ing形式作宾语时的几个特殊情况(1)动词ing的复合结构。动词ingWou
6、ld you mind my/me closing the window?你介意我关上窗户吗？Would you mind Marys/Mary closing the window?你介意玛丽关上窗户吗？(2)某些动词及动词短语后面既可以用不定式也可以用动词ing作宾语。动词begin，start，continue等词后既可跟不定式，又可跟动词ing作宾语，意义基本相同。They continued discussing/to discuss the plan after having a rest.休息了一会后，他们继续讨论这项计划。动词love，like，hate等后可跟动词ing和不定
7、式作宾语，但接动词ing表示经常性的情况，接不定式表示具体的动作。I love walking with my friend on a sunny day.(习惯)我喜欢和朋友在一个阳光明媚的日子里散步。It is a pleasant day today，so I love to have a walk with my friend.(具体)今天是个令人愉快的日子，所以我想和朋友一起散散步。一些动词后既可跟动词ing作宾语，又可跟不定式作宾语，但意义有很大差别。He forgot turning the light off.他忘记他已经关了灯。The light in the office
8、is still on.He forgot to turn it off.办公室的灯还亮着。他忘记关了。(3)用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是动词ing形式。其结构如下：主语itdoing.I found it useless/no use arguing about it.我发现争论这件事没有用。Do you consider it any good trying again?你觉得再试会有用吗？(4)在动词need，require，want，deserve后，用动词ing形式表示被动含义，即need/require/want/deserve doingneed/require/want/de
9、serve to be done。These clothes need washing.These clothes need to be washed.这些衣服需要洗。The house requires repairing.The house requires to be repaired.这座房子需要修理。(5)在(be) worth后面只能用动词ing形式来表示被动含义。The film is worth seeing a second time.这部电影值得再看一次。二、动词ing形式作表语1动名词用作表语Her job is checking letter of credit and
10、 terms of contract.她的工作是核对信用证和合同款。That is not playing the game.这样做就不公平了。This was really carrying matters a little too far.这事做得真有点太过分了。2现在分词用作表语现在分词作表语，总是跟在系动词之后，构成复合谓语。现在分词作表语，表示主语所具有的特征。许多作表语的现在分词几乎已经形容词化，可以用副词修饰，也可以有比较级形式。这类常见的现在分词有amazing, amusing, annoying, astonishing, boring, charming等。The dev
11、elopment of our aviation industry is quite encouraging.我们的航空工业的发展是非常令人鼓舞的。A few pages are wanting.有几处缺页。The whole damned day had been humiliating.这一整天可坏透了，令人丢脸。I.用所给词的适当形式填空1. (know)basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies. 2. Shortly after suffering from a massive ear
12、thquake and ( reduce ) to ruins, the city took on a new look. 3. Its no use (complain) without taking action. 4. Lydia doesnt feel like (study) abroad. Her parents are old. 5. We found it no good (make) fun of others. 6. (learn)new words is very useful to me. 7. We have to prevent the air from (poll
13、ute). 8. He remained (stand) beside the table. 9. The flowers need (water). 10. In some parts of London, missing a bus means (wait) for another hour. 答案：1. Knowing 2. being reduced 3. complaining 4. studying 5.making 6. Learning 7. being polluted 8. standing 9. watering/to be watered 10. waiting .翻译
14、句子1. Would you mind turning down your computer a little, please? 2. Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the child. 3. It is said that the missing students were last seen playing near the river. 4. We all believe that if a book is interesting, it will surely interest the readers. 5. Mr Wh
15、ite, tired of the boring TV play, started to read a novel. 6. When the girl got back home from work she saw a message pinned to the door reading “Sorry to miss you; I will call later. ” 7. The purpose of new teaching method is making study easier, not making it more difficult. 8. The problem is wort
16、h discussing. 答案：1.你介意把电脑调小点声音吗? 2.她的工作是洗衣、打扫和照顾孩子。3.据说那些失踪的学生最后一次被见到时正在河边玩耍。4.我们都认为如果一本书有趣的话, 它就一定能吸引读者。5.怀特先生, 厌倦了看令人生厌的电视剧, 开始读一本小说。6.女孩下班回到家, 她看到门上别着一个留言, 上面写着: 很遗憾与你错过, 之后我会打电话给你。7.新的教学方法的目的是让学习更简单, 而不是使它更困难。8.这个问题值得讨论。I.完形填空My father used to judge restaurants by their bread baskets. His reason
17、ing: If you cant get little things right, how can you be 1 with big things?I feel that way about commas (逗号). One sign that something has gone wrong in a piece of writing is the sight of commas 2 used around the page. My 3 students often insert a comma wherever they might pause between words to take
18、 in air. Then again, another sign of poor writings is the opposite: a comma desert, no pauses to be 4 .Such abuses usually 5 that my students dont grasp the usage of this mark. But commas are 6 . They are like the fine stitches (缝线) on an expertly sewn garment: invisible, yet vital to holding the 7
19、together. In dialogue, commas can 8 life or death: Kill ducks! vs Kill, ducks! Their absence or 9 creates or destroys a great article.Then again, I shouldnt judge my students so severely. I also failed to 10 the quiet dignity of the comma unit, in graduate school, 11 I taught writing to first-year s
20、tudents. I remember the program head, a firm, white-haired woman, fixing me with her stare and saying, You have no idea where the commas go or why. I felt 12 . How could I have misunderstood something so basic?Well, the thing is, commas arent so basic and learning to 13 them to their full potential
21、takes years. Oscar Wilde once joked about what a 14 day of writing involved: spending the morning 15 a comma, and in the afternoon, on mature reflection, putting it back in.1.A.forcedB.trustedC.inspiredD.persuaded2.A.rarelyB.properlyC.carelesslyD.consistently3.A.lawB.historyC.writingD.engineering4.A
22、.foundB.ignoredC.discussedD.removed5.A.expectB.ensureC.indicateD.deny6.A.simpleB.strangeC.confusingD.important7.A.bodyB.pieceC.caseD.show8.A.proveB.includeC.meanD.support9.A.progressB.conceptC.restrictionD.presence10.A.explainB.questionC.possessD.recognize11.A.whenB.onceC.unlessD.whether12.A.amusedB
23、.scaredC.ashamedD.exhausted13.A.useB.selectC.identifyD.remember14.A.freeB.hardC.shortD.common15.A.pointing atB.looking forC.picking upD.taking out【答案】1.B2.C3.C4.A5.C6.D7.B8.C9.D10.D11.A12.C13.A14.B15.D【分析】本文是记叙文。作者通过自己的教学经历讲述了逗号在写作中的重要性。1.考查动词词义辨析。句意：他的理由是：如果你不能把小事做好，别人还会相信你能做好大事吗？ A. forced强迫；B. tr
24、usted相信；C. inspired启发；D. persuaded说服。根据上文的If you cant get little things right 可知，作者的父亲认为：如果你连小事都做不好，那么别人还会相信你能做好大事吗？故选B项。2.考查副词词义辨析。句意：在一篇文章出错的标志之一就是通篇有随意使用逗号的现象。A. rarely稀少地；B. properly适当地；C. carelessly粗心地，随意地；D. consistently一致地。根据该空前的 something has gone wrong in a piece of writing 和下文中的 often inse
25、rt a comma wherever they might 可知，这里是说逗号通篇被随意使用，故选C项。3.考查名词词义辨析。句意：我学习写作的学生常常在任何他们可能停下来歇一口气的文字之间插入逗号。A. law法律；B. history历史；C. writing写作；D. engineering工程学。上文中的 commas 和 a piece of writing 以及下文提到的 my students 可知，这里是说写作课的学生，故选C项。4.考查动词词义辨析。句意：其次，写作糟糕的另一个现象刚好相反：没有一个逗号，找不到任何停顿。A. found找到，发现；B. ignored忽略；
26、C. discussed讨论；D. removed移除。根据该空前的a comma desert 可知，另一种情况则是根本找不到停顿，故选A项。5.考查动词词义辨析。句意：这样的滥用表明我的学生没有掌握这个符号的使用。A. expect期待；B. ensure确保；C. indicate暗示，表明；D. deny否认。根据该空后的my students dont grasp the usage 可知，这些滥用现象表明学生们并没有掌握其用法，故选C项。6.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但，逗号很重要。A. simple简单的；B. strange奇怪的；C. confusing困惑的；D. impo
27、rtant重要的。根据该空后的They are like the fine stitches on an expertly sewn garment: invisible, yet vital 可知，这里是说逗号就像是衣服上的缝线一样重要，故选D项。7.考查名词词义辨析。句意：它们就像是衣服上的缝线一样重要：看不见，但对把布块连在一起是非常重要的。A. body身体；B. piece小块；C. case案件；D. show表演。结合语境可知，这里是说缝线使衣服形成一体，衣服的布料是一块一快的，可以使用量词piece，故选B项。8.考查动词词义辨析。句意：在对话中，逗号意味着生或死。A. pro
28、ve证明；B. include包括；C. mean意味着；D. support支持。根据该空后的例子 Kill ducks! vs Kill, ducks! 可知，逗号意味着生或死，故选C项。9.考查名词词义辨析。句意：它们的缺席或存在可以创造也可以毁灭一篇好文章。A. progress进步；B. concept概念；C. restriction限制；D. presence存在。根据该空前的Their absence or 可知，这里是说逗号的缺失或存在会创造或毁灭一篇很好的文章，故选D项。10.考查动词词义辨析。句意：在研究生学院，当我教一年级写作时，我也没有意识到逗号的重要性。A. exp
29、lain解释；B. question询问；C. possess拥有；D. recognize意识到。根据该空前的I shouldnt judge my students so severely 可知，作者认为不该如此严厉地评判学生， 因为自己也曾没有意识到逗号的重要性，故选D项。11.考查连词词义辨析。在研究生学院，当我教一年级写作时，我也没有意识到逗号的重要性。A. when当；B. once一旦；C. unless除非；D. whether是否。根据该空前的in graduate school 可知，这里是说当作者在研究生院教一年级学生写作的时候，故选A项。12.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：
30、我感到很惭愧。A. amused开心的；B. scared害怕的；C. ashamed惭愧的；D. exhausted疲惫的。根据该空前项目负责人所说的 You have no idea where the commas go or why 可知，作者为自己作为一位老师犯这样的错误而感到很惭愧，故选C项。13.考查动词词义辨析。句意：但事实是，逗号没有那么简单，要把它们运用的行云流水需要花好几年。A. use使用；B. select选择；C. identify辨别；D. remember记得。根据该句中的commas arent so basic 和 to their full potenti
31、al takes years 可知，想要真正学会使用逗号需要很多年，故选A项。14.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：奥斯卡王尔德曾经开玩笑说，“写作的一天太难了，花了一早上的时间去了一个逗号，等思考清楚后，下午又把它放回去。”A. free自由的；B. hard艰难的；C. short短的；D. common常见的。spending the morning _15_ a comma, and in the afternoon, on mature reflection, putting it back in. 可知，在一个逗号上花费一天的时间，所以这是艰难的一天，故选B项。15.考查动词短语辨析。句
32、意：奥斯卡王尔德曾经开玩笑说，“写作的一天太难了，花了一早上的时间去了一个逗号，等思考清楚后，下午又把它放回去。” A. pointing at指着；B. looking for寻找；C. picking up捡起来；D. taking out去掉。根据下文中的putting it back in 可知，这里是说把逗号去掉，故选D项。II.阅读理解1A study of more than five million books, both fiction and non-fiction, has found a marked decline in the use of emotional wo
33、rds over time. The researchers form the University of Bristol used Google Ngram Viewer, an online database for finding the frequency of terms in scanned books, to look for more than 600 particular words identified as representing anger, dislike, fear, joy, sadness and surprise.They found that almost
34、 all of the categories showed a drop in these “mood words” over time. Only in the category of fear was there an increase in usage.“It is a steady and continuous decline,” said Dr Alberto Acerbi. He assumed that the result might be explained by a change in the position occupied by literature, in a cr
35、owded media landscape. “One thing could be that in parallel to books the 20th century saw the start of other media. Maybe these mediamovies, radio, dramahad more emotional content than books.”Although both joy and sadness followed the general downwards trend, the research, published in the journal P
36、LOS One, found that they also exhibited another interesting behavior: the ratio (比率) between the two varied greatly, apparently mirroring historical events. During the Roaring Twenties the joy-to-sadness ratio reached its highest point that would not occur again until before the recent financial cra
37、sh. Then, in 1941, the ratio plunged at the height of World War II.Nevertheless, the researchers held a reserved opinion about their claim that their result reflected wider social trends. In the paper, they even argue that the opposite could be true. “It has been suggested, for example, that it was
38、the suppression (压抑) of desire in ordinary Elizabethan English life that increased demand for writing filled with romance perhaps,” they conclude, “songs and books may not reflect the real population any more than catwalk models reflect the average body.”16.The study was carried out by way of_.A.sca
39、nning the books with an online scannerB.counting the number of words in the booksC.searching digitized texts for emotional wordsD.analyzing different topics of the books17.Which of the following is one of the research findings?A.Usage decreased in all the categories of mood words.B.Usage of most moo
40、d words kept falling over time.C.The decline was caused by the rise of other media.D.The unfavorable position of literature led to the decline.18.What does the underlined word “plunged” probably mean?A.increasedB.changedC.droppedD.twisted19.The researchers suspect that _.A.their research result refl
41、ected wider social trends.B.their research result was the contrary of social trends.C.there was a suppression of desire in Elizabethan English life.D.catwalk models reflect the population better than songs and books.【答案】16.C17.B18.C19.B【分析】这是一篇说明文。有研究发现，在各种类型的书籍中，表达情感的词汇用量在下降，单单表达恐惧的词汇用量呈上升趋势，文章分析了造
42、成这种情绪词汇下降的原因，指出表示快乐的词汇用量与表示悲伤的词汇用量这两者的比率，间接反映出历史事件和社会趋势。16.细节理解题。根据第一段中“The researchers form the University of Bristol used Google Ngram Viewer, an online database for finding the frequency of terms in scanned books, to look for more than 600 particular words identified as representing anger, dislik
43、e, fear, joy, sadness and surprise. (来自布里斯托尔大学的研究人员使用谷歌Ngram Viewer一个查找扫描书籍中词汇出现频率的在线数据库，寻找了600多个代表愤怒、不喜欢、恐惧、高兴、悲伤和惊讶的特定词汇)”可知，这项研究是通过在数字化文本中搜索情感词汇来进行的。故选C。17.细节理解题。根据第二段中“They found that almost all of the categories showed a drop in these mood words over time. (他们发现，随着时间的推移，几乎所有类别的“情绪词汇”都有所下降)”可知，B
44、选项“大多数情绪词的使用随着时间的推移而不断下降”是研究发现之一。故选B。18.词义猜测题。根据划线词上文“Although both joy and sadness followed the general downwards trend, the research, published in the journal PLOS One, found that they also exhibited another interesting behavior: the ratio (比率) between the two varied greatly, apparently mirroring
45、historical events. During the Roaring Twenties the joy-to-sadness ratio reached its highest point that would not occur again until before the recent financial crash.”可知“欢乐悲伤比率”最高的两个时期分别是“咆哮的二十年代”和金融危机前，其他时期都遵循了普遍的下降趋势，故1941年，在第二次世界大战最激烈的时候，这一比例在下降。画线词意思为“下降”。A. increased增加；B. changed改变；C. dropped下降；
46、D. twisted扭曲。故选C。19.细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Nevertheless, the researchers held a reserved opinion about their claim that their result reflected wider social trends. In the paper, they even argue that the opposite could be true. (然而，研究人员对他们的结果反映了更广泛的社会趋势的说法持保留意见。在论文中，他们甚至认为，情况可能恰恰相反)”可知，研究人员怀疑他们的研究结果与社会趋势相反。故选
47、B。2Like any language, English has many variations （ 变形） in vocabulary, spelling and pronunciation. The differences can be regional or even exist within the same city! As a Canadian who lives in Vancouver, I have always known these differences, but I didnt get to experience them firsthand until I beg
48、an attending an American university.I found that there are some Canadian words that people in the US just dont understand like “tuque”, which is a warm, knitted hat. My friends tease me every time I use the “washroom,” as the word isnt used in the US - “bathroom”, “toilet” and “restroom” are often u
49、sed instead. In a similar way, when I asked my friend what marks he got on his test, he gave me a confused look. People in the US only say “grades”.Though certain Canadian expressions sound very different from our North American neighbor, they share the same original language because both served as
50、colonies（殖民地）of the former British Empire. This cultural heritage survives through speech and language.Unlike American English, most Canadian spellings are similar to the British words. In the US, words like “harbour” and “colour” are spelled without the “u”. Even so, some words changed in Canada, l
51、ike “aluminum”. British people spell and pronounce this word as “aluminium”.As a result, Canadian English has developed an identity of its own. For example, we cannot forget the most important word in Canadian English: sorry. While it isnt really the most important word, Canadians have a reputation
52、for being polite and friendly. I, for one, want to preserve that reputation and honor my Canadian roots, even while Im in the United States.“Language brings with it an identity and a culture,” wrote South African comedian Trevor Noah in his book, Born a Crime: Stories From a South African Child. “A
53、language barrier says Were different. A shared language says Were the same.”20.Why might Americans fail to understand Canadians sometimes?A.Canadian English is more challenging.B.There exist differences in the two languages.C.Canada is less strongly influenced by the former British Empire.D.Canadian
54、s attach more importance to being polite and friendly.21.Which of the following can most likely be a Canadian expression?A.Excuse me, wheres the bathroom?B.The girl student got good grades on her exams.C.Im sorry that he laboured all day in the harbour.D.The window of the toilet is made of aluminium
55、.22.As a Canadian, the writer.A.never sees the difference between different kinds of EnglishB.is always looked down upon by his friends in the USC.found great difficulty adapting to university life in the USD.does not want to lose his identity as a Canadian23.We can learn from the text that.A.langua
56、ge is an important carrier of cultureB.most of the languages have the same originC.one cultures meat is another cultures poisonD.honesty is the key to crossing the language barrier【答案】20.B21.C22.D23.A【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了加拿大英语的独具一格，说明了语言定义了一个国家的身份。20.细节理解题。根据文章第一段“As a Canadian who lives in Vancouver
57、, I have always known these differences, but I didnt get to experience them firsthand until I began attending an American university.(作为一个生活在温哥华的加拿大人，我一直知道这些差异，但直到我进入美国大学才亲身体验到它们。)”和第二段“I found that there are some Canadian words that people in the US just dont understand like “tuque”, which is a war
58、m, knitted hat.(我发现有一些加拿大词汇是美国人根本不懂的，比如tuque，它是一种暖和的针织帽。)”及本段作者举其它两个例子可知，美国人有时听不懂加拿大人的话是因为这两种语言存在差异。故选B。21.细节理解题。根据文章第二段“My friends tease me every time I use the “washroom,” as the word isnt used in the US - “bathroom”, “toilet” and “restroom” are often used instead. (每次我用“washroom”这个词的时候，我的朋友们都会取笑我
59、，因为美国人不用这个词，而是用“bathroom”、“toilet”和“restroom”来代替。)”和“People in the US only say “grades”.(美国人只说“grades”。)”可知，bathroom、toilet和grades是美国的表达，选择项A、B、D错误；第四段“In the US, words like “harbour” and “colour” are spelled without the “u”.( 在美国，像“harbour”和“colour”这样的单词在拼写时不带“u”。)”可知，加拿大的单词labour和harbour是带“u”的，所以选
60、择项C正确。故选C。22.细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“I, for one, want to preserve that reputation and honor my Canadian roots, even while Im in the United States. (就我个人而言，我想保持这种声誉，尊重我的加拿大血统，即使我身在美国。)”可知，作者作为加拿大人，不想失去加拿大人的特征。故选D。23.推理判断题。根据文章第三段“This cultural heritage survives through speech and language.(这种文化遗产通过言语和语言得以保存。)”和最后一段“Language brings with it an identity and a culture,” wrote South African comedian Trevor Noah in his book, Born a Crime: Stories From a South African Child. (语言带来了一种身份和文化”南非喜剧演员特雷弗诺亚在他的书生而犯罪:一个南非孩子的故事中写道。)”可推断，语言是文化的重要载体。故选A。
