1、第二讲 并列连词和三大从句 当空格前后是两个并列成分，如两个单词、短语或主谓结构完整的句子等，而且并列成分相互之间存在并列、转折、选择、因果关系等时，空格处一般填并列连词。当空格后为句子，而此句子又不与前面或后面的句子并列时，一般填从句连词，即定语从句、名词性从句或状语从句的连词。技法1 理清逻辑关系，准确使用并列连词典例导引快捷思维 1.2019全国卷I work not because I have to,_ because I want to.分析句子结构，发现有表示平行或对比的并列结构，如not.but.;both.and.;neither.nor.等时，要考虑相应的并列连词搭配。答案
2、与解析：but 考查连词。句意：我工作不是因为我必须工作，而是因为我想工作。not.but.意为“不是而是”。2.2020新高考卷They kept their collection at home until it got too big 37._ until they died,and then it was given to a museum.分析句子结构，发现两个或几个单词、短语或句子之间是并列关系时，应考虑and,but,or 或so。答案与解析：or 考查连词。分析句子结构可知，until it got too big和until they died并列，同时结合语境可知，此处表示
3、选择关系，故用连词or。1表平行和对等的并列连词：and;both.and.;not only.but also.;neither.nor.2表示转折和对比的并列连词：but;yet;while3表示选择关系的并列连词：or;either.or.4表示因果关系的并列连词：for;so5特殊并列连词：when(at that time)was/were about to do sth.when.正要做某事，突然was/were on the point of doing sth.when.正要做某事，突然was/were doing sth.when.正在做某事，突然had just done
4、sth.when.刚做完某事，突然6祈使句/名词短语and/or陈述句12020浙江卷1月Its also that they are on average healthier _ more productive for longer.答案与解析：and 考查并列连词。结合句意可知，healthier 和more productive 构成并列关系，故填and。22020邯郸一模Life isnt perfect and its always hard,_ we need reminders in our life from friends,authors,bloggers,pastors o
5、r our inner spirits to refocus on the things that matter and make us live positively.答案与解析：so 考查连词。句意：生活并不完美，而且总是充满艰辛，因此我们在生活中需要朋友、作家、博主、牧师或者我们自己内心的提醒，从而使自己重新关注那些重要的和可以让我们积极生活的事情。根据句意可知，设空处前后为因果关系。故填so。32020武汉调研Not only do dark colors look more formal,_ they can hide dirt and wear.答案与解析：but 考查连词。句意：
6、深颜色不仅看起来更加正式，而且还能隐藏污渍和磨损。not only.but(also).为固定搭配，意为“不仅而且”，also可以省略，故填but。42020青岛质量检测Scullin found students who slept more performed better in two different classes,_ he published his findings in two academic publications last November.答案与解析：and 考查连词。两个分句之间是并列关系，应用并列连词。故填and。技法2 寻找先行词，辨别句子成分，确定定语从句的
7、关系代词、关系副词典例导引快捷思维 1.2019全国卷They were well trained by their masters 44._ had great experience with caring for these animals.Our hosts shared many of their experiences and 45.recommended(recommend)wonderful places to eat,shop,and visit.分析句子结构，发现从句中缺少主语、宾语或表语时，考虑填关系代词that,which,who,whom 或as。答案与解析：who 考
8、查定语从句的引导词。先行词是their masters且关系代词在从句中作主语，故填who。2.2020全国卷In ancient China lived an artist 61._ paintings were almost lifelike.分析句子结构，发现从句中缺少定语时，考虑填关系代词whose。答案与解析：whose 考查定语从句。本句主句为倒装句，主语an artist为先行词，后接一个定语从句，空处与其后名词paintings之间构成所属关系，故用whose。3.2020全国卷Because the moons body blocks direct radio communi
9、cation with a probe,China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot 63._ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.分析句子结构，发现从句中缺少时间、地点或原因状语时，考虑填关系副词when,where或why。答案与解析：where 考查定语从句。先行词是spot，后跟定语从句，关系词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。1把握关系词选择技巧2as和which的使用两注意whichas位置先行词后句首、句中、句
10、末意思这一点，这，这情况正如，正像She has married again,as was expected.正如预料的那样，她又结婚了。He broke the rules again,which was unexpected.他又违规了，这是意料之外的。3“介词关系代词”的使用三规则构成用法 介词(短语)which/whom介词提前时，指物只能用which，指人只能用whom数词/形容词最高级/不定代词ofwhich/whom表示部分与整体的关系the名词ofwhich/whom表示所属关系，可转化为“whose名词”1(1)They live in a small house,in fr
11、ont of _ stands an orange tree.(2)They live in a small house，and in front of _ stands an orange tree.答案与解析：(1)which(2)it 两句的区别是连词and，句(1)逗号后为非限制性定语从句，设空处为引导词表示物，故填which；句(2)and连接两个并列分句，设空处指代前面分句中的a small house，故填it。2(1)The old man has three sons,none of _ is a doctor.(2)The old man has three sons，bu
12、t none of _ is a doctor.答案与解析：(1)whom(2)them 两句的区别是连词but，句(1)逗号后为非限制性定语从句，设空处为引导词表示人，故填whom；句(2)but连接两个并列分句，设空处指代前面分句中的three sons，故填them。12020北京卷Some university students carried out a campaign _ they spent their whole day without cell phones.答案与解析：where 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词为campaign,空格处在从句中
13、作地点状语，故填where。22019全国卷Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield,62._ she opened with her late husband Les.答案与解析：which 考查非限制性定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，逗号后是非限制性定语从句，the pet shop是先行词，定语从句中缺少opened的宾语，故用which引导非限制性定语从句。32019浙江卷6月A school in Ireland has introduced an interesti
14、ng new uniform.On the edge of the jacket,there is a piece of cloth 58._ gives off light in the dark.答案与解析：that/which 考查定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为a piece of cloth，且定语从句中缺少主语，故填关系代词that/which。42018天津卷Kate,_ sister I shared a room with when we were at college,has gone to work in Australia.答案与解析：wh
15、ose 考查定语从句。句意：凯特去澳大利亚工作了。上大学期间我和她妹妹住同一房间。先行词为Kate，将先行词代入定语从句后为：I shared a room with Kates sister when we were at college.由此可见，关系词在定语从句中作定语，先行词指“人”，故填关系代词whose。52020甘肃第一次诊断This is the reason _ Jennifer and her colleagues have called for a global pause in any clinical application of the CRISPR technol
16、ogy in human embryos to give us time to really consider all of the various results of doing so.答案与解析：why 考查定语从句。句意：这就是珍妮弗和她的同事们呼吁全世界暂停将CRISPR技术用于人类胚胎有关的所有临床应用的原因，这给了我们时间去认真考虑这项技术应用可能带来的各种后果。分析句子结构可知，设空处在句中引导定语从句，先行词是reason，从句中缺少原因状语，应选择关系副词。故填why。62019北京卷The students benefitting most from college ar
17、e those _ are totally engaged(参与)in academic life,taking full advantage of the colleges chances and resources(资源)答案与解析：who/that 考查定语从句的引导词。先行词为those，指大学生们，故用who引导定语从句，who在从句中作主语。关系代词that可以指人，填that也可以。技法3 正确选择状语从句的从属连词的解题技巧典例导引快捷思维 1.2020全国卷65._ he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where
18、he could find the legendary(传奇的)artist,they smiled and pointed down the river.分析句子结构，发现空格后是状语从句，根据逻辑关系，考虑用相应的连词。答案与解析：When/As 考查状语从句。When/As在句中表示“当时”。2.2020河北衡水中学一调The song“A little bit longer”by Nick Jonas is _ an emotional and inspiring song that whenever I hear it,I always come close to dropping
19、down tears.分析句子结构，发现主句中有so/such 时，状语从句应考虑that。答案与解析：such 句意：Nick Jonas所写的坚持到底是如此抒情、鼓舞人心的一首歌，以至于每当我听到它时几乎都会落泪。此处为“sucha/an形容词可数名词单数that从句”结构，意为“如此以至于”。1明晰常考的从属连词(1)while/when/as/since引导时间状语从句；(2)before/after引导时间状语从句；(3)if/unless/once引导条件状语从句；(4)though/although引导让步状语从句；(5)in case引导目的或条件状语从句；(6)where/w
20、hen引导地点、时间状语从句；(7)whether.or.引导让步状语从句。【点津】在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，一般来说，从句是一般现在时，主句用一般将来时。2牢记固定结构，培养做题灵敏度(1)so/such.that.如此以至于(2)not.until.直到时候才(3)It will/wont be一段时间before.过了多少时间才/没过多长时间就(4)It is some time(一段时间)since.自从多长时间(5)whether.or not.无论还是，引导让步状语从句(6)when意为“就在这/那时”，常用于以下句式：be doing sth.when.正在做某事就在这/那
21、时be about to do sth.when.刚要做某事就在这/那时have just done sth.when.刚刚做完某事就在这/那时hardly.when.一就12018北京卷_ we dont stop climate change,many animals and plants in the world will be gone.答案与解析：If 考查状语从句。句意：如果我们不阻止气候变化，世界上的很多动物和植物将会死去。根据句意可知，设空处引导条件状语从句，表示“如果”，故填If。22018天津卷Lets not pick these peaches until this w
22、eekend so _ they get sweet enough to be eaten.答案与解析：that 考查状语从句。句意：到周末我们再摘这些桃子吧，那样的话它们就变得足够甜能吃了。由设空处后的内容可判断设空处引导目的状语从句，故答案为that，即so that引导目的状语从句。32020陕西咸阳二模Researchers have found,in their experiment,that a babys cries can cause unique emotional responses in the brain,making it impossible for us to i
23、gnore them_ we are parents or not.答案与解析：whether 句意：研究者们在他们的实验中发现，婴儿啼哭能够引起头脑中独特的情感反应，使得我们不可能忽略他们，无论我们是不是父母。whether.or.可用来引导让步状语从句，意为“无论还是”。42020太原二模I had hardly sat down on the train and opened a bar of chocolate _ a really old man with huge bags sat down across from me.答案与解析：when 考查连词。hardly.when.意为
24、“一就”，为固定用法，符合语境，故用连词when引导时间状语从句。技法4 正确选择名词性从句的连接词的解题技巧典例导引快捷思维 1.2020浙江卷7月Over thousands of years,they began to depend less on 57._ could be hunted or gathered from the wild,and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.分析句子结构，发现从句中缺少主语、宾语、表语或定语时，应考虑用连接代词what,which,who,whom或whose。答案与解
25、析：what 考查名词性从句。根据语法结构可知，what引导宾语从句，作on的宾语，由于该宾语从句中缺少主语，同时空处表示“的事物”，故填what。2.2017北京卷Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street,not knowing _ she was heading.分析句子结构，发现从句中缺少时间、地点、原因或方式状语时，应考虑用连接副词when,where,why或how。答案与解析：where 考查名词性从句。句意：简漫无目的地沿着绿树成荫的街道往前走，不知道要去哪里。分析句子结构可知，空处引导宾语从句，作动词knowing的宾语，且
26、从句中缺少地点状语，故应用where引导。3.2019全国卷The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland.While they are rare north of 88，there is evidence 61._ they range all the way across the Arctic,and as far south as James Bay in Canada.分析句子结构，发现从句结构和意义都完整时，应考虑用连接词that；空格
27、表达“是否”之意时，应考虑用连接词whether或if。答案与解析：that 考查同位语从句的引导词。本句含有一个同位语从句，解释了名词evidence“证据”的具体内容，空处在从句中不充当成分，也无意义，故本空填连接代词that。1牢记连接词的基本用法2把握what引导名词性从句的意义表示“的东西或事情”；表示“的样子或人”；表示“的数量或数目”；表示“的时间”；表示“的地方”。A new building has been built in what used to be an old temple.在过去是一座古庙的地方建了一座新建筑。12020天津卷The student comple
28、ted this experiment to make come true _ Professor Joseph had said.答案与解析：what 考查宾语从句。句意：这个学生完成了这个实验，使约瑟夫教授所说的变成了现实。此处需要用what引导宾语从句。22020安徽黄山二模While visiting Hangzhous West Lake and its surrounding beautiful hills，youll understand _ its been a great source of inspiration for artists，poems and philosop
29、hers throughout Chinese history.答案与解析：why 句意：当你游览杭州西湖及周围美丽的群山时，你就会懂得为什么在中国历史中那个地方一直是画家、诗人和哲学家的灵感之源。宾语从句中缺少原因状语，故填why。32020江西名校学术联盟质检_ was most difficult was that in order to realize this dream,I needed to find an existent caf that wasnt doing well.答案与解析：What 句意：最困难的是为了实现这个梦想，我需要找到一家经营不好的实体咖啡店。“_ was
30、 most difficult”为主语从句，该从句缺少主语且设空处表示“事物”，故填What。42020福建泉州质检The father and his son got lost in the mountain and they had to eat _ food they could find there.答案与解析：whatever 句意：这对父子在山里迷路了，不得不吃他们在那里能找到的任何食物。whatever food意为“任何食物”，在从句中作动词find的宾语。52020福建福州二模The problem is _ one less hour of sleep is not equ
31、al to an extra hour of achievement.答案与解析：that 句意：问题是少睡一小时不等同于额外的一小时的成就。分析句子结构可知，is后为表语从句，从句的结构和句意完整，故填that。62020湖北部分重点中学联考This should serve as a warning _ people should be aware of their surroundings,especially when crossing roads.答案与解析：that warning后是同位语从句，设空处后的句子无论是结构还是意思都是完整的，设空处所填的词只起连接作用，没有任何实际意
32、义，故填that。考场练兵 检验考试能力小题夯基练单句语法填空12020青岛市高三统一质量检测This would help support increased walking _ cycling for transportation,as well as sports and physical recreation.答案与解析：and 考查连词。句意：这将有助于支持增加步行和骑自行车的交通方式，以及体育和体育娱乐。此处walking和cycling是并列关系。22020厦门市第二次质量检查This contains the study of body energy,_ refers to t
33、he yin and yang and aims to bring balance to the bodys natural hormones.答案与解析：which 考查定语从句。句意：这包括对人体能量的研究，涉及阴阳，旨在平衡人体的天然激素。分析句子结构可知，逗号后是非限制性定语从句，先行词是study of body energy，因此使用which引导定语从句。32020江西省南昌市高三二模According to Sharman Hickman,the director of community outreach and education for Hickmans Family F
34、arms,its first important to know the reason _ chickens have various egg colors.答案与解析：why 考查定语从句。此处为定语从句修饰先行词reason，且先行词在从句中作原因状语，用关系副词why。42020河南省高三5月质量检测And _ we do now is to deal with the plastic that causes great damage to our sea life.答案与解析：what 考查名词性从句。句意：而我们现在要做的就是处理掉那些对海洋生物造成严重损害的塑料。分析句子结构可知，
35、该空引导的是一个主语从句，从句缺少宾语，故此处用连接代词what。52020福州市第三次质量检测Theres no doubt _ animals provide incredible comfort and companionship,especially during times of crisis.答案与解析：that 考查连接词。句意：毫无疑问，动物提供了令人难以置信的安慰和陪伴，特别是在危机时期。表示“毫无疑问”句型为there is no doubt that.。62020山东省济南市高三5月模拟The doctor was certain I would test positiv
36、e for coronavirus,but gave me the option to test _ I wanted to know for sure.I opted to be tested.答案与解析：if 考查连词。句意：医生肯定我会检测出冠状病毒阳性，但如果我想确定的话，他给了我检测的选择权。由语境可知，此处表“条件”，应用连词if。大题提能练语法填空Test 12020太原市高三年级模拟试题(一)As to garlic and raw onion,you might want to avoid their after-effects,but many of these 1._(p
37、ositive)unfriendly foods are good for you.In fact,the smell on your breath are immediate and can last for hours.The reason is that garlic and onions contain something that is very smelly and can contribute 2._ bad breath.As the foods are digested,the special oils they contain 3._(absorb)into your bl
38、oodstream and you breathe 4._(they)out until the foods are removed from your body.positivelytoare absorbedthemDespite all this,you should eat them.Those who add garlic and onions to food need 5._ (little)salt than those who do not.So its 6._healthier alternative,says Rebecca Valle,a dietitian at Alf
39、red Hospital in Melbourne,Australia.“Garlic and onions can also protect against many 7._(disease)and promote good health，”she said.So how do you enjoy them without 8._(offend)everyone around you?Eating less of the garlic and onion and drinking plenty of water works.Drinking milk also helps reduce th
40、e things 9._ cause bad breath.Chewing gum,sucking on a mint or sipping peppermint tea will also help.But remember 10._(see)your doctor if your bad breath continues.less a diseasesoffending that/whichto see语篇类型：说明文 主题语境：人与自我健康饮食吃大蒜及洋葱的好处【文章大意】本文主要介绍了吃大蒜及洋葱的好处，以及袪除吃它们之后所留下的难闻的味道的方法。1答案与解析：positively 考
41、查词形转换。修饰形容词“unfriendly”要用副词，故填positively，意为“绝对地，确实”。2答案与解析：to 考查固定搭配。contribute to为固定搭配，意为“促成，造成”，符合语境。3答案与解析：are absorbed 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据句意并分析句子结构可知，主语the special oils与absorb之间为被动关系，应用被动语态，又由从句所用的一般现在时可知，此处也应用一般现在时；又主语为复数形式，故填are absorbed。be absorbed into.意为“被吸收进”。4答案与解析：them 考查代词。作动词“breathe”的宾
42、语要用人称代词的宾格形式，故填them。5答案与解析：less 考查比较级。根据本句中的“than”和语境可知，此处要用little的比较级形式，表示“需要较少的盐”。6答案与解析：a 考查冠词。此处泛指“一种较健康的选择”，且healthier的发音以辅音音素开头，故要用不定冠词a。7答案与解析：diseases 考查名词的单复数。此处表示“大蒜和洋葱也能够预防许多疾病”，空前有many修饰，故此处disease是可数名词，应用其复数形式。8答案与解析：offending 考查动名词。本句中without是介词，后面一般接名词、代词或动名词作宾语，故此处填offend的动名词形式offend
43、ing。9答案与解析：that/which 考查关系代词。分析句子结构可知，此处引导限制性定语从句，且在从句中作主语，先行词是“the things”，指物，故应用关系代词that/which引导该定语从句。10答案与解析：to see 考查动词不定式。该句表示“但是如果你的口臭继续存在，记得去看医生”，remember to do sth.意为“记得去做某事”，符合句意，故空处填动词不定式。Test 22020菏泽市高三3月模拟 Roofs and windows of buildings arent the only surfaces that can be used to produce
44、 solar power.In China,work has begun on the 1._ (construct)of the countrys first solar highway,in which solar panels are placed underneath transparent concrete.The solar highway is a 2 km stretch(一段)of road 2._ (lie)on the Jinan City Expressway,and its divided into three layers.The see-through concr
45、ete protects a set of solar panels of two 3._ (size).Beneath the solar panels 4._ (be)a layer that separates them from the damp ground.constructionlyingsizesisThe road 5._ (it)has already been completed,and now its only a matter of connecting the grid(输电网),6._ is expected to be finished by the end o
46、f the year alongside the completion of the Jinan Expressways south section.This isnt the first solar road China has worked on.Earlier this year,the Qilu Transportation Development Group,also handling the Jinan Expressway solar road,7._ (build)a 160-meter-long solar road in 8._ city of Jinan.It has t
47、he ability to heat up to keep the highway clear 9._ snow and ice and is able to 10._ (wireless)charge electric vehicles.The new solar highway is expected to one day be equipped with the same features.itself whichbuilttheof wirelessly 语篇类型：说明文 主题语境：人与社会建设公路中国高速公路的迅速发展【文章大意】文章主要介绍了中国太阳能高速公路的建设情况。1答案与解
48、析：construction 考查词性转换。由空格前的the及空格后的of可知，此处应用名词。故填construction。2答案与解析：lying 考查非谓语动词。本句的谓语动词是is，故空格处需要填非谓语动词；动词lie与名词短语“a 2 km stretch of road”是逻辑主谓关系，应用lie的现在分词形式作后置定语。故填lying。3答案与解析：sizes 考查名词复数。size在此处意为“尺寸”，是可数名词。根据前面的数词two可知，此处应用名词size的复数形式。故填sizes。4答案与解析：is 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。结合文章内容可知，这里是在客观描述太阳能高速公路的
49、相关情况，所以应该用一般现在时；主语a layer为单数名词，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故填is。5答案与解析：itself 考查代词。此处表示“道路本身已经完成”。根据句意可知，这里指“道路本身”，应该用反身代词。故填itself。6答案与解析：which 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是the grid，指物，且关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which引导该从句。故填which。7答案与解析：built 考查动词的时态。根据时间状语Earlier this year可知，此处描述的是过去发生的动作，应用一般过去时。故填built。8答案与解析：the 考查冠词。此处特指济南这个城市，应用定冠词the修饰city。故填the。9答案与解析：of 考查介词。keep.clear of为固定搭配，意为“使远离，使摆脱掉”。故填of。10答案与解析：wirelessly 考查词性转换。此处应该用副词修饰动词charge。故填wirelessly。
