1、Unit 2The United Kingdom (一)阅读词汇明其义、写其形第一组：明其义1province n省；行政区2uniform n. 制服3currency n. 货币；通货4nationwide adj. 全国性的；全国范围的5imaginary adj. 想象中的；假想的；虚构的6royal adj. 王室的；皇家的；高贵的7splendid adj. 壮丽的；辉煌的；极好的8thrill vt. 使激动；使胆战心惊第二组：写其形1accomplish vt. 完成；达到；实现2conflict n. 矛盾；冲突3unwilling adj. 不愿意(的)；不乐意(的)4en
2、joyable adj. 令人愉快的；使人高兴的5possibility n. 可能(性)6quarrel n. 争吵；争论；吵架vi. 争吵；吵架7sightseeing n. 观光；游览8clarify vt. 澄清；阐明9countryside n. 乡下；农村10alike adj. 相同的；类似的11consistent adj. 一致的12plus prep. 加上；和adj. 加的；正的；零上的13fold vt. 折叠；对折(二)表达词汇晓其变、通其用1unite vi.& vt.联合；团结united adj.团结的；联合的union n联合；联盟；结合；协会2conveni
3、ence n便利；方便convenient adj.方便的3description n描写；描述describe vt.描述；形容；描绘4attract vt.吸引；引起注意attraction n吸引；吸引力；有吸引力的地方attractive adj.有吸引力的5arrange vt.筹备；安排；整理arrangement n布置；整理；安排6delight n快乐；高兴；喜悦 vt.使高兴；使欣喜delighted adj.高兴的；快乐的delightful adj.令人高兴的7collection n收藏品；珍藏；收集collect vt.收集8furnished adj.配备好装备的
4、；带家具的furnish vt.装修；布置furniture n家具9rough adj. 粗糙的；粗暴的roughly adv. 粗略地；粗糙地(三)常用短语多积累、准运用1consist of 由组成2divide .into 把分成3leave out 省去；遗漏；不考虑4make a list of 列的清单5break away (from) 挣脱(束缚)；脱离6take the place of 代替7refer to 谈到；说到；参考；涉及8at one time 曾经；一度9keep ones eyes open 留心看10break down (机器)损坏；破坏11in me
5、mory of 纪念12to ones credit 为带来荣誉；值得赞扬；在名下(四)经典句式明特点、会仿用1过去分词短语作状语悟原句Worried about the time available, Zhang Pingyu had made a list of the sites she wanted to see in London.背佳句Devoted to her work, she has no time to look after her child.2状语从句的省略悟原句It looked splendid when first built！背佳句Some people we
6、re in favor of going to Qingdao when discussing where to spend their summer holidays.3It seems/seemed strange that .should do .悟原句It seemed strange that the man who had developed communism should have lived and died in London.背佳句It seemed strange that he should have rejected the practical suggestion
7、 put forward by us.1.名词后缀ing集锦sightseeing观光；游览fishing 钓鱼；捕鱼drawing 素描画advertising 广告； 广告宣传accounting 会计学banking 银行业2.前缀a高频形容词大全alike相同的；类似的asleep 睡着的alive 活的；有活力的awake 醒着的afraid 害怕的ashamed 羞愧的3.各种“代替”表达法4.“to onesn.”必备短语荟萃to ones credit为带来荣誉to ones surprise/astonishment 令某人惊奇的是to ones delight/joy 令某
8、人高兴的是to ones disappointment 令某人失望的是.用所给词的适当形式填空1People working for big organizations like the police and the postal service all wear uniforms (uniform)2Having quarrelled (quarrel) with his wife about who should wash the dishes, he felt very upset.3Roughly (rough) speaking, I would say that about 100
9、 people attended the exhibition.4Two days later, I was delighted to hand in all of my work on time, to my teachers delight.(delight)5Its very convenient for me to buy it for you.There is a convenience store near my home.(convenient)6He described the robbery in detail to the policeman and his descrip
10、tion was very valuable the police caught the robber in a short time.(describe)7What attracts me most in Beijing is that there are many attractions, like the Great Wall, the Summer Palace.They are so attractive as to attract eyes from every corner of the world.(attract)8Our department will be in char
11、ge of arranging the conference. Would you please give us some suggestions on the arrangements for it? (arrange).介、副词填空1Our country is like a big family, consisting of fiftysix nations.2. To his credit, Nathan gave back the money he found to the owner.3Chemicals in the body break down our food into u
12、seful substances.4Small cars may take the place of big cars in the future.5William isnt connected with the bomb explosion, because he broke away from the organization a year ago.6Now they have made their fortunes, they divide into two types, depending on their attitude towards money and luxury.7You
13、should often refer to your notes in your study, which is necessary.选词填空divide/separateThe teacher divided the whole class into four groups to discuss the topic.After the discussion, we should separate the most valuable ideas from the common ones.写出加蓝部分在语境中的含义1William tried to join the basketball clu
14、b but was rejected because of his poor health.拒绝2If you have a positive attitude towards your work, you will feel happy.积极的 3He made an apology to me for his not attending the concert on time.参加4They can withstand severe tests.严峻的5Please instruct me how to do my work.指导6Television stations around th
15、e world are linked by satellite.联系7I have arranged my books neatly on my shelf. 整理8The company furnished the painter with the necessary information.提供9It requires great efforts to clarify dirty water in cities. 净化10I was so thrilled about todays meetandgreet that I couldnt fall asleep last night.兴奋的
16、.补全句子1我们乘坐的公共汽车竟然在途中坏了，这似乎很奇怪。It seemed strange that the bus we took should break down on the way.2另外，一定要保存好这些东西，他们能够让你的心保持温暖。(keep宾语宾语补足语)Whats more, you must take good care of the things that can keep your heart warm.3从山顶上看，这座城市像一个大花园。(过去分词短语作状语)Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks like a
17、 big garden.4当查找信息时，我们可以通过触摸屏来操作。(状语从句的省略)When searching for some information, we can operate by touching the screen.1convenience n便利；方便；便利的事物；便利设施串联式巧记一语串起Its a great convenience to live here. At my convenience, I can visit some of my favorite museums. Shopping is convenient to/for my wife. It is c
18、onvenient for my son to go to school, for his school is only two blocks away.住在这里真方便。我方便时可以去参观我所钟爱的几家博物馆。我妻子购物很方便。我儿子上学也很方便，因为距学校只有两个街区的距离。用法释义(1)for convenience 为方便起见at ones convenience 在某人方便的时候(2)convenient adj. 方便的；便利的It is convenient for sb.to do sth. 某人方便做某事(3)inconvenience n. 不方便；不便inconvenien
19、t adj. 不方便的 名师指津(1)convenient作表语时，不可用人作主语，而要用物作主语或用it作形式主语。“当你方便的时候”应翻译成when it is convenient for you。(2)convenience意为“方便；便利”时为不可数名词；表示“便利的事物；便利设施”时为可数名词。针对训练单句语法填空/补全句子 I would be very grateful if you could inform me of your decisions at your earliest convenience.The secretary arranged a convenient
20、 (convenience) time and place for the applicants to have an interview.In the past several weeks, many cities in Northern China have been suffering from heavy fogs, causing great inconvenience (convenient) to people.(2019全国卷书面表达) If it is convenient for you, I want to invite you to attend the classic
21、 music concert to be held in our school. 如果你方便的话，我想邀请你参加我们学校举办的古典音乐会。2attract vt.吸引；引起注意(1)attract ones attention/mind吸引某人的注意力attract sb.to sth. 吸引某人关注某事(2)attraction n. 吸引力；吸引；有吸引力的地方a tourist attraction 旅游景点(3)attractive adj. 有吸引力的；引起注意的；引起兴趣的演绎法练通单句语法填空/翻译句子The company is starting a new campaign
22、to attract (attract) new customers to its stores.(2020全国卷)Its this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive (attract) activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.(2016全国卷)Chengdu has dozens of new milliona
23、ires, Asias biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top attraction (attract)这个展览将会吸引来自国内外许多游客的注意力。The exhibition will attract a large number of visitors attention from home and abroad.3arrange vt.筹备；安排；整理单句语法填空(2020新高考全国卷)Most museums also welcome school grou
24、ps and arrange special activities for children.If you are interested, please sign up at the office before 5：00 pm. next Thursday so that we will make necessary arrangements (arrange)补全句子Id like to tell you that I have arranged to pick you up at the airport. (2019北京高考书面表达)我想告诉你，我已安排好去机场接你。归纳法记牢(1)arr
25、ange sth.for sb.为某人安排某事arrange to do sth. 安排做某事arrange for . to do sth. 安排做某事(2)arrangement n. 安排；筹备；布置；整理make arrangements for 为做好安排名师指津(1)表示“安排某人做某事”用arrange for sb. to do sth.而不用arrange sb. to do sth.。(2)make arrangements (for sth./for sb. to do sth.)中的arrangement常用复数形式(如句)。4delight n快乐；高兴；喜悦vt.&
26、 vi.(使)高兴；(使)欣喜串联式巧记一语串起Much to my delight, my son delights in/takes delight in learning English. He is delighted to listen to English songs and sing after the tape again and again. Yesterday he came back home with delight and delighted me with the good news that he won the first place in an English
27、 competition.让我高兴的是，我儿子很乐意学英语。他很高兴听英文歌曲，并且跟着磁带一遍一遍地唱。昨天他高兴地回到家里，带给我一个让我感到很高兴的好消息，他在英语比赛中获得了第一名。用法释义(1)delight sb.with sth.用某物使某人高兴delight in (doing) sth. 以(做)某事为乐(2)take (great) delight in 以为乐with delight 高兴地；愉快地to ones delight 令某人高兴的是(3)delighted adj. 欣喜的；快乐的；高兴的be delighted at/with/by 为而高兴be delig
28、hted to do sth./in doing sth.为做某事而高兴；乐意做某事 针对训练单句语法填空Hearing Chinese Women Volleyball Team won the championship for the 10th time, we clapped our hands with delight.He takes great delight in painting, not noticing it was raining outside.一句多译 (2018全国卷书面表达)我非常高兴有机会告诉你有关中国文化和餐桌礼仪的事情。What delights me mo
29、st is that I have a chance to tell you something about Chinese culture and table manners.(delight vt.)Im more than delighted to have a chance to tell you something about Chinese culture and table manners.(delighted)Much to my delight, I have a chance to tell you something about Chinese culture and t
30、able manners.(delight n)1consist of由组成由组成(2)consist inlie in 存在于；在于consist with 与一致/相符演绎法练通单句语法填空The company consisting (consist) of 15 small factories is facing a serious financial crisis.Success consists in the ability to continue efforts through failures.(2019天津高考)Most food webs, for instance, co
31、nsist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones.一句多译 生活中不仅仅有阳光，还有艰难的日子。Life consists of not only sunshine but also hard times.Life is made up of/is composed of not only sunshine but also hard times.Not only sunshine but also hard times make up life.名师指津consist of不能用于被动语态和进行时态， 类似的短语还有belong t
32、o, come into being等。2take the place of代替；取代补全句子As fall turns into winter, other changes take place (发生)To find them easily, youd better put your books in place(在适当的位置)一句多译 经理将要出差，我将代替他参加会议。The manager will be away on business and Ill take his place to attend the meeting.The manager will be away on b
33、usiness and Ill take the place of him to attend the meeting.The manager will be away on business and Ill attend the meeting in place of him.归纳法记牢(1)take ones place代替；就位take place 发生；举行(2)in place 在适当的位置；适当in place of 代替 3break down (机器)损坏；破坏；(谈判、计划等)失败；(关系)破裂；身体垮掉；(化学)分解辨析法理清辨清楚写出下列句中break down的含义Th
34、e peace talks broke down with no agreement reached.失败You will break down if you always stay up late.身体垮掉We were downloading learning materials when our computer broke down.损坏(2018北京高考)Bertocchini agrees and hopes her teams findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landf
35、ills. 分解理明白break away (from)挣脱(束缚)；脱离；摆脱break off 中断；折断break into 闯入break out 爆发；发生break up 驱散；打碎；分手；结束针对训练选用break的短语填空She is trying to break away from the bad habit, which makes her parents happy.A fire broke out last night, which caused a lot of damage.The room is in a mess. It must have been brok
36、en into while we were away.(2020天津5月高考)History has the potential to break down those boundaries by offering us insight into entire worlds that would otherwise be foreign to us.4It seems/seemed strange that .教材原句It seemed strange that the man who had developed communism should have lived and died in
37、London. 这似乎是一件怪事：这位发展了共产主义的人竟然在伦敦生活过，并且在伦敦去世。用法规则(1)Itseems/seemedadj.that .“好像，似乎”；that从句常用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“should动词原形”，should不可省略。 (2)should常用于名词性从句中，表示“惊奇、怀疑、惋惜、理应如此”，意为“竟然，居然”。 (3)it作形式主语，而真正的主语是that引导的从句。常用句式还有：It is important/necessary/natural that .；It is a pity/shame/pleasure/surprise that .等。注意事项
38、本句型如果描述现在或将要发生的事情，用“shoulddo”的形式；如果描述过去发生的事情用“should have done”的形式。针对训练补全句子(2016全国卷书面表达)It seemed strange that I should be so busy this weekend. 这似乎是一件怪事：这个周末我竟然这么忙。You cant imagine that a wellbehaved gentleman should be so rude to a lady.你想象不出这么彬彬有礼的绅士竟然对一位女士如此粗鲁。It is a great pity that the young m
39、an should have missed such a golden opportunity.真可惜，这位年轻人竟会失去这样一个绝好的机会。一、在考题集训中查验单元语基(一)高考中的语法填空 1(2020天津5月高考)Cultural conflicts in history are difficult to ignore.2(2020天津5月高考)Completed in 1931, the Empire State Building, the highest skyscraper until 1954, inspired the imagination (imagine) of the
40、world.3(2020江苏高考)Today, they are once again a familiar sight, playing roles that are often just as important for the community as their original (origin) purpose.4(2019北京高考)Another possibility (possible) is that when there is a lot of talent on a team, some players may make less effort.5(2018浙江高考)Th
41、e easiest way to accomplish (accomplish) this is to make sure you conduct yourself as a good neighbor should.6(2016全国卷)A new collection (collect) of photos brings an unsuccessful Antarctic voyage back to life.7(2016全国卷)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughl
42、y (rough) 551 to 479BC., influenced the development of chopsticks.8(2015浙江高考)Body language can give away a lot about your mood, so standing with your arms folded (fold) can send out a signal that you are being defensive.(二)高考中的阅读理解熟词生义(2016浙江高考)It is important to pay your electricity bill on time, a
43、s late payments may affect your credit.信用词类活用(2013天津高考)On an empty section of road, everyone started quarreling. I stopped the car, ordered all kids out and told them to meet me up ahead.v.争吵生词僻义(2019江苏高考)Theres a new indoor play centre, plus the special events and workshops, and others during schoo
44、l holiday periods.和(三)高考中的完形填空1(2020天津7月高考)Jones idea has been fully realized the “HAPPY TO CHAT” benches help 32 the invisible social barrier that keeps people from saying hello.Abreak downBput upCkeep off Dtake out解析：选A根据空后的“the invisible social barrier that keeps people from saying hello”可知，Jones
45、 设置的“快乐聊天”长椅有助于打破阻碍人们打招呼的无形的社会障碍。 2(2020江苏高考) He learned braille (盲文) quickly and continued his education at Worcester College for the Blind. There, he not only did well as a student but also became a(n) 47 public speaker.Aaccomplished BcrucialCspecific Dinnocent解析：选A根据上文的“not only did well as a stu
46、dent but also”可知，在那里，他不仅是一名优秀的学生，而且成了一名出色的公共演说家。故选A。3(2018全国卷)Two weeks earlier, my son, Ben, had got in touch.Hed moved to England with his mum when he was three and it had been 13 years since Id last seen him.So imagine my 42 when he emailed me saying he wanted to come to visit me.I was 43 ！ I arr
47、ived early at Byron Bay where we were supposed to meet.The bay was bathed in sunshine, and there was a group of kayakers around 150m off the shore.42A.delightBreliefCanger Dworry解析：选A前文提到作者已经13年没见过自己的儿子了，因此儿子发来电子邮件，说要来看望作者时，作者应该感到高兴(delight)。43A.scared BshockedCthrilled Dashamed解析：选C根据上文语境可知，多年没有见面的
48、儿子要来看望自己，作者自然是感到激动的(thrilled)。后面的“arrived early”也给出了提示。scared“害怕的”；shocked“震惊的”；ashamed“感到惭愧或羞耻的”。(四)高考中的写作1(2020新高考全国卷写作)我们衷心希望学校今后能开展更多像这样令人愉快的活动。(enjoyable)We do hope that the school will carry out more similar enjoyable activities in the future.2(2017全国卷书面表达)如果你对中国民间艺术感兴趣，请尽早给我发电子邮件。(convenience
49、)If you are interested in the Chinese folk art, please email me at your earliest convenience. 3(2017江苏高考书面表达)因此，电影业应该更加努力地吸引更多的观众。(attract)Therefore, the film industry should make greater efforts to attract more viewers. 4(2015四川高考书面表达)你也应该记住，经常和你的同学交换笔记是提高你学习的好方法。(keep宾语宾补)And you also should keep
50、it in mind that comparing notes with your classmates frequently is a good way to improve your study.二、在拓展训练中积累主题词汇witnessinvader valuable original aggressive multiculturalborder revolution treasure display independencedynasty population opportunity make an announcement leave out remain part of with
51、a history of at the beginning of tourist destination 练中巩固.单词拼写1In order to learn Chinese well, Grey took every opportunity (机会) to talk with the local natives.2The current multicultural (多元文化的) society is the ideal and goal of education.3People tend to be more aggressive (积极进取的) when theyre young an
52、d more conservative as they get older.4Life on Earth will become unsustainable unless population (人口) growth is held in check.5Any new company is seen as an invader (入侵者) in an already competitive market.6The security forces sighted a group of young men that had crossed the border (边界).单句语法填空1Studen
53、ts can gain valuable (value) experience by working on the campus radio or magazine.2The robots, which were displayed (display), attracted the childrens attention.3Succeeding emperors and dynasties (dynasty) continued the construction, spreading westward into the Gobi desert to guard the Silk Road.4T
54、ea is one of the most favored drinks in our life.However, the origin (original) of tea is lost among history and tales.5Our city witnesses (witness) four different seasons, plenty of sunshine and good rainfall, but in winter you may feel a little cold.6Your composition shouldnt be too long, youd bet
55、ter leave out the last paragraph.7Enjoy and learn from historical and archeological sites but respect these sites and treasures (treasure)8How am I better today than I was at the beginning of the year?.补全句子1St Pauls Cathedral was built after the terrible fire of London in 1666, with a history of mor
56、e than 300 years.圣保罗大教堂是1666年伦敦那场可怕的大火以后建造的，有300多年的历史。2The Tower of London remained part of a royal palace and prison combined. 伦敦塔仍然是皇家宫殿和监狱的一部分。3Buckingham Palace is the Queens house in London, which is a worldfamous tourist destination. 白金汉宫是女王在伦敦的居所，是一个世界闻名的旅游景点。4The minister will make an announ
57、cement this afternoon stating the future of the citys hospitals.部长今天下午要宣布对本市医院的未来的举措。 单元主题语篇训练AThe UK has a wellrespected higher education system and some of the top universities and research instructions in the world. But to those who are new to it all, sometimes it can be confusing.October is usua
58、lly the busiest month in the college calendar. Universities have something called Freshers Week for their newcomers. Its a great opportunity to make new friends, join lots of clubs and settle into university life.However, having just left the comfort of home and all your friends behind, the prospect
59、 (前景) of meeting lots of strangers in big halls can be nervewracking (令人焦虑不安的)Where do you start？Who should you make friends with？Which clubs should you join?Luckily, there will be thousands of others in the same boat as you worrying about starting their university social life on the right foot. So
60、just take it all in slowly. Dont rush into anything that youll regret for the next three years.Here is some top advice from past students on how to survive Freshers Week：Learn rules. Make sure you know British social etiquette (礼节)Have a few wine glasses and snacks handy for your housemates and frie
61、nds.Be kind. Sometimes cups of tea or even slices of toast can give you a head start in making friends.Be sociable. The more active you are, the more likely youll be to meet new people than if youre someone who never leaves his room.Bring a doorstop. Keep your door open when youre in and that sends
62、positive messages to your neighbors that youre friendly.So with a bit of clever planning and effort, Freshers Week can give you a great start to your university life and soon youll be passing on your experience to next years new recruits.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。当你在异国他乡求学，对于刚刚步入一个全新校园的你来说，也许一切都会显得很陌生。但是你不要怕，本文
63、将向你介绍一些在英国如何度过新生周的方法。1. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?AOctober is generally the busiest month for universities.BIts a good idea to put a doorstop in your door.CA bit of planning can make Freshers Week easier.DThe first week of your every year at university is
64、 called Freshers Week.解析：选D细节理解题。根据文章第二段第二句话可判断出D项表述错误，新生入学的第一周才叫Freshers Week。 故选D。2The underlined word “recruits” in the last paragraph refers to .AcoursesBfreshersCneighbors Dchallenges解析：选B词义猜测题。最后一段逗号后面的意思是：新生周可以让你的大学生活有一个很棒的开端，而且你将很快把你的经验传给下一年的新生。故选B。3. We can infer from the 4th paragraph that
65、 .Athe newcomers usually miss the days living at homeBmost of the students in the UK spend three years in universitiesCmany freshers are worried about how to fit university lifeDall the new students will make new friends and join certain clubs解析：选C推理判断题。该段的第一句话说“数以千计的其他人也会和你一样担心如何正确地开始他们的大学生活”，由此可知应
66、选C项。4. The main purpose of the passage is to .Atell the newcomers how to make a new start in universitiesBintroduce something about higher education system of the UKCdiscuss something about the Freshers Week in the UKDadvise the freshmen how to behave well in the beginning解析：选A写作意图题。从文章第五段的“Here is
67、some top advice from past students on how to survive Freshers Week”可以看出该文的写作目的是A项。其中，“Freshers Week”指的就是a new start in universities。故选A。BAlthough fires are still a danger in every major city today, they were a much more serious problem in earlier centuries. The historic Fire of London was a serious
68、example of the damage fire can cause. Finally, however, this disaster also positively affected the city.In 1666, the Great Fire of London burned out of control for three days, destroying most of the central district of the city. The disaster caused a huge amount of damage around seventy thousand peo
69、ple lost their homes. At the time, there were only about eighty thousand living in the city. There are no accurate records of how many people died in the fire because the worst damage happened in poor neighborhoods. Unfortunately, the government didnt record the deaths of poor people in those early
70、times.When the fire happened, people in London were already struggling to survive a large plague (瘟疫) outbreak that had begun in 1665. Londons housing troubles were a major cause of the problem. At the time, much of central London consisted of closely packed and poorly made wooden buildings. This cr
71、eated an unhealthy environment because germs travelled freely from home to home. In addition, the buildings were on narrow, dirty streets where people threw their garbage. Rats were attracted by the garbage, and they brought fleas (跳蚤) the carriers of the plague. Once people caught the plague from f
72、lea bites, the disease spread rapidly throughout the city especially in the cramped central district. It was in these terrible conditions that the Great Fire raged through London.Despite the damage, the fire had a positive effect because it destroyed the old, poorly made wooden buildings. It also ki
73、lled most of the rats and fleas, which slowed the spread of the plague. After the fire, the government rebuilt the damaged areas. Whenever possible, they used brick or stone. Thus, the new houses were much more solid and more difficult for rats to enter. Widened streets and improved garbage collecti
74、on also helped to stop the disease from spreading from person to person because there was simply more room to walk.语篇解读：本文是说明文。发生于1666年的伦敦大火灾造成了非常严重的损失，但同时也结束了自1665年以来伦敦的鼠疫问题。5Which of the following is TRUE about fires in the past?AThey mainly happened in large cities.BThey always had some positive
75、effects.CThey caused small amounts of damage.DThey were more dangerous than fires today.解析：选D细节理解题。由第一段中的“they were a much more serious problem in earlier centuries”可知，虽然火灾现在依然是大城市的一大威胁，但是在几个世纪前，火灾是更加严重的问题。6Why are there no accurate death records of the fire?AThe numbers were beyond counting.BThe go
76、vernment intended to hide the facts.CThe records were destroyed in another fire.DThe deaths of poor people were unrecorded.解析：选D细节理解题。由第二段中的“There are no accurate records of how many people died in the fire . the government didnt record the deaths of poor people in those early times.”可知，在伦敦大火中有多少人丧生
77、并没有准确的记录，因为政府没有记录有多少穷人死亡。7What does the underlined word “cramped” in Paragraph 3 mean?AAncient. BCrowded.CDamaged. DPopular.解析：选B词义猜测题。由第三段中的“closely packed and poorly made wooden buildings”和“the buildings were on narrow, dirty streets”可知，疾病在整个城市蔓延，特别是在拥挤的中心城区；由此推断，cramped意为“狭窄的，拥挤的”。8Why did the go
78、vernment rebuild the city with brick and stone after the fire?ATo reduce building costs.BTo make houses stronger.CTo keep fleas out of the city.DTo stop the plague spreading.解析：选B推理判断题。由最后一段中的“the new houses were much more solid and more difficult for rats to enter”可知，政府用砖和石头来重建被烧毁的地区，目的是想把房子建得更坚固。C
79、A new kind of surgical knife can tell cancerous from healthy tissue in seconds and may help improve tumor (肿瘤) removal in the operating room.Known as the iKnife, the tool analyzes the vapour given off as surgeons use electrical current to cut away tissue, and it reports in real time whether the tiss
80、ue is cancerous or not.Tests in 91 human patients have shown the tools diagnoses were extremely accurate, and may be reliable enough to begin widespread use in operating rooms.The iKnife uses mass spectrometry (质谱法) to examine the surgical smoke given off by tissue, informing the surgeon in three se
81、conds as to what it contains.Other current techniques, which include sending removed tissue to a lab for analysis, are costly and frequently inadequate and take about 2030 minutes.“Remarkably, there are almost no technologies in routine clinical practice to assist the surgeon in improving the accura
82、cy of cancer tissue clearance，” said the study.For patients, this uncertainty can lead to repeat surgeries or worse, since returning to the operating table is not always an option for soft tissue tumors.The iKnife can make current tumor diagnostics more accurate, and it has the potential to influenc
83、e ontable decisionmaking and ultimately to improve oncological (肿瘤学的) outcomes.In Britain alone, there are 300,000 new cases of cancer each year and 1.8 million surgical procedures performed in treatment.The iKnife was tested on tissue samples from 302 patients, including those with tumors of the st
84、omach, liver, lung, breast and brain, and later in the operating room during 91 procedures to cut tumor tissue away.The iKnife is not yet commercially available and likely will not be for at least another year.“If perfected, this would help surgeons and patients avoid countless trips back to the ope
85、rating room to try and obtain clear margins.A larger study needs to be carried out, but this preliminary data is very exciting，” said Stephanie Bernik, chief of surgical oncology at a hospital in New York.语篇解读：本文是一篇科普说明文。最新研究表明：与传统的诊断方式不同，智能手术刀iKnife可以迅速并精确地诊断出病人是否患有癌症，这对病人来讲是一个福音。9The iKnife can id
86、entify unhealthy tissue by .Ausing electrical current to test itBtesting the blood and cells of itCanalyzing the smoke given off by itDcutting away tissue and examining it解析：选C细节理解题。根据第二段中的“analyzes the vapour given off as surgeons use electrical current to cut away tissue”和第四段中的“examine the surgica
87、l smoke given off by tissue”可知，智能手术刀主要通过分析组织释放的气体来确定不健康的组织。10It is implied in the passage that the iKnife .Acan be purchased within several yearsBhas been tested in more than 3,000 patientsCshould be perfected before its put into useDcan be used in other diseases besides cancer解析：选C推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“If
88、 perfected, this would help surgeons and patients avoid countless trips back to the operating room .”可知，虽然智能手术刀非常厉害，但在投入使用前还有待完善。11What is Stephanie Berniks attitude towards the iKnife?ANegative.BDoubtful.CCritical. DObjective.解析：选D推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知，Stephanie Bernik非常客观地评价了智能手术刀。12What is the main id
89、ea of the passage?AThe iKnife can tell unhealthy from healthy tissue.BThe iKnife will take the place of current techniques.CThe iKnife can make doctors diagnoses more accurate.DThe iKnife will change peoples attitude towards cancer.解析：选A主旨大意题。阅读全文，尤其是第一段的内容可知答案。tips 着眼全局，客观理性地解观点态度题观点态度题旨在考查考生是否理解作者
90、或文中人物对某人或文中人物对某人/事物所持的观点或态度。这类题目相对而言难度较大，迷惑性也较强，因为考生很难找到具体对应的语言点，要从整篇文章或整个段落的叙述中去推测。另外，此类题所给的答案选项一般是四个形容词，考生应在审题时就把握好这四个形容词所表达的意思，然后返回文章去寻找信息。特别注意，解答此类题时切勿用自己的观点代替作者的观点或文中人物的观点，同时要注意区分作者本人的态度与作者引用的他人的观点态度。解题的关键是要看作者在文中用了什么样的口气。若用褒义词，显然是赞成；若用贬义词，显然是反对；若是客观陈述，则是中立的立场，不偏不倚。作者的态度常常在转折词后表明出来，因此转折词至关重要(如but, yet, however, although, nevertheless等)。例如上文第11小题，根据全文论述特别是最后一段中Stephamie Bernik所说的话可推知，他非常客观地评价了智能手术刀。
