1、专题五 写作 第一节 应用文写作 新高考应用文写作主要以提纲作文为主,(半)开放性体现在试题既为考生提供了恰当的提示,又留有供其自由发挥的空间,既让低水平的考生有话可写,又让高水平考生有展现自己语言表达能力的机会,保证试卷的区分度。把脉考情明考向,知规律卷别语用目的语用对象文体形式提示类型2020新高考全国卷报道越野赛跑情况李华报道提纲式半开放2020山东模考卷介绍中国的春节英国朋友John介绍类书信提纲式半开放从表中我们可以看出:语用目的讲好中国故事,增强文化自信新高考应用文写作的情境设置真实,任务要求符合考生能力水平,又自然融入了我国优秀传统文化的内容,能够引导考生在使用外语了解世界的同时
2、,注重传承和发扬中华民族优秀文明成果,运用中国元素讲好中国故事,增强文化自信。第一讲 审题、构思,细化提纲 一、为什么要审题、构思审题是应用文写作的第一步,也是关键一步,考生在真正开始写作之前,必须留出时间做审题、构思的准备工作。只有审准了题,弄清了题目要求,才有可能让写作方向不跑偏。另外,写作的提纲只是给出了文章的大体框架、主要内容,我们还需要围绕关键词拓展思路,发挥联想,对这些提纲进行细化和拓展。将要点逐项列出,做好写作前的要点整理工作才不至于在写作时东一榔头、西一棒槌,写了上句、忘了下句,挤牙膏式东拼西凑写作窘态的出现。题目要求 (2020新高考全国卷)假定你是李华,上周日你校举办了5公
3、里越野赛跑活动。请你为校英文报写一篇报道,内容包括:1.参加人员;2.跑步路线:从校门口到南山脚下;3.活动反响。注意:写作词数应为80左右。A CrossCountry Running Race_考场作文A CrossCountry Running RaceLast Sunday,our school holds a fivekilometer crosscountry running race.The route went from our school gate to the foot of the South Mountain.The race is of great benefit
4、to the participants,physically and mentally.Therefore,we all think highly of it,and expected more activities like this in the future.由低分作文知审题构思的重要性 1.要点缺失:本文遗漏要点“参加人员”。2.时态错误:our school holds 应表述为 our school held。and expected more activities like this in the future 应表述为:and expect more activities li
5、ke this in the future。3.词数不足:(49 词)可在第一段加上描述越野赛的情况,如 which attracted many enthusiastic participants,including both students and teachers.可在第二段加上描述越野赛过程的情况,如 The whole course was extremely difficult,especially the part near the mountain,narrow and rough.However difficult it was,no participants gave u
6、p halfway.All the racers held on to the finish line.二、怎样审准题审题时要注意,一是确定体裁、格式、主体时态、要点要求等内容,做到心中有数;二是明确哪些内容需要表达,哪些无须表达;哪些需要详写,哪些需要略写;哪些内容可以整合。因此在动笔前,要通过审题全面了解写作要求,理清写作思路。1审时间,避免时态错误与汉语不同,英语中的句子是有“时态和语态”的,而时态与时间密切相关。因此动笔之前,一定要注意结合提示中提供的或明或暗的“时间”或“场合”,正确判断文章的主体时态,这是写作的核心,不可小觑。通常情况下,如果文章中句子的时态和语态错误过多,阅卷老师
7、往往会认为考生的写作水平较低,这会影响到作文的“定档”。例如,在2020年新高考全国卷中的写作内容中,在表达“越野赛”时应使用一般过去时;表达“活动反响”时应使用一般现在时。2审内容,避免要点缺失遗漏要点是写作大忌。通常,阅卷老师评分时首先要做的就是判断文章的要点是否全面。一篇文章如果要点不全,即使语言正确,结构合理,语篇连贯,也不可能得高分。例如,2020年新高考全国卷由三部分组成:第一部分介绍参加人员;第二部分介绍跑步路线:从校门口到南山脚下;第三部分为活动反响。但是有的考生在写作时漏掉了“参加人员”这一要点,这是写作中的一个重大失误。3审语气,避免直白生硬由于书信种类很多,包括求助信、申
8、请信、建议信、咨询信、邀请信、感谢信、致歉信、慰问信、投诉信、求职信等,因此不同的书信应用不同的语气。例如,2018年全国卷是一封建议信,开头可用“Nice tohear from you.I learn that youre coming to visit one of your Chinesefriends.I am writing to tell you some relevant details.”开门见山地指出自己写信的背景和目的。结尾可用“I hope these suggestionswould be helpful to you.”表示委婉语气。建议信常用的开头和结尾句有:I
9、know you have trouble in.from your letter.I am writing to make you some suggestions/offer you some advice.Youve asked me for advice in/with regard to.and Ill try to make some useful suggestions here.In my opinion/Personally/As far as Im concerned,it would be wise for you to.I hope you will find thes
10、e suggestions helpful./I hope my suggestions will be of benefit to you.I hope you will take my advice into consideration.If you have any questions or requirements,please do not hesitate to tell me./If you have further questions,please feel free to ask me at any time.三、怎样发散思维,细化提纲近三年高考英语全国卷基本上都是书信(包括
11、电子邮件),可划归为提纲类作文,但开放性在增大。例如,2020年新高考全国卷完全可以划归为半开放类作文。半开放类作文的最大特点就是让考生必须具备发散思维的能力,在提纲所给要点的基础上进行适当拓展联想,从而让内容充实连贯。况且,在作文试题中一般都有这样的要求,即“可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯”。这里的“细节”,就需要发散思维,进行联想拓展。下面介绍几种细化提纲的方法,让作文“有话可说”,达到基本的词数要求。1追加成分在要点基础上适当增加合乎逻辑的附加成分,如定语(从句)、状语(从句)、非谓语动词、独立主格结构等。不仅增加了词数,而且使表达更清晰、准确,主题更突出。(2020新高考全国卷)(介绍
12、举办越野赛)上周日我们学校举办了一场不同寻常的越野赛跑。Last Sunday witnessed an extraordinary crosscountry running race in our school,which nearly drew the attention of every student and teacher of our school.2补加语句根据行文走向,适当增加一些与主题相关的语句,或由要点衍生的句子,既能起到前后关联的作用,又能补充一些相关信息,帮助读者理解所写内容。(2020高考全国卷)(李叔叔对工作负责)不管感染的风险有多大,李叔叔对自己的工作都很有责任心
13、和奉献精神。Regardless of the risk of getting infected,Uncle Li isresponsible and devoted to his job.Even in terrible weather,he stillsticks to his post and leaves no one unchecked.(谈论募捐善款用途)募捐得来的钱将送给急需的人。The money collected in the charity sale will be sent to those ingreat need.This will not only help th
14、em through difficulties,butalso give them warmth and happiness.3添加过渡根据行文或段落需要,在句与句或段与段之间适当增加过渡词语,甚至过渡句,这样可以使文章浑然一体,同时又能充实文章。话题介绍利用网络学习英语的优点First,there are a lot of free resources related to English on the Internet,so I learn English by reading books or news,listening to broadcasts and watching strea
15、ming videos of TV and films.Besides,the Internet gives me the chance to communicate in realtime with native speakers using instant messaging,video calling and online forums,which improves my spoken and written English.话题学习与身体锻炼Recently,a hot issue has been under discussion in our class,which is whet
16、her it is necessary for us Senior 3 students to go running three times a day.Students opinions are divided.Some students hold the view that there is no need to do so.On the one hand,it is a waste of time;on the other hand,they find it difficult to calm down and concentrate on lessons after running.W
17、hats worse,those who sweat may catch a cold easily.However,others have the opposite opinion,arguing that running is the best way to refresh them and thus study efficiency can be improved.After running,they will be relaxed.As far as I am concerned,running of course does good to us,but there seems no need to run so many times a day.4不忘收尾书信中“适当的结尾”也是必需的,它不仅能呼应开头,深化主题,还能表达祝愿,阐述愿望。书信常用的结束语如下:Im looking forward to./Looking forward to./Look forward to.Im waiting for your early reply.Best wishes to you.I would be grateful if you./Id appreciate it if you.