1、(3)说明文提纲挈领拎出主旨大意The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research.Recent studies have found positive effects.A study conducted in Youngstown,Ohio,for example,discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime.In another,employees were shown to be
2、 15%more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.真题研析掌握解题技法2020全国卷D体裁:说明文词数:327个建议用时:6 minutes The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step furtherchanging the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse,even un
3、usual functions.These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when theyre short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater.“Were thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,”explained Michael
4、 Strano,a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow(发光)in experimentsusing some common vegetables.Stranos team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours.The light,about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by,i
5、s just a start.The technology,Strano said,could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps.In the future,the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plants lifetime
6、.The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off“switch”where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.Lighting accounts for about 7%of the total electricity consumed in the US.Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)such as the distance from a power plant to street l
7、amps on a remote highway a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输).Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.【文体分析技巧点拨】1.文体分析:(1)说明文类型:事物说明文。说明事物的状态、性质和功能。事理说明文。揭示问题的实质或阐明事理。(2)常见的说明方法:举例法、分类法、分析法、列数据、作比较、下定义、类比等。(3)说明文的顺序:时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序等。(4)考查内容:多为不熟悉的事物或事理,如高新科
8、技、新发明新技术、动植物、科普自然知识、产品工艺的原理和人文地理等。2.解题技巧:说明文的考查角度灵活,主旨大意题是常考题型之一,分为段落大意题、文章大意题和标题归纳题三类。段落大意题可通过段落主题句确定,文章大意和文章标题可通过归纳各个段落的主题句得出。具体步骤如下:【文本解构素养提升】lamps;replace functions;a faint light;glowing plants;Street lamps【解题流程思路示范】Consider everything your smart phone has done for you today.Counted your steps?M
9、emorized notes?Navigated you somewhere new?Smart phones work as an all-round pocket assistants.Thats because theyre equipped with a series of sensors.And some of those sensors you may never think or even know about.They sense light,pressure,temperature and other factors.考场演练提升实战素养Test 1词数:311个建议用时:6
10、 minutes Smart phones have become essential companions.So those sensors probably stayed close by throughout your day.They sat in your backpack or on the dinner table or nightstand.If youre like most smart phone users,the device was probably on the whole time,even when its screen was blank.“Sensors a
11、re finding their ways into every corner of our lives,”says Maryam Mehrnezhad,a computer scientist at Newcastle University in England.Thats a good thing when phones are using their powers to do our bidding.But the many types of personal information that phones have access to also makes them potential
12、ly powerful spies.Online apps could record with the microphone,monitor a phones location,take photos and then transfer the data.And they could do all of this without a users knowledge!Even seemingly innocent sensor data might broadcast sensitive information.A smart phones motions might reveal what a
13、 user is typing.Or it might disclose someones location.Even barometer readings could be misused.These readings subtly change with increased altitude.That could give away which floor of a building youre on.Some scientists have designed invasive apps.Afterward,they tested them on volunteers to highlig
14、ht what smart phones can reveal about their users.Other researchers are building new phone security systems to help guard users from invasions of their privacy.They could defeat those who make efforts to do everything from tracking a user to stealing the PIN codes needed to access their bank account
15、s.1.What can we know about smart phones from the first three paragraphs?A.They can do everything for us.B.All the sensors in them are necessary.C.They should stay in your pockets.D.They accompany us almost all day.2.What is the meaning of the underlined part in Paragraph 4?A.Help users to bid agains
16、t others.B.Do things at the request of users.C.Serve people within their power.D.Do everything they can for users.3.Why do some scientists design invasive apps?A.To steal private data of the users.B.To improve the quality of smart phones.C.To test the risk of using smart phones.D.To fight against on
17、line thieves.4.Which is the possible title of this passage?A.Smartphones put your privacy at riskB.Smartphones are faithful companionsC.Smartphones help you with everythingD.Smartphones are all-round assistants【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文,智能手机里面安装了许多你不知道的传感器和应用软件,用户的信息正在面临失窃。1.D 细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“So those sensors pr
18、obably stayed close by throughout your day.”可知,智能手机几乎整天都陪伴在你左右。故选D。2.B 词义猜测题。根据后文的转折“But the many types of.”可知,如果智能手机用它们的各种功能为我们服务(按照我们的要求做事),那就是一件好的事情;但智能手机可以接触到我们的许多个人信息,这使得它们成为潜在的间谍。所以画线部分的意思应该是B选项。3.C 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“they tested them on volunteers to highlight what smart phones can reveal about th
19、eir users”可知,科学家设计了一些入侵性应用软件,在志愿者的手机上使用,目的是看看到底泄露了用户的什么信息。由此可推测,这些科学家的目的是检测智能手机的危险性。故选C。4.A 标题归纳题。本文主要讲述了:智能手机里的传感器以及APP虽然帮用户做了很多事情,但也有意无意地暴露了用户的许多信息,使用户的隐私面临公开。故选A。【长难句分析】They could defeat those who make efforts to do everything from tracking a user to stealing the PIN codes needed to access their
20、bank accounts.分析:who 引导定语从句,修饰those;from tracking a user to stealing the PIN codes为介词短语作后置定语,修饰everything;needed to access their bank accounts为过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰codes。译文:它们可以击败那些竭尽全力追踪用户、窃取进入其银行账户所需的PIN码的黑客。Blood brings oxygen and nutrients to all the parts of the body so they can keep working.Blood car
21、ries carbon dioxide and other waste materials to the lungs,kidneys,and digestive system to be removed from the body.Blood also fights infections,and carries hormones around the body.Test 2词数:304个建议用时:6 minutes Red blood cells are shaped like slightly indented,flattened disks.They contain hemoglobin,
22、a protein that carries oxygen.Blood gets its bright red color when hemoglobin picks up oxygen in the lungs.As the blood travels through the body,the hemoglobin releases oxygen to the different body parts.Each red blood cell lives for about 4 months.Each day,the body makes new red blood cells to repl
23、ace those that die or are lost from the body.They are made in the inside part of bones called the bone marrow(骨髓).White blood cells are a key part of the immune system.The immune system helps the body defend itself against infection.Different types of white blood cells fight germs,such as bacteria a
24、nd viruses.Some types of white blood cells make antibodies,which are special proteins that recognize foreign materials and help the body get rid of them.The life spans of white blood cells vary from hours to years.New cells are constantly being formed.Blood contains far fewer white blood cells than
25、red blood cells.But the white blood cell count in someone with an infection often is higher than usual because more white blood cells are being made to battle the infection.Platelets(血小板)are tiny oval-shaped cells that help stop the bleeding.When a blood vessel breaks,platelets gather in the area an
26、d help seal off the leak.Platelets survive only about 9 days in the bloodstream and are constantly being replaced by new platelets made by the bone marrow.5.What causes the blood to take on bright red?A.Bone marrow.B.Oxygen.C.Carbon dioxide.D.Waste material.6.What will happen if your body has fewer
27、white blood cells?A.Your immune system will disappear.B.Your body will be short of protein.C.You will get infected more easily.D.Your marrow will stop making blood.7.What will help when you cut your finger?A.Red blood cells.B.White blood cells.C.Hemoglobin.D.Platelets.8.What is mainly talked about i
28、n this text?A.The functions of blood.B.The colors of blood.C.The types of blood.D.The components of blood.【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文,介绍了血液的构成及各部分的作用。5.B 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Blood gets its bright red color when hemoglobin picks up oxygen in the lungs.”可知,当血液在肺里携带上氧气之后,便呈现出深红色。故选B。6.C 推理判断题。根据第三段可知,白细胞是免疫系统的关键部分,由此可推测,如
29、果血液里缺少白细胞,那么人的免疫力会下降,更容易被疾病感染。故选C。7.D 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Platelets are tiny oval-shaped cells that help stop the bleeding”以及下文的内容可知,血小板主要作用是止血。故选D。8.A 主旨大意题。本文采用了先总后分的写作手法,第一段概述了血液的几种作用,然后分段阐述这些作用是由血液的哪些部分执行的。所以,根据第一段内容就可以得出本文的主旨。故选A。【词汇积累】nutrient n.营养物 infection n.感染;传染flattened adj.扁平的immune adj.免疫的an
30、tibody n.抗体constantly adv.不断地;时常地Teen depression can even affect growth and development.Adolescence may be delayed,especially if the teen is not eating enough.Test 3词数:286个建议用时:5 minutes Abstract thinking skills and the ability to concentrate are both negatively affected by depression.Although this
31、is also true of adults,teens thinking abilities are constantly called upon and evaluated at school,so there can be major,early consequences such as school failure.Difficulties with problem solving may make it more difficult for the teen to seek help or to benefit from it.Teens are at a stage of life
32、 in which major changes are not only possible but inevitable.They are used to change and may therefore be able to recover from a depression and its effects more completely or more quickly than an adult.This is not to say that depression in teens is a passing stage that doesnt need to be addressed,bu
33、t rather that adolescence is a window of opportunity to personal growth.Teens may also be more willing to believe that things have improved sooner than an adult would,perhaps because they have had less experience of failure and disappointment,and thus have less on which to base a gloomy outlook.It c
34、an be difficult for teens to talk about what they are feeling,especially in the early stages.In this regard,they are no different from adults.Unlike an adult,who has had previous experience of grief or depression,a teen may not even realize that he feels sad.Adults often feel embarrassed about being
35、 depressed,as if they had done something wrong.This is much more rarely the case with teens,who seems to view a depression as something that has fallen on them,or as someone elses fault.9.What is talked about in the first two paragraphs?A.Symptoms of being depressed.B.Big problems faced with teens.C
36、.The definition of teen depression.D.Bad impacts of depression on teens.10.What can we know from the third paragraph?A.Teen depression will heal itself.B.Changes are inevitable for adolescence.C.Teens are quicker than adults in learning.D.Adolescents have more opportunities.11.What will an adolescen
37、t feel when he is in the early stage of depression?A.He will feel embarrassed.B.He well understands his situation.C.He is hardly aware of his depression.D.He thinks he has done something wrong.12.What can be a suitable title of this passage?A.Teens Are Easy to Be Influenced by DepressionB.Depression
38、 in Teens Is Just a Passing StageC.Teen Depression Is Worse than Adult DepressionD.Teen Depression Differs from Adult Depression【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文,介绍了青少年与成人在对待抑郁症上的不同感受。9.D 段落大意题。根据“Teen depression can even affect growth and development.”以及“Abstract thinking skills and the ability to concentrate are bot
39、h negatively affected by depression.”可知,文章前两段主要介绍了青少年抑郁造成的不良影响。故选D。10.B 细节理解题。根据第三段第一句可知,青少年阶段,重大的变化是不可避免的。故选B。11.C 细节理解题。根据第五段内容可知,青少年在抑郁症初期,可能意识不到自己的难过心理。故选C。12.D 标题归纳题。本文自始至终将青少年抑郁与成人抑郁进行对比,强调了二者的不同。故选D。【长难句分析】Teens may also be more willing to believe that things have improved sooner than an adul
40、t would,perhaps because they have had less experience of failure and disappointment,and thus have less on which to base a gloomy outlook.分析:that引导宾语从句;because引导原因状语从句;on which 引导定语从句修饰less,该定语从句的正常语序为:base a gloomy outlook on less experience of failure and disappointment。译文:青少年也可能比成年人更愿意相信事情会很快好转,这可
41、能是因为他们经历的失败和失望较少,因此对前景的悲观看法也较少。While many of us may have been away somewhere nice last summer,few would say that weve“summered”.“Summer”is clearly a noun,more precisely,a verbed noun.Way back in our childhood,we all learned the difference between a noun and a verb.With such a tidy definition,it was
42、easy to spot the difference.Not so in adulthood,where we are expected to“foot”bills,“chair”committees,and“dialogue”with political opponents.Chances are you didnt feel uncomfortable about the sight of those verbed nouns.Test 4词数:349个建议用时:7 minutes “The verbing of nouns is as old as the English langua
43、ge,”says Patricia OConner,a former editor at The New York Times Book Review.Experts estimate that 20 percent of all English verbs were originally nouns.And the phenomenon seems to be snowballing.Since 1900,about 40 percent of all new verbs have come from nouns.Even though conversion(转化)is quite univ
44、ersal,plenty of grammarians object to the practice.William Strunk Jr.and E.B.White,in The Elements ofStylethe Bible for the use of American English have this to say,“Many nouns lately have been pressed into service as verbs.Not all are bad,but all are suspect.”The Chicago Manual of Style takes a sim
45、ilar standpoint,advising writers to use verbs with great care.“Sometimes people object to a new verb because they resist what is unfamiliar to them,”says OConner.Thats why were comfortable“hosting”a party,but we might feel upset by the thought of“medaling”in sports.So are there any rules for verbing
46、?Benjamin Dreyer,copy chief at Random House,doesnt offer a rule,but suggests that people think twice about“verbifying”a noun if its easily replaceable by an already existing popular verb.Make sure its descriptive but not silly-sounding,he says.In the end,however,style is subjective.Easy conversion o
47、f nouns to verbs has been part of English grammar for centuries;it is one of the processes that make English“English”.Not every coinage(新创的词语)passes into general use,but as for trying to end verbing altogether,forget it.13.From this passage we know that the verbing of nouns .A.is accepted by many gr
48、ammariansB.is more accepted by children than adultsC.hasnt been rare in the past centuryD.will easily be replaced by existing verbs14.What is most leading experts attitude towards the practice of the verbing of nouns?A.Cautious.B.Satisfied.C.Disappointed.D.Unconcerned.15.What does the author think o
49、f ending the verbing of nouns?A.Predictable.B.Practicable.C.Approaching.D.Impossible.16.What is the best title for the text?A.Are There Any Rules for Verbing?B.Are You Comfortable about a New Verb?C.Are Summering and Medaling Annoying?D.Are 40 Percent of All New Verbs from Nouns?【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。主要内容是
50、英语语言中“名词动用”的语言现象。据专家估计20%的英语动词原本是名词,但大多数专家对“名词动用”这类名词的使用持有谨慎态度。也有人反对新动词,因为他们抗拒自己不熟悉的东西。文章就此展开了阐述。13.C 推理判断题。根据第三段的“Since 1900,about 40 percent of all new verbs have come from nouns.”(自1900年以来,大约40%的新动词来自名词)可知,在过去的一个世纪里,名词动用并不是罕见的现象。故选C。14.A 推理判断题。根据第四段的“Not all are bad,but all are suspect.”(不是所有的都是坏
51、的,但所有的都是可疑的)和“The Chicago Manual of Style takes a similar standpoint,advising writers to use verbs with great care.”(芝加哥文体手册也持类似观点,建议作者小心使用动词)可知,对于名词动用的用法,大多数的专家持谨慎的态度。故选A。15.D 推理判断题。根据最后一段“并不是所有的新创词语都被广泛使用,但是想要完全停止动词的使用,还是算了吧”可知,作者认为结束名词动用用法的使用是不可能的,故选D。16.C 标题归纳题。通读全文可知,英语语言中有“名词动用”的语言现象,大多数专家对“名词
52、动用”的使用持谨慎态度,但是完全杜绝这类词的使用又是不可能的。也有人反对新动词,因为他们抗拒自己不熟悉的东西。本文用正反两个观点来说明这类名词动用的语言现象是否受人欢迎,故引用文章中的名词动用的两个词Summering和Medaling来进行概括,故C选项(Summering和Medaling很讨厌吗?)可以作为本文标题,故选C。【熟词生义】summer n.夏季 生义:vi.避暑;过夏天foot n.脚;英尺 生义:vt.支付chair n.椅子;讲座 生义:vt.担任(会议的)主席dialogue n.对话 生义:vi.对话host n.主机;主人;主持人 生义:vt.主持;当主人招待medal n.勋章,奖章;纪念章 生义:v.获得奖牌
