1、十一、被动语态1被动语态的构成形式 被动语态的基本时态变化被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式,被动语态由be+过去分词构成,be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例,各种时态的被动语态形式为:(1)am/is/are + done(过去分词)一般现在时(2)has /have been done 现在完成时(3)am/is /are being done现在进行时(4)was/were done 一般过去时(5)had been done 过去完成时(6)was/were being done 过去进行时(7)shall/will be done 一般将来时(8)should/would be don
2、e 过去将来时(9)shall/will have been done将来完成时(少用)(10)should/would have been done 过去将来完成时(少用) 被动语态的特殊结构形式 带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为:情态动词+be+过去分词。如:The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter. 有些动词可以有两个宾语,在用于被动结构时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。如:His mother gave him a present for his birth
3、day.可改为He was given a present by his mother for his birthday. 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时,将宾语变为被动结构中的主语,其余不动。例:Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette. 在使役动词have,make,get 以及感官动词see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定式to要省略,但变为被动结构时,要加to。如:Some
4、one saw a stranger walk into the building.可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building. 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如“动词+介词”,“动词+副词”等,也可以用于被动结构,但要把它们看作一个整体,不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例:The meeting is to be put off till Friday. 非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing 形式及不定式to do也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态)。例:I dont like being laughed at in the public
5、.2如何使用被动语态学习被动语态时,不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构,还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者(这时可省by短语)。如:My bike was stolen last night. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。如:I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer. 为了更好地安排句子。例:The wellknown person got on the bus and was immediately recognzed by people.(一个主语
6、就够了)3It is said that从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如 believe,consider,expect,report,say,suppose,think等可以用于句型“It+be+过去分词+that从句”或“主语+be+过去分词+to do sth.”的有:It is said that 据说It is reported that 据报道It is believed that 大家相信It is hoped that 大家希望It is well I known that 众所周知It is thought that 大家认为It is suggested
7、 that 据建议如:It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.(=The boy is said to have passed the national exam.4谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义 英语中有很多动词如 break,catch,clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物。如:This kind of cloth washes well.注意:主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调
8、外界作用造成的影响。试比较:The door wont lock.(指门本身有毛病)The door wont be locked.(指不会有人来锁门,指“门没有锁”是人的原因) 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语,如:happen,last,take place,break out,come out,come about,come true,run out,give out,turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。如:How do the newspapers come out?这些报纸是如何引出来的呢? 系动词没有被动形式,但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel,sound,taste
9、,book,feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。如:Your reason sounds reasonable.5非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义。 在need,want,require,bear等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。如:The house needs repairing(to be repaired).这房子需要修理。 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式;而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。如:The picture-book is w
10、ell worth reading.(=The picture-book is very worthy to be read.) 动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时,又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系,不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。如:I have a lot of things to do this afternoon.(to do与things是动宾关系,与I 是主谓关系。) 在某些“形容词+不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中,句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时,这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有 nice,easy,fit,hard,diff
11、icult,important,impossible,pleasant,interesting等。如:This problem is difficult to work out.(可看作to work out 省略了for me). 在tooto结构中,不定式前面可加逻辑主语,所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。如:This book is too expensive (for me)to buy. 在there be句型中,当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时,不定式用主动式作定语,重点在人,用被动形式作定语,重点在物。如:There is no time to lose(to be lost).(用to
12、 lose 可看成for us to lose;用to be lost,谁lost time不明确。) 在be todo结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动,被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例:Who is to blame for starting the fire?6介词in,on,under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用,含被动之义,其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式,名词前一般不用冠词。 under +名词”结构,表示某事在进行中”常见的有:under control(受控
13、制)under treatment(在治疗中)under repai(在修理中)under discussiorn(在讨论中)under construction(在施工中)如:The building is under construction(is being constructed). “beyond+名词结构,“出乎.胜过、范围、限度”常见的有:beyond belief(令人难以置信)beyond ones reach(鞭长莫及)beyond ones control(无法控制)beyond our hope.我们的成功始料不及如:The rumour is beyond belie
14、f=cant be believed. above+名词”结构,表示(品质、行为、能力等)超过高于如:His honest character is above all praise=His honest character cannot be praised enough. for+名词“结构,表示“适于为着”如:for sale(出售),for rent(出租)等。That house is for sale.(=That house is to be sold). “n+名词“结构,表示“在.过程中或范围内“常见的有:in print(在印刷中)in sight在视野范围内)如:The
15、book is not yet in print(=is not yet printed) on+名词”结构,表示“在从事中”常见的有:on sale(出售)on show(展出)on trial(受审)如:Today some treasures are on show in the museum(=are being showed). “out of+名词”结构;表示“超出之外常见的有:out of control(控制不了)out of sight(超出视线之外)out of ones reach(够不着)out of fashion(不流行)如:The plane was out of
16、 control (cant be controlled)。 within+名词“结构,“在内、不超过例:He took two days off within the teachers permission7被动语态与系表结构的区别当“be+过去分词“作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作;作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时,be后面的过去分词是表语,相当于形容词。其区分办法如下: 如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者,该句一般为被动语态,否则为系表结构。如:The glass is broken(系表结构)The glass was broken by the boy(被动语态) 如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时,一般为被动语态。如:The door is locked(系表结构)The door hasalready/just been locked(被动语态) 被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外,还可以用于其他各种时态,而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。如:The machine is being repaired.