1、课时作业(四)Unit 2Section Reading and Thinking.阅读理解A Researchers at the University of Chicago have trained an artificial intelligence system, to write fake reviews on Yelp, a website showing customers reviews on shopping or something else, and its pretty hard to tell them apart from a human review. Their
2、 study, which will be presented at the ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security in October, aimed to throw attention onto how easily these systems can write reviews like humans and how damaging they can become if theyre not monitored properly. Since many small businesses rely on online
3、 reviews to help grow and keep their reputation, a future where someonelike a rival or angry customercould crazily fill their page with negative reviews written by a machine is pretty worrying. And, according to the research team, the threat goes far beyond a bunch of fake reviews on Yelp. “In gener
4、al the threat is bigger，” Ben Y. Zhao, one of the authors of the study, said. “I think the threat towards society is large and it really misleads users and shakes our belief in what is real and what is not. I think thats going to be even unimaginable.” To test how believable these reviews came acros
5、s, the researchers invited 40 volunteers and had AI generate five fake reviews for 40 actual restaurants. The volunteers were asked how useful they thought the review was and whether or not they thought it was fake. The AI reviews ranked as “effectively indistinguishable” from real reviews, accordin
6、g to the study. Further, the fake reviews were given a 3.15 “usefulness” rating, compared to a 3.28 rating for human reviews.1What can the new artificial intelligence system do according to the passage?AIt can help train new reviewers.BIt can tell the real reviews from the fake ones.CIt can write hu
7、manlike reviews.DIt can easily damage the businesses.2What does the underlined word “rival” mean in the passage?AA person who respects you deeply.BA person who competes with you.CA person who loves to give fake reviews.DA person who can control you from distance.3What can we infer from Ben YZhaos re
8、marks?AArtificial intelligence can put the society in danger.BThe artificial intelligence is only used by the researchers.CBen Y. Zhao is optimistic about the further development of artificial intelligence.DThe artificial intelligence will help people shake.4What is the best title for the passage?AS
9、uggestions on Giving ReviewsBHow to Tell the Fake ReviewsCDevelopment of AI in Review on YelpDAI is Coming to Steal Your ReviewsB In the future, therapy patients may spend less time sitting in a therapists office and more time exploring virtual worlds. Researchers have created a new virtual reality
10、(VR) app to treat the fear of heights. The app just had a clinical trial. People developed other VR therapies in the past. These programs needed a reallife therapist to guide patients through the treatment. But the new system only uses an animated avatar (虚拟化身) within the app. The avatar coaches pat
11、ients as they climb a virtual highrise. This kind of therapistfree counseling could make it much easier for people to get help for fears and other disorders. “This is a huge step forward for VR therapy，” says Jennifer Hames, a clinical psychologist. “With this system, people dont need to visit a the
12、rapists office to get expert help. They could get help in their regular doctors office, or even at home. That could be good for people who arent comfortable with facetoface therapy, or who cant afford it，” she says. To test how effective their app was, Freeman and colleagues recruited (招募) 100 adult
13、 volunteers, who were moderately to severely afraid of heights. The researchers randomly assigned 49 people to have VR treatment while the other 51 participants got no treatment. Before the experiment began, participants filled out a questionnaire that rated their fear of heights from 16 to 80. They
14、 filled out the same questionnaire right after the treatment. Then they did it again two weeks later. The scores of patients who got no treatment stayed the same. But people who used the VR app dropped an average of about 25 points on the scale. “The results give strong evidence that the new VR prog
15、ram is more helpful than no treatment at all. But its not clear how well this type of system could work for more complex mental health issues，” says Mark Hayward, a clinical psychologist at the University of Sussex. “And when it comes to helping people with more severe symptoms, VR probably wont rep
16、lace trained therapists any time soon.”5What is the passage mainly about? AThe causes of the fear of heights. BThe results of the fear of heights. CA VR app to treat the fear of heights.DThe treatment of the fear of heights.6What do we know about the VR therapy?AIt has a therapist to guide patients.
17、BIt is convenient and doesnt cost much.CIt allows patients to climb a real highrise.DIt requires patients to go to the therapists office.7Why did Freemans team conduct the experiment?ATo rate the participants fear of heights.BTo check the effectiveness of the VR app.CTo find out how severe peoples f
18、ear of heights is.DTo explore a new way to improve the treatment.8In helping people with more severe symptoms, _.Athe VR app is very helpfulBthe results of the app are not clearCtrained therapists are still neededDno trained therapists are necessary.完形填空 Modern inventions have speeded up peoples liv
19、es amazingly. Motor cars _1_ a hundred miles in more than an hour, aircraft cross the world within a day, while computers operate at lightning speed. Indeed, this love of _2_ seems neverending. Every year motor cars are produced which go even faster and each new computer boasts (吹嘘) of _3_ precious
20、seconds in handling tasks. All these save time, but at a cost. When we lose or _4_ half a day in speeding across the world in an airplane, our bodies tell us so. We get the uncomfortable feeling known as jetlag (时差). Our bodies feel that they have been _5_ behind in another time zone. Again, spendin
21、g too long at _6_ results in painful wrists and fingers. Mobile phones also have their dangers: too much use may transmit harmful _7_ into our brains. However, how do we _8_ the time we have saved? Certainly not relax, or so it seems. We are so used to constant activity that we find it _9_ to sit do
22、wn and do nothing or even just one thing at a _10_. Perhaps the days are long gone when we might listen _11_ to a story on the radio, letting imagination take us into another world. There was a time when some peoples lives were devoted simply to the cultivation (耕作) of the _12_ or the care of cattle
23、. No multitasking there; their lives went on at a much gentler pace. There is much that we might envy about a _13_ of life like this. Yet before we do so, we must think of the hard tasks our ancestors _14_. Modern machines have _15_ people from that primitive existence.1A.exploreBget Ccover Dfly2A.s
24、peed Btime Cproduct Ddistance3A.wasting Blosing Csaving Dspending4A.earn Bdrop Cmiss Dgain5A.left Bcome Cforgotten Dfelt6A.ships Bairplanes Ccomputers Dcars7A.prevention Bradiation Ccombination Ddamage8A.control Bhandle Cdo Ddeal9A.uncomfortable Beasy Cdifficult Dgood10A.second BdayCyear Dtime11A.ac
25、tively BquietlyCquickly Dcuriously12A.surface Bwater Cland Disland13A.way Bview Cpathway Dpoint14A.expressed Bcharged Cinspired Dfaced15A.freed Bremained Ckept Dcleared课时作业(四).阅读理解A【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。芝加哥大学的研究人员已经培训了一种人工智能(AI)系统，在Yelp网站上编写虚假评论，足以乱真。其目的是强调这些系统可以很容易地写出像人类写的一样的评论，如果它们没有被恰当地运用，它们会变得具有破坏性，而威胁远
26、远不止如此。1答案与解析：C细节理解题。根据文章第一段Researchers at the University of Chicago have trained an artificial intelligence system, to write fake reviews on Yelp, a website showing customers reviews on shopping or something else, and its pretty hard to tell them apart from a human review.可知，芝加哥大学的研究人员研发了一种人工智能系统，让它
27、在Yelp网站上撰写虚假评论，很难把它们与人类的评论区分开。由此可知，这种新的人工智能系统可以撰写出像人类写的一样的评论。2答案与解析：B词义猜测题。根据文章第三段Since many small businesses rely on online reviews to help grow and keep their reputation, a future where someone. could crazily fill their page with negative reviews written by a machine is pretty worrying.可知，由于许多小企业依
28、赖在线评论来帮助成长和保持声誉，未来有人可能会疯狂地用机器写的负面评论填满它们的页面，这是相当令人担忧的。由此可知画线单词所在部分like a rival or angry customer是someone的同位语，对其进行解释说明。根据上下文语境以及生活常识可以判断出，企业面对的是顾客和竞争对手两类人。因此rival可以理解为竞争对手。3答案与解析：A推理判断题。根据文章第四段中“In general the threat is bigger，” Ben Y. Zhao, one of the authors of the study, said. “I think the threat t
29、owards society is large and it really misleads users and shakes our belief in what is real and what is not. I think thats going to be even unimaginable.”“总的来说，威胁更大，”Ben Y. Zhao，该研究的作者之一说。“我认为对社会的威胁是巨大的，它真的误导了用户，动摇了我们相信什么是真的、什么不是真的。我认为那甚至是不可想象的。”可知他认为AI智能能够误导用户明辨是非的能力，会对社会带来不可想象的威胁。4答案与解析：D主旨大意题。通读全文
30、可知，芝加哥大学的研究人员已经培训出了一种人工智能(AI)系统，在Yelp网站上编写虚假评论，足以乱真，其目的是强调这种系统可以很容易地写出像人类写的一样的评论，如果它们没有被恰当地运用，它们会变得具有破坏性，而威胁远远不止如此。选项D“AI is Coming to Steal Your Reviews.”体现了这一中心思想。B【语篇解读】文章主要介绍了一款用于治疗恐高症的app。5答案与解析：C主旨大意题。第一段是主题段，根据最后两句“Researchers have created a new virtual reality (VR) app to treat the fear of h
31、eights. The app just had a clinical trial.”可知，文章主要介绍了一款用于治疗恐高症的app。6答案与解析：B细节理解题。根据第二段的最后一句“. make it much easier for people to get help for fears and other disorders.”和第三段的最后一句可知，这种疗法既方便，又不需要花很多钱。7答案与解析：B细节理解题。根据第四段的第一句“To test how effective their app was, Freeman and colleagues recruited 100 adult
32、 volunteers.”可知，研究人员做实验是为了测试这个app的有效性。8答案与解析：C细节理解题。根据最后一段的最后一句“And when it comes to helping people with more severe symptoms, VR probably wont replace trained therapists any time soon.”可知，当涉及帮助症状更严重的人时，VR很可能不会在短期内取代受过训练的治疗师，所以C项正确。.完形填空【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲了科技给人们的生活带来了改变。人们对速度的追求使科技不断得到更新，但是科技发展节约下来
33、的时间并没有被用来进行放松。1答案与解析：C根据空后的a hundred miles in more than an hour, aircraft cross the world within a day可知，此处是说汽车在一个多小时内就能行驶一百英里，飞机在一天内就能飞越世界。故选C项。2答案与解析：A根据上文的Modern inventions have speeded up peoples lives amazingly.及列举的一些有关速度的例子可知此处是说，这种对速度的热爱似乎永无止境。故选A项。3答案与解析：C根据下文的All these save time, but at a c
34、ost.可知，此处是指每年都会生产出速度更快的汽车，(商家)每生产一台新电脑都会吹嘘它在处理任务时能节省宝贵的时间。故选C项。4答案与解析：D根据空前的lose or可知，当我们乘坐飞机在世界各地加速飞行时，无论是损失还是获得了半天的时间，我们的身体会告诉我们。故选D项。5答案与解析：A根据上文的We get the uncomfortable feeling known as jetlag.和常识可知，此处是说我们的身体感觉它们被留在了另一个时区。故选A项。6答案与解析：C根据空后的painful wrists and fingers并结合四个选项可知，此处是说长时间使用电脑会导致手腕和手指
35、疼痛。故选C项。7答案与解析：B根据上文的Mobile phones also have their dangers可知，本句在说有关手机的害处，四个选项中B项与之相关。这里是说过多使用手机可能会向我们的大脑传递有害的辐射。故选B项。8答案与解析：B根据下文的Certainly not relax, or so it seems.可知，此处是提出问题：我们如何处理节省下来的时间呢？故选B项。9答案与解析：C根据下文的Perhaps the days are long gone when we might listen _11_ to a story on the radio, letting
36、imagination take us into another world.可知这里意思是我们已经习惯了持续性的活动，以至于我们很难坐下来什么都不做，甚至一次只做一件事。故选C项。10答案与解析：D根据语境，我们已经习惯了持续的活动，以至于我们很难坐下来什么都不做，甚至一次只做一件事。at a time意为“一次”，故选D项。11答案与解析：B根据语境，此处是说我们安静地听收音机里的故事，让想象力带我们进入另一个世界的日子早就一去不复返了。故选B项。12答案与解析：C根据空前的the cultivation可知，曾经有那样一个年代，有些人的生活仅仅是耕种土地或照料牛群。故选C项。13答案与解
37、析：A根据上文的No multitasking there; their lives went on at a much gentler pace.可知，此处是指这样的生活方式有许多值得我们羡慕的地方。故选A项。14答案与解析：D根据语境，此处是说，在我们这样做之前，我们必须想想我们的祖先面对的艰巨任务。express意为“表达”； charge意为“控告”； inspire意为“鼓舞”； face意为“面对”。故选D项。15答案与解析：A根据空前的Modern machines以及空后的people from that primitive existence可知，是现代机器把人们从那种原始的生活中解放出来。free意为“解放”； remain意为“保持”； keep意为“维持”； clear意为“清除”。故选A项。
