1、课时作业19 高考综合训练（二）第一部分 阅读理解第二部分 完形填空第三部分 语法填空课时作业19 高考综合训练（二）第一部分 阅读理解阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。A 2019天津卷 How does an ecosystem（生态系统）work?What makes the populations of different species the way they are?Why are there so many flies and so few wolves?To find an answer,scientists have built mathema
2、tical models of food webs,noting who eats whom and how much each one eats.With such models,scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs.Most food webs,for instance,consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones.When a predator（掠食动物）always eats huge numbers of a sing
3、le prey（猎物）,the two species are strongly linked;when a predator lives on various species,they are weakly linked.Food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long term.If a predator can eat several species,it can survive the extinction（灭绝）of one of th
4、em.And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare,the switch allows the original prey to recover.The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinction.Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable
5、,where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems.In the 1960s,scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other speciesincluding species they did not directly attack.And unpla
6、nned human activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true.In the ocean,we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale,while on land,we killed off large predators such as wolves.These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance.Scientists have
7、 built an early-warning system based on mathematical models.Ideally,the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline.Prevention is key,scientists say,because once ecosystems p
8、ass their tipping point（临界点）,it is remarkably difficult for them to return.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。为了弄清生态系统的运转,科学家建立了数学模型,通过模型发现不同层次的物种之间的依存关系,而人类作为最高层的掠食动物,其一举一动都会影响整个生态系统。1.What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs?A.The living habits of species in food webs.B.The rul
9、es governing food webs of the ecosystems.C.The approaches to studying the species in the ecosystems.D.The differences between weak and strong links in food webs.B解析 推理判断题。第一段说,为了弄清生态系统的运转,科学家建立了数学模型;第二段说,通过这一模型,科学家找到了生态系统食物网中运行的关键原则,故选B项。2.A strong link is found between two species when a predator .
10、A.has a wide food choice B.can easily find new preyC.sticks to one prey species D.can quickly move to another placeC解析细节理解题。根据第二段的第三句“When a predator（掠食动物）strongly linked”可知,当一种掠食动物总是大量猎食单一的猎物时,那么它们之间就存在着紧密的联系,故本题选C。3.What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline
11、?A.The prey species they directly attack will die out.B.The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators.C.The living environment of other species will remain unchanged.D.The populations of other species will experience unexpected changes.D解析细节理解题。根据第三段的“where small changes of top pre
12、dators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems”可知,位于食物网顶端的掠食动物数量的细微变化都会给整个生态系统带来巨大变化,这与D项陈述相符。4.What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in Paragraph 4?A.Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems.B.Rapid economic development threatens animal habitats.C.Species of comm
13、ercial value dominate other species.D.Industrial activities help keep food webs stable.A解析推理判断题。根据第四段的第一句“And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true.（未经计划的人类活动证明了顶端掠食动物自上而下控制的观点是正确的）”是这一段的主题句,下面的例子是为了证明这一观点,根据本段最后一句“这些行为已经大大影响了生态平衡”可知,人为的不受控制的
14、行为会扰乱生态平衡,故选A项。5.How does an early-warning system help us maintain the ecological balance?A.By getting illegal practices under control.B.By stopping us from killing large predators.C.By bringing the broken-down ecosystems back to normal.D.By signaling the urgent need for taking preventive action.D解析
15、推理判断题。根据题干的关键信息“早期预警系统”,我们把答案定位在最后一段。该段说,这个系统是以数学模型为基础建立的,能告诉我们什么时候应该改变人类把生态系统逼向崩溃的活动,然后说“预防是关键”。故选D项。B2019浙江6月高考 Money with no strings attached.Its not something you see every day.But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month,a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign th
16、at read,“Give What You Can,Take What You Need.”People quickly caught on.And while many took dollars,many others pinned their own cash to the board.“People of all ages,races,and socio-economic（社会经济的）backgrounds gave and took,”said Tyler Bridges of The Toolbox,which created the project.“We even had a
17、bride in her wedding dress come up to the board and take a few dollars.”Most of the bills on the board were singles,but a few people left fives,tens and even twenties.The video clip（片段）shows one man who had found a 20 bill pinning it to the board.“What I can say for the folks that gave the most,is t
18、hat they were full of smiles,”Bridges said.“Theres a certain feeling that giving can do for you and that was apparent in those that gave the most.”Most people who took dollars took only a few,but Bridges said a very small number took as much as they could.While the clip might look like part of a new
19、 ad campaign,Bridges said the only goal was to show generosity and sympathy.He added that he hopes people in other cities might try similar projects and post their own videos on the Internet.“After all,everyone has bad days and good days,”he said.“Some days you need a helping hand and some days you
20、can be the one giving the helping hand.”语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了Tyler Bridges创办的一项“尽你所能,取你所需”的活动。这一活动吸引了许多不同的人,其唯一目的就是展现人们的慷慨和同情心。6.What does the expression“money with no strings attached”in paragraph 1 mean?A.Money spent without hesitation.B.Money not legally made.C.Money offered without conditions.D.
21、Money not tied together.C解析 句意理解题。根据第一段中的“Give What You Can,Take What You Need.”可知,附在木板上的钱是可以随意取走的,并不附带任何条件,故选C项。7.What did Bridges want to show by mentioning the bride?A.Women tended to be more sociable.B.The activity attracted various people.C.Economic problems were getting worse.D.Young couples n
22、eeded financial assistance.B解析推理判断题。根据第二段的内容,尤其是“People of all ages,races even had a bride”可推知,这项活动吸引了不同年龄、不同种族、不同社会经济背景的人们,甚至有一位穿婚纱的新娘都来拿了几美元。提到新娘的目的是为了说明这项活动吸引了各种各样的人,故选B项。8.Why did Bridges carry out the project?A.To do a test on peoples morals.B.To raise money for his company.C.To earn himself a
23、good reputation.D.To promote kindness and sympathy.D解析细节理解题。根据倒数第二段第一句中的“Bridges said the only goal was to show generosity and sympathy”并结合全文内容可知,Bridges开展这项活动的目的在于展现人们的慷慨和同情心,故选D项。第二部分 完形填空 2019天津卷改编阅读下面短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。I was ready to pay for my bananas at the grocery one night,w
24、hen fear seized me.My wallet was gone.I could only have left it on the G9 bus,which was now speeding in the dark to some 1 station.The 2 moment was quickly followed by mental math.How much time and money would it cost to replace the contents of that little wallet?The credit cards,the drivers license
25、,the cash,all lost to the bus.Two hours later,back at my house,I heard a knock on the door.My husband 3 it while I was on the phone in the dining room.“Does Jennifer live here？”I heard a lady say.In my husbands hand was my wallet,with not a penny 4 .She left before I could even make it to the door t
26、o offer my thanks.After sharing the story online,I heard from someone,who 5 the lady as Erin Smith.Without 6 ,I called to thank her.She said she 7 my wallet on a bus seat.She calculated that going to a strangers house was a 8 move,but she decided to take the chance.“If I were in that 9 ,I would want
27、 someone to try to find me,”she said.This one stranger responded beautifully to my small 10 ,but she actually wasnt the only one.Right after Erin 11 my wallet on the bus,she posted a picture of my drivers license to an online forum（论坛）,trying to see if anyone knew me.No sooner did she leave my doors
28、tep than I had emails from two women whose kids go to my sons nursery and who recognized my face.Ive never 12 words with those moms beyond small talk,but they wanted to help.I read that people are more divided than ever,but thats not how the people I 13 tend to act.14 ,I feel blessed someone had wan
29、ted to help a stranger.Erin had gone beyond what almost anyone would have done,finding my house on a bitterly cold night,and for that I was extremely 15 .语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一位素不相识的女士在公交车上捡到作者的钱包,并根据钱包内的信息在寒冷的黑夜把钱包送到作者家中的故事。1.()A.accessible B.hidden C.unknown D.convenientC解析 作者发现自己的钱包不见了的时候,G9公交车正在夜幕
30、中快速行驶,这里表示公交车正驶向某一个未知的（unknown）车站。A项意为“可进入的”;B项意为“隐藏的”;C项意为“未知的”;D项意为“方便的”。故选C项。2.()A.face-saving B.brain-washing C.eye-catching D.heart-stoppingD解析根据上文可知,钱包丢了,我焦急万分,此处表示令人心悸的时刻之后就是在心里计算更换钱包内的所有物品所需要的时间和金钱。A项意为“保全面子的”;B项意为“洗脑的”;C项意为“引人注目的”;D项意为“令人心悸的,令人十分担忧的”。故选D项。3.()A.ignored B.answered C.examined
31、 D.interruptedB解析根据语境可知,有人敲门,丈夫去开门,即“应答（answered）”。4.()A.missing B.returned C.remaining D.abandonedA解析根据语境可知,钱包完好无损地回来了,故本处意为“一便士也没丢”。A项意为“丢失的”;B项意为“归还的”;C项意为“剩余的”;D项意为“被遗弃的”。故选A项。5.()A.selected B.appointed C.identified D.definedC解析我上网发帖子,有人告诉我说他认出了那位女士,她是Erin Smith。A项意为“挑选出”;B项意为“任命”;C项意为“认出”;D项意为“
32、给下定义”。故选C项。6.()A.delay B.alarm C.regret D.invitationA解析我对那位女士万分感激,急于表达感激之情,因此本处意为“我立即打电话感谢她”。A项意为“耽搁”;B项意为“警报”;C项意为“后悔”;D项意为“邀请”。故选A项。7.()A.moved B.placed C.opened D.spottedD解析我打电话给那位女士,她告诉我是在公交车的座位上发现了我的钱包。A项意为“移动”;B项意为“放置”;C项意为“打开”;D项意为“发现”。故选D项。8.()A.selfless B.risky C.slow D.personalB解析根据下文的“但是她
33、还是决定去冒险”可知,此处意为“她心里在琢磨,去陌生人家里是冒险的（risky）举动”。9.()A.site B.direction C.situation D.atmosphereC解析她说：“如果我处在那样的情形中,我会希望有人能尽力地找到我。”A项意为“场所”;B项意为“方向”;C项意为“情况,形势”;D项意为“氛围”。故选C项。10.()A.crisis B.danger C.threat D.failureA解析丢失钱包,损失财物,对我来说是个小“危机（crisis）”,此处表示这个陌生人对我的小危机作出了漂亮的回应（还回钱包）。11.()A.got rid of B.made us
34、e of C.had control of D.took possession ofD解析Erin Smith在捡到我的钱包之后把我的驾照照片发布到网上论坛上想看看是否有人认识我。A项意为“摆脱”;B项意为“使用,利用”;C项意为“控制”;D项意为“拥有”。故选D项。12.()A.recalled B.exchanged C.repeated D.whisperedB解析我跟那些妈妈们除了闲聊之外,从来没有跟那些人进行过深入交谈。A项意为“回想起”;B项意为“交换”;C项意为“重复”;D项意为“低语”。故选B项。13.()A.encounter B.follow C.consult D.acc
35、ompanyA解析句意：我读到过,人们比以往任何时候都更加疏远了,但是我意外遇到的人们却不是那样的。A项意为“遇到”;B项意为“跟随”;C项意为“咨询”;D项意为“陪伴”。故选A项。14.()A.Going away B.Turning around C.Looking back D.Coming alongC解析该处表示回顾过去,对于有人能够帮助陌生人,我感到很幸福。A项意为“走开”;B项意为“转身”;C项意为“回顾,追忆”;D项意为“一起来”。故选C项。15.()A.longing B.enthusiastic C.concerned D.gratefulD解析此处表达了作者对那位女士的感
36、激。A项意为“渴望的”;B项意为“热情的”;C项意为“关心的”;D项意为“感激的”。故选D项。第三部分 语法填空 2019北京卷阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。A On the first day of my first grade,I stood by the door with butterflies in my stomach.I 1 （voice）my biggest concern to my mother.“How will I make friends?”She handed me advice.“Be yourself.”For the past
37、 20 years,I have lived by these words.Soon I will graduate and become part of the real world.Nervously 2 （face）challenges,I know I will whisper to 3 （I）the two simple words“Be yourself”.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了与地球日相关的信息并建议我们参与地球日的各种活动。1.voiced解析 考查动词的时态。短文讲述一年级第一天发生的事,所以此处用一般过去时。2.facing解析考查非谓语动词。根据语境并分析
38、句子结构可知,空处为非谓语动词作状语;非谓语动词的逻辑主语是句子的主语I,动词face与I之间为逻辑上的主谓关系,所以用现在分词作状语。3.myself解析考查反身代词。根据语境并分析句子结构可知,本句中的主语为I,宾语与主语同指一个人,故空处应用反身代词作介词to的宾语。whisper to myself意为“轻声告诉自己”。B Earth Day,4 （mark）on 22 April,is an annual event aiming to raise public awareness about environmental protection.First celebrated 5 1
39、970,the Day now includes events in more than 190 countries and regions（地区）.No matter what you like to do,there is a way to get involved in various 6 （activity）on Earth Day.You can plant a tree,make a meal with locally grown vegetables,or save powerthe possibilities are endless.语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了开学第一天,作者为如何交友而焦虑,妈妈给作者的鼓励使作者受益匪浅。4.marked解析 考查非谓语动词。根据语境并分析句子结构可知,空处为非谓语动词作定语;动词mark与Earth Day之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,所以用过去分词短语作定语。5.in解析考查介词。in表示“在（某月、某年、某季节等）”。6.activities解析考查名词复数。根据语境并分析句子结构以及句中的关键词various可知,空处应用名词activity的复数形式activities,指各种各样的活动。
