1、Section 单元语法突破语法指南二三一一、状态动词 状态动词一般不用于进行时。状态动词可分为四类:1.动词be(是)和动词have(有)。例如:The boy is 150 centimeters tall.这个男孩150厘米高。My husband has several shirts of different colours.我丈夫有好几件颜色不同的衬衫。而不可以说:The boy is being 150 centimeters tall.My husband is having several shirts of different colours.2.含有状态动词be和have意
2、义的动词,如:belong to,contain,own等。这类状态动词通常都不可以用于进行时。例如:That dictionary belongs to me.那本字典是属于我的。不能说:That dictionary is belonging to me.语法指南二三一3.表示五官感觉的动词,如hear,see,feel,taste,smell等。例如:The old man doesnt hear very well.那位老人听力不太好。不能说:The old man isnt hearing very well.The meat tastes delicious.这肉味道好极了。不可以
3、说:The meat is tasting delicious.语法指南二三一4.表示心理或情感状态的动词,如believe,consider,expect,imagine,regret,remember等。这类动词通常也都不用于进行时。例如:He does not believe in Howards honesty.他不相信霍华德为人真诚。不能说:He is not believing in Howards honesty.注意:某些状态动词也可指代动作,在此情况下,状态动词可用于进行时。例如:The girl is feeling the pot.那个女孩在摸那个壶。语法指南二三一二、动
4、作动词 动作动词可分为三类:1.表示持续动作的动词,如eat,listen,read,run等。例如:She is listening to the radio.她在听收音机。2.表示短暂动作的动词,如hit,jump等。这类动词一般用在现在时中,表示现在的一次性动作。表示短暂动作的动词通常不用于进行时态中,如果用于进行时的话,那就表示短暂动作的多次重复。例如:She jumped up into the chair.她跳到椅子上。He was jumping up and down to keep warm.他上下跳动来取暖。语法指南二三一3.表示转变和移动的动词,如arrive,chang
5、e,come,die,go,leave等。这类动词用于一般时和进行时中,往往在意义上略有不同。比如说“The train leaves at nine.”,表示按时刻表、日程表已确定或安排好的,是固定的习惯性动作,表示“火车每天都是9点开车”。如果说“The train is leaving.”,则表示即将发生的动作,表示“火车马上就要开了”。语法指南二三一三、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的用法 1.限制性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分,主句和从句之间不用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切,只是对先行词做附加说明,如果去掉,主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句和主句之问往往用逗号分
6、开,一般不能用that引导。Everyone who/that knows my brother likes him very much.认识我弟弟的人很喜欢他。The film Avatar,which I have seen three times,is well worth seeing again.电影阿凡达我看过三遍了,很值得再看。语法指南二三一2.who,whom引导的非限制性定语从句 先行词是指人的名词时,非限制性定语从句只能用关系代词who,whom引导。Mr Chen is our English teacher,who is very kind to us.陈先生是我们的英
7、语老师,他对我们很友好。3.which引导的非限制性定语从句 当先行词是指物的名词或指代前面一句话时,非限制性定语从句只能用关系代词which引导。The 8:00 flight,which is usually very punctual,was late today.八点钟的航班通常都很准时,今天却晚点了。Tom failed the test,which made his teacher very angry.汤姆在测试中不及格,这令他的老师很生气。语法指南二三一4.whose引导的非限制性定语从句 当引导词在非限制性定语从句中做定语时,无论指人还是指物,非限制性定语从句都应用关系代词w
8、hose引导。当然,whose和其后面的名词还可以用“the+名词+of which/whom”或“of which+the+名词”结构来替代。Last week we visited a mountain village,whose scenery/of which the scenery/the scenery of which was very beautiful.上周我们参观了一个小山村,风景十分美丽。语法指南二三一5.when,where引导的非限制性定语从句 当先行词是表示时间、地点的名词或短语时,且引导词在非限制性定语从句中做状语,用关系副词when,where引导非限制性定语从
9、句,而且when,where常可以换成“介词+which”形式。但why一般不能引导非限制性定语从句。I went to the sea,where I swam with my friends.我去了海边,在那儿和朋友游泳了。Today I can still remember those days,when we went to school together.今天我还能记得我们一起去上学的那些日子。语法指南二三一6.as和which引导的非限制性定语从句 as和which都可引导非限制性定语从句,来代表整个主句的意思。它们的区别是:which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句的后边;as
10、引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句的前面,也可以放在主句的后面,其意思是“正像,正如”。As we all know,the Great Wall is famous all over the world.众所周知,长城举世闻名。7.“介词+which/whom”结构引导非限制性定语从句“介词+which/whom”结构引导非限制性定语从句,介词的判断应考虑谓语动词与介词的搭配,也要考虑介词与先行词(名词或代词)的搭配,同时还要结合对整个句子意义的理解。This house,for which he paid 200,000 yuan is much more expensive than his old one.这栋房子花去他二十万元,比他的旧房子贵得多。
