1、C8 科普知识类【英语卷2014届江苏省徐州市第一中学（徐州市）高三考前模拟（201405）】C8 CGrasshoppers are having to change their song one of the iconic sounds of summer to make themselves heard above the noise of road traffic, ecologists have discovered. The study, published in the British Ecological Societys journal Functional Ecology,
2、 is the first to show that human-made noise affects natural insect populations. Animals use sound to communicate for many reasons, including marking out territory, warning of predators and finding mates, and although previous research shows birds, whales and even frogs change their calls in noisy en
3、vironments, the impact of human-made noise on insects has been neglected until now. Ulrike Lampe and colleagues from the University of Bielefeld in Germany caught 188 male bow-winged grasshoppers, half from quiet locations and half from beside busy roads. The grasshoppers use their song to attract m
4、ates. The team then studied the differences in the two groups songs in the laboratory. To encourage them to sing they exposed the males to a female grasshopper, and then recorded their courtship songs. Analysis of almost 1,000 recordings revealed grasshoppers living beside noisy roads produced diffe
5、rent songs to those living in quieter locations. According to Lampe: Bow-winged grasshoppers produce songs that include low and high frequency components. We found that grasshoppers from noisy habitats increase the volume of the lower-frequency part of their song, which makes sense since road noise
6、can mask signals in this part of the frequency spectrum(频谱). The teams findings are important because traffic noise could be upsetting the grasshoppers mating system(交配系统). Increased noise levels could affect grasshopper courtship in several ways. It could prevent females from hearing male courtship
7、 songs properly, prevent females from recognising males of their own species, or impair females ability to estimate how attractive a male is from his song, Lampe explains. Having discovered that human-made noise affects insect communication, the researchers now want to learn more about how the mecha
8、nism works, and whether the grasshoppers adapt to noise during their development as larvae（幼虫）, or whether males from noisy habitats produce different songs due to genetic differences. The bow-winged grasshopper is a common species in Central Europe. Adults occur mainly between July and September, p
9、referring dry grasslands. Around 1.5 cm long, they vary in colour from green and browns to red and purple. The males song consists of 2 second-long phrases that increase in amplitude (振幅) towards the end. The beginning of a phrase is characterised by slower ticking sounds that increase in speed and
10、amplitude, leading to a buzzing sound towards the end of the phrase. A courtship song usually includes 2 phrases.63. The author wrote the article to _. A. introduce how grasshoppers make noises to attract mates. B. raise the awareness of protecting bow-winged grasshoppers. C. inform us of a recent d
11、iscovery of ecological research. D. warn us that human-made noise has changed ecological system.64. Which of the following could be the main idea of the passage? A. Bow-winged grasshoppers use their songs to communicate. B. Grasshoppers change their songs to adapt to the noisy environment. C. Grassh
12、oppers songs include both low and high frequency components. D. Bow-winged grasshoppers are a common species in Central Europe.65. What does the underlined word “impair” in the fourth paragraph mean? A. repair B. develop C. weaken D. improve66. Which of the following statements is true according the
13、 passage? A. Road noise can cover the lower-frequency part of their song. B. Animals make sounds only for the purpose of finding mates. C. Grasshopper larvae learn to adapt to human-made noise. D. Bow-winged grasshoppers grow up into adults in spring.【答案】63.C 解析：写作意图 根据第The study, published in the B
14、ritish Ecological Societys journal Functional Ecology, is the first to show that human-made noise affects natural insect populations.可知目的是向我们介绍一个研究成果，故选C项。64.B 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段提到The study, published in the British Ecological Societys journal Functional Ecology, is the first to show that human-made noi
15、se affects natural insect populations.可知选B项。65.C 解析：细节理解题。根据第四段提到It could prevent females from hearing male courtship songs properly, prevent females from recognising males of their own species, or impair females ability to estimate how attractive a male is from his song如果阻止雄性听到雌性的歌曲，或减弱他们的能力来评估一下雌性
16、对雄性的吸引力，故选C项。66.A 解析：细节推断题。根据第三段提到We found that grasshoppers from noisy habitats increase the volume of the lower-frequency part of their song, which makes sense since road noise can mask signals in this part of the frequency spectrum(频谱).可知选A项。【解析 英语卷2014届湖南省长沙市高考模拟试卷（二模）试题（201404）】C8 AHumans arent
17、 the only ones getting a buzz from coffee. Caffeine can improve memory among honeybees and lead to better pollination(授粉). According to a recent study published in the journal Science.The study was conducted by a team of researchers at Newcastle University in the United Kingdom. They found that the
18、nectar(花蜜) of some flowers, such as those from grapefruit and lemon plants, as well as certain coffee flowers, contains low doses of caffeine. To get bees to feed on these flowers, the team trained the insects to associate food with the smell of the flowers. They also trained another group of bees t
19、o feed on nectar from flowers that were sweetened with a sugar, but did not contain caffeine. After 24 hours, the bees trained on caffeinated flowers returned to these plants three times as often as those trained on the sweetened flowers returned to the uncaffeinated plants.Professor Geraldine Wrigh
20、t led the researchers. “Remembering floral traits (花部特征) is difficult for bees to perform at a fast pace as they fly from flower to flower and we found that caffeine helps the bee remember where the flowers are,” Wright said in a statement.Improved memory led to the better pollination. Thats because
21、 once bees sip the caffeine nectar, they continue to look for more coffee plants to pollinate. This also suggests that caffeine plays a role in improving the bees ability to search for food.Researchers found that caffeines effect on the bee brain is similar to its effect on mammals. “The change is s
22、imilar to that produced by caffeine in neurons (神经元)”associated with learning and memory in the rat brain,” Wright said.Bee populations have declining since 2007. The dramatic drop in the insects numbers has serious effects for ecosystems and the farming industry. Bees are needed in the reproduction
23、 of crops and spreading wild flower species. Understanding what keeps bees buzzing could help to make sure that the insects are able to remember and pollinate their favorite flowers.56. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage? A. Caffeine has no effect on the rat brain.B. Bee population h
24、as been increasing.C. The nectar of lemon plants contains caffeine.D. Bees dislike nectar from sweetened flowers.解析：细节题。根据第二段第二句话：They found that the nectar(花蜜) of some flowers, such as those from grapefruit and lemon plants, as well as certain coffee flowers, contains low doses of caffeine.可以判断答案选C
25、。技巧点拨：细节题一定要根据选项和题干定位出文章中的具体根据，然后进行认真比对。正确选项就是对原文的同义改写或替换。57. After reading the passage, John, who works in the farming industry, will probably feel _. A. annoyedB. angryC. nervousD. excited解析：态度推断题，根据文章最后一段可知，蜜蜂对生态和农业生产有比较大的影响，所以当John读完这篇文章后当然是excited了，生活有希望了。选D。技巧点拨：作者的态度倾向往往隐含在文章中，而不会明确说明，因此态度倾向题
26、也是比较有难度的推理判断题型。这类题目一般分为两类：一是作者对某一具体事物的观点、看法；另一类是作者对某一人、物的评价。议论文或记叙文往往考查作者的态度倾向。如果是论文，应该抓住作者的论点和论据；如果是记叙文，应该特别注意作者总结性的文字(文章最后，所提事物描述的后面)。58. Which of the following relationship is correct according to the passage? A. improved memory caffeine nectar better pollinationB. caffeine nectar improved memory
27、 better pollinationC. improved memory better pollination caffeine nectar D. caffeine nectar better pollination improved memory解析：细节排序题，查看先后顺序，根据第三段（caffeine helps the bee remember where the flowers are,）、和第四段第一句话（Improved memory led to the better pollination.），可知答案选B。技巧点拨：细节题一定要根据选项和题干定位出文章中的具体根据，然后
28、进行认真比对。从而确定顺序。59. We can know from the passage that _. A. the rat is a mammalB. caffeine has nothing to do with memoryC. bees are good at remembering floral traits D. Geraldine Wright did the research on his own解析：细节推断题，根据文章第五段第一话中caffeines effect on the bee brain is similar to its effect on mammals
29、. 后面又列举了rat的例子，那么就非常自然的选A了，老鼠是哺乳动物。技巧点拨：细节推断题必须找到具体的根据，然后再此基础上进行推断，防止无端推断或推断 过头。60. What section of a newspaper may this passage be taken from? A. ScienceB. EducationC. CultureD. Sports解析：推断题，根据文章内容Caffeine can improve memory among honeybees and lead to better pollination(授粉).可以判断选A。技巧点拨：主要根据文章内容，题材
30、，进行推断。【英语卷2014届安徽省合肥市高三第二次教学质量检测】C8 C（2014合肥第二次质检）Eyeglasses correct many different types of sight problems, including nearsightedness, farsightedness or astigmatism (散光). Trying to understand those different numbers on an eyeglass prescription (验光单) requires understanding the measurements optometri
31、sts (验光师) use when fitting you for corrective lenses (镜片).Diopters (屈光度)The numbers on your prescription are given in diopters, whose short form is D. It is used to measure the focusing power, or amount of correction.O.S. and O.D.Optometrists use the Latin short form O.S. and O.D. to distinguish bet
32、ween your eyes. O.S. refers to your left eye, while O.D. refers to the right eye.Generally, your prescription will show a number for O.S. and O.D. (given in diopters). The farther this number is on a number line from zero, the more correction your eyeglasses should provide. A plus sign means the eye
33、 is farsighted, while a minus sign means the eye is nearsighted.Spherical ValueThis plus or minus number for each eye is called the spherical value, or the degree of nearsightedness or farsightedness you have. Its short form is S.CylinderIf you have an astigmatism, the optometrist will also measure
34、its degree. The higher the number (given in diopters) marked as the cylinder of astigmatism, (its short form is C), the more astigmatism there is in that eye.AxisAn astigmatism is also measured in terms of its axis, which is a number between 0 and 180. The axis of the astigmatism does not relate to
35、the amount of cylinder, just the location of the irregularity of the astigmatism on that particular eye.64. According to the first paragraph, various sight problems _.A. should be understood by the patientsB. can be avoided by wearing corrective lensesC. should be tested by different optometristsD.
36、can be corrected by wearing eyeglasses65. If you need a pair of corrective lenses, the optometrist will first value the numbers of _.A. DioptersB. Spherical ValueC. CylinderD. Axis66. From the prescription above we can learn that Li Hua _.A. is farsightedB. is nearsightedC. has no astigmatismD. is n
37、ormal in sight67. The text is probably taken from _.A. an education report B. a school bulletinC. a local newspaperD. an encyclopedia (百科全书)【文章解读】文章介绍了怎样看验光师处方上面的符号和数字是什么含义，让人们更好的了解自己的眼镜，从而配一副适合自己的眼镜。64. 【知识点】细节题【答案解析】D 第一段第一句Eyeglasses correct many different types of sight problems.许多不同类型的眼睛问题都可以通过
38、带眼镜矫正过来。.直接选D65. 【知识点】细节题【答案解析】A 第二段The numbers on your prescription are given in diopters, 可直接选A。66. 【知识点】判断推理题【答案解析】B 根据第四段最后一句A plus sign means the eye is farsighted, while a minus sign means the eye is nearsighted.加号是远视，减号是近视。李华的处方中 Os和Od的数据都是减号，可知李华是近视。选B67. 【知识点】文章出处题【答案解析】D 文章介绍了怎样看验光师处方上面的符号
39、和数字是什么含义，让人们更好的了解自己的眼镜，从而配一副适合自己的眼镜。可知百科全书。选D【英语卷2014届黑龙江省大庆铁人中学高三考前模拟冲刺（201405） 解析】C8 BIt is generally believed that we are getting cleaned when we step under a shower. We are, but were also giving a home to lots of tiny little creatures we didnt even know about. A showerhead carries thousands of b
40、acteria(细菌) called Mycobacterium. These can cause problems like coughs and tiredness, and a general feeling of being sick. When you turn on the water, the bacteria go from the showerhead onto and into your body. This is a finding of Norman R. Pace and his team at the University of Colorado, in the U
41、S. Paces team looked at 45 showerheads in nine American cities. They discovered that 30 percent of them had large amounts of flying Mycobacterium. But Pace said that they pose few threats to the healthOnly those with a weak immune system might need to worryHe told the New York Times that the bacteri
42、a are not as unpleasant as might be thoughtHe said that having a shower is no more dangerous than anything else we do in the morningBut for those who feel sick about the idea of all those microorganisms(微生物), he had some advice. Let the water run for 30 seconds before getting into the shower. Why? T
43、he number of bacteria is smaller than that when the water is just turned on. If that seems like a waste of water, he added that you could also change your showerhead every few months. However, Pace had good news, too. He has also been testing the air in US subways. Apart from iron particles(粒子), whi
44、ch are ground off the track by the wheels of trains, subway air is fresh. The reason is that a trains movement pumps fresh outdoor air into the tunnels. 25. From the finding of Norman R. Pace, after taking a shower, we might cough or feel tired because _.A. its easy to get a cold when taking a bath.
45、B. the showerhead carries many bacteria causing illnessC. we dont get cleaned while showeringD. we dont get a weak immune system26. We can learn from the third paragraph that _. A. having a shower in the morning is more dangerous than at other time B. the bacteria always threat peoples health when p
46、eople have a shower C. people with strong immune system neednt fear microorganisms D. it is better to do some exercise in the morning than have a shower27. The underlined word “pose” in the third paragraph probably means “_”. A. give birth toB. take charge ofC. watch out forD. get away with28. What
47、leads to fresh air in US subways? A. The trains movement.B. Iron particles. C. Train wheels.C. Air conditioners on the trains.【英语卷2014届重庆市高三考前模拟试题（201404）word版解析】 C8 E What is the nature of the scientific attitude, the attitude of the man or woman who studies and applies physics, biology, chemistry,
48、 geology, engineering, medicine or any other science? We all know that science plays an important role in the societies in which we live. A great many people believe, however, that the progress of civilization depends on two different aspects of science. The first of these is the application of the
49、machines, products and systems of applied knowledge that scientists and technologists develop, through which we improves the structure of society and helps man to gain increasing control over his environment. The second aspect is the application by all members of society of the special methods of th
50、ought and action that scientists use in their work. What are these special methods of thinking and acting? First of all, it seems that a successful scientist is full of curiosity he wants to find out how and why the universe works. He usually directs his attention towards problems which he notices h
51、ave no satisfactory explanation, and his curiosity makes him look for underlying relationships even if the data available seem to be unconnected. Moreover, he thinks he can improve the existing conditions and enjoys trying to solve the problems which this involves. He is a good observer, accurate, p
52、atient and objective and applies logical thought to the observations he makes. He uses the facts he observes to the fullest extent. For example, trained observers obtain a very large amount of information about a star mainly from the accurate analysis of the simple lines that appear in a spectrum(光谱
53、). He is always skeptical-he does not accept statements which are not based on the most complete evidence available-and therefore rejects authority as the only basis for truth. Scientists always check statements and make experiments carefully and objectively to test them. These seem to be some of th
54、e ways in which a successful scientist or technologist thinks and acts.52. According to the first paragraph, many people hold the view that A. scientists from different fields have different scientific attitudes B. the attitude of scientists contributes to the development of society C. the applicati
55、on of scientific knowledge determines scientific attitude D. all members of a society should use scientific discoveries in their work53. What can we know about curiosity? A. It provides successful scientists satisfactory explanation. B. It gives rise to an interest in interpersonal relationship. C.
56、It leads to efforts to investigate potential connections; D. It encourages scientists to look for new ways of acting.54. A successful scientist would A. always question unchecked statements B. easily cooperate with other researchers C. always use imagination in his work D. reject the evidence from t
57、he authority55. The best tide would be A. The Application of Science B. The Nature of Applied Science C. How Scientists Think and Act D. How Can We Develop Science 【全品解析】E 【文章解读】本文是一篇科普环保类说明文，说明了科学在社会中起着重要的作用，然而许多人认为，我们的进取取决于科学的两个不同的方面，第一个方面是机器的应用，产品知识，科学家和技术人人员开发系统。二是思想和行为为科学家在研究中使用特殊方法的应用52. 【知识点】
58、细节题【答案解析】B由第一段第四A great many people believe, however, that the progress of civilization depends on two different aspects of science.可以知道答案，故选B。53. 【知识点】细节题【答案解析】C由第二段第二句He usually directs his attention towards problems which he notices have no satisfactory explanation, （排除A） and his curiosity makes
59、him look for underlying relationships （潜在的关系 排除B）even if the data available seem to be unconnected.可以推出答案，故选C。54. 【知识点】细节题【答案解析】A由第四段最后一句He is always skeptical-he does not accept statements which are not based on the most complete evidence available可以知道答案，故选A。B、C没有提及rejects authority（拒绝权威） as the on
60、ly basis for truth 由此可知D答案理解片面。选A55. 【知识点】主旨大意题（标题确定题）【答案解析】C第一段最后一句the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.第二段第一句What are these special methods of thinking and acting?文章最后一句These seem to be some of the ways in which a successful scientist or technologist thinks a
61、nd acts.故选C。 【考点点拨】这种题一般都可以在第一段与最后一段找到答案。很多时候是第一段第一句或最后一句。记叙文则多在最后一段。抓住段落或文章主题的捷径之一就是在段落或文章中寻找主题句。主题句是指能表达或概况段落主题或文章主要内容的句子， 通常是一个简洁、完整、具有概况性的句子，较多出现在说明文和议论文中，而其他句子则围绕着主题句展开进行说明解释或扩展。主题句在文中的位置:1) 开门见山：提出主题-细节支撑阐明主题2) 段末点睛：细节描述-归纳要点-概括主题3) 段中点旨：细节描述-归纳主题-进一步解释4) 无主题句:考生需根据文章中所叙述的事实或提供的线索来概括和总结文章的大意 【
62、英语卷2014届重庆市高三考前模拟试题（201404）word版解析】 C8 C Werewolves(狼人) arent the only creatures thrown off by the moons cycles. A full moon subtly disrupts peoples sleep, reports a Swiss team of scientists. Even people dozing(打盹儿l,) in a lab without windows experienced a small shortfall in sleep once a month. To t
63、est the moons effect, 33 adult volunteers of both sexes and various ages spent several nights in a sleep lab. As they dozed, researchers monitored their brain activity, eye movements and hormone(荷尔蒙) levels. On nights closer to a full moon, the subjects took an average of five minutes longer to fall
64、 asleep, and slept for 20 minutes less. In addition, brain activity decreased by 30 percent during the sleep stage that the brain normally uses to recover from its daylight work. And levels of melatonin, the hormone that helps control sleep cycles, dropped. On these nights, the sleepers complained o
65、f poor sleep quality even though they were unaware of the lunar cycle. On the bright side, not a single participant turned into a werewolf. These new data suggest the moons cycles can subtly affect sleep cycles. These internal cycles may be similar to the roughly 24-hour rhythms driven by the bodys
66、internal clock. One big difference: The bodys clock is set by sunlight. The Swiss team doesnt know how the moon affects sleep. The gravitational attraction of the moon causes ocean tides to rise and fall. But that force is too weak to affect sleep, Cajochen says. He suspects some internal body clock
67、 may be tied to the moon cycles. Lunar cycles have been noted in sea animals that keep track of the tides. There may be another explanation, says David Dinges. This sleep researcher at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia says that the body clock is very sensitive to light at night. Volunt
68、eers sleep could have been altered by exposure to extra moonlight before arriving at the lab.44. The writer mentioned werewolves in the first paragraph? A. give an example of the existence of the moons cycle B. draw peoples attention to the finding of the research C. warn people of the danger of sle
69、eping alone in a lab D. find the similarity between werewolves and humans45. What happened to the volunteers during the experiment on a full moon? A. They slept for about five minutes longer than usual. B. Their brains were not so active as they normally were. C. Their brains never recovered from th
70、e daylight work. D. They complained that they were too tired to sleep.46. The last paragraph is mainly developed by A. analyzing causes B. making comparisons C. examining differences D. following the time order47. The passage is mainly about A. the moon and its effects on our sleeping habits B. the
71、causes of peoples sleeping problems C. the possible reasons why sleep suffers once a month D. the ways to improve our sleep quality on a full moon【全品解析】44. 【知识点】判断推理题 【答案解析】B第一段Werewolves(狼人) arent the only creatures thrown off by the moons cycles从狼人讲到人也受到月球周期的影响。第二段To test the moons effect可知选B。45.
72、【知识点】细节题 【答案解析】B第二段brain activity decreased by （减少了）30 percent during the sleep stage that the brain normally uses to recover from its daylight work. 可知B正确。the subjects took an average of five minutes longer to fall asleep被试者平均用了5分多钟入睡 A（测试者比平时多睡了5分钟）错误 the sleepers complained of poor sleep quality
73、抱怨睡眠质量不好D错46. 【知识点】篇章结构题 【答案解析】A how the moon affects sleep. some internal body clock may be tied to the moon cycles. There may be another explanation,可判断出主要是分析影响睡眠的原因。选A。47. 【知识点】主旨大意题【答案解析】C A full moon subtly disrupts peoples sleep, 满月巧妙地会打乱人们的睡眠 These new data suggest the moons cycles can subtly
74、 affect sleep cycles. 月亮的周期可以潜移默化地影响睡眠周期 可知选C 【英语卷（解析）2014届江西省师大附中高三三模考试（201405）】C8 CRunning like the wind, roaring (咆哮) like thunder, tigers have long been feared and respected as a king of the animal world. But last week a report said that there are no more than 30 wild tigers left in south China.
75、This was the conclusion of a team of scientists from Chinas State Forestry Administration and the World Nature Fund.The South China tiger, also known as the Chinese tiger, is native to southern China. In the 1950s, there were over 4000 tigers found in mountain forests in the country. But due to the
76、destruction of their natural habitat and uncontrolled hunting, it has been pushed on to the list of the worlds top ten most endangered species.Sixtysix of the big cats can be found in the cages of a dozen zoos around China. But they are nothing like their wild cousins. They have lost their natural s
77、kills such as hunting and killing. If they were set free they could not look after themselves. “Breeding has damaged the quality of the species”， said Pei Enle, deputy director of the Shanghai Zoo.To reintroduce the species into the wild, the country started a programme to send five to ten young tig
78、ers to South Africa. Four of them have already arrived. Progress has been made as two elder tigers have recovered some of their instincts(本能) and can hunt wild animals by themselves at the African base.“South Africans are very experienced in reintroducing big animals to the wild. The country has ver
79、y good natural conditions for the tigers to learn in”， said Lu Jun, office director of the National Wildlife Research and Development Center.“We tried in Fujian Province, but it was not successful as there was not a complete ecochain(生物链) and there was a lack of space.”The tigers should return to Ch
80、ina in 2007 when the reservations in Fujian are ready.66What is the main reason for the South China tiger becoming one of the worlds top ten most endangered species?A. Because it has lost its natural instincts.B. Because there is not a complete ecochain.C. Because there is no space for it.D .Because
81、 uncontrolled hunting has destroyed its natural living conditions.67How is the programme of sending several tigers to South Africa getting on?A. Its effect still remains to be seen.B. Two tigers can already compete with their wild cousins.C. Some of the tigers are already on the road to recovering t
82、heir natural skills.D. The tigers should be able to recover their instincts completely by 2007.68By saying “but they are nothing like their wild cousins”， the writer means that_.A. they are no longer feared by other wild animalsB. they dont know how to hunt or killC. a complete change has resulted i
83、n the species because of breedingD. to reintroduce them into the wild has become an urgent task69What is the purpose of sending young tigers to South Africa?A. To help the tigers recover their ability to live in the wild.B. To provide them with a better environment.C. To get the tigers to go on a to
84、ur.D. To find a complete ecochain for them.70Which one is NOT the reason for South Africa being chosen as the training place?A. Because the tigers can hunt wild animals by themselves at the African base.B. Because South Africans are skilled at dealing with the tigers.C. Because there is a complete e
85、cochain and enough space there.D. Because the country has good natural conditions for the tigers to learn in. 【答案】66. D。解析：细节题，根据文章第一段But due to the destruction of their natural habitat and uncontrolled hunting, it has been pushed on to the list of the worlds top ten most endangered species.可知。67. C
86、。解析：细节题，根据文中倒数第三段的Progress has been made as two elder tigers have recovered some of their instincts(本能) and can hunt wild animals by themselves at the African base可知这些老虎正在逐渐恢复自然本性，故选C。68. B。解析：细节题，根据文中该句话后的They have lost their natural skills such as hunting and killing可知选B。69.A。解析：细节推断题，根据文中第六段的To r
87、eintroduce the species into the wild, the country started a programme to send five to ten young tigers to South Africa判断为了这些老虎恢复本性故选A。70.A解析：推断题。根据文中最后一段的South Africans are very experienced in reintroducing big animals to the wild.排除B；根据The country has very good natural conditions for the tigers to
88、learn in”排除D；根据We tried in Fujian Province, but it was not successful as there was not a complete ecochain(生物链) and there was a lack of space推断排除C。由此判断选A。【英语卷（解析）2014届宁夏银川一中高三下学期第三次模拟考试（201405）】C8 CEverybody needs blood Have you ever seen buses on the street for donating blood? Medical workers on bo
89、ard collect blood from volunteers. The blood is then stored up and given to people who have lost a large amount of it due to accidents or diseases. Blood is one of the most important substances (物质) supporting our lives. But for now, the only way we can get more of it is through donation. And donate
90、d blood has its own problems. First of all, certain blood types are extremely rare. Type O negative blood (O-), for example, only exists in 7 percent of people, according to Sunday Times. There are fewer donors and therefore there isnt enough of this type of blood for everybody who needs it. In addi
91、tion, donated blood comes from various people, which means that it has to be examined carefully for disease such as hepatitis (肝炎) and HIV to make sure that its safe for transfusion. This is why scientists all over the world have been trying to make blood in labs. And now, someone finally succeededM
92、arc Turner at the Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service has produced blood fit for transfusion, reported Forbes. Unlike many other scientists, who have tried to make blood substitutes by mixing up different ingredients together, Turner chose to grow blood directly from human stem cells (干细胞).
93、He developed a special technique to create a chemical environment similar to that in our bone marrow (骨髓). This environment encourages stem cells to develop fully into red blood cell. According to Turner, his version of artificial blood is unlikely to contain disease viruses or produce side effects.
94、 And the best part is that what he managed to produce was type O- blood. Not only is it a rare blood type, its also a universal type, which means it can be transfused into any patient. The new blood is scheduled for human tests in 2016. However, Turner stressed that the new study should not be taken
95、 as a signal for people to stop donating blood because it could be another 20 years before the artificial blood can be manufactured on a large scale. “It is one thing to bake a cake and another thing to bake a cake 100 times the size,” said Turner. “Its not just a matter of putting in 100 times the
96、ingredients.”28According to the text, a potential danger of blood transfusion is that_.A. it is impossible to store up large amounts of bloodB. blood transfusion may lead to some terrible infectionsC. it is very hard to find matches for certain blood typesD. blood transfusion often leads to serious
97、side effects29The study Marc Turner did is different from those of many other scientists in that _.A. he grew artificial blood using human stem cellsB. he was able to discover the special function of type O- bloodC. he produced the first artificial blood in the worldD. he used special ingredients to
98、 produce artificial blood cells30We can know from the text that_.A. people with type O- blood can receive blood transfusion from anyoneB. the practice of blood transfusion will end in 20 years C. the new blood produced by Turner has been experimented on human beingsD. the artificial blood produced b
99、y Turner will be a safe and universal type31. Which of the following words best describes Turners attitude towards the application of his artificial blood?A. Pessimistic. B. Doubtful. C. Cautious. D. Uninterested. 解析：28.选B。细节题，根据第二段最后一句话：In addition, donated blood comes from various people, which me
100、ans that it has to be examined carefully for disease such as hepatitis (肝炎) and HIV to make sure that its safe for transfusion.中的which means that it has to be examined carefully for disease such as hepatitis (肝炎) and HIV to make sure that its safe for transfusion可知“输血”是会感染肝炎和艾滋29.选A。细节题，根据第四段第一句话：Un
101、like many other scientists, who have tried to make blood substitutes by mixing up different ingredients together, Turner chose to grow blood directly from human stem cells (干细胞).可知 Turner直接从人类干细胞中造血，即培植造血干细胞。这是不同于其他科学家的。30.选D。综合细节题，根据第五段第一句话：his version of artificial blood is unlikely to contain dis
102、ease viruses or produce side effects.可知Turner的人造血是安全的，没有病毒和副作用。根据第三句话：Not only is it a rare blood type, its also a universal type, 可知他的人造血是一种通用形式，任何人都可以接受。故选D。31.选C。态度推断题，本题型要基于描述态度、看法、观点的词句，根据文章最后一段可知答案。再需二十年才能大规模生产人造血，尽管现在已经发明了，那么不就是小心谨慎了吗？【解析英语卷2014届福建省漳州市八校高三第四次联考（201405）】C8 DPeople in several A
103、merican states may be surprised to see cars on city streets without a driver. Experimental driverless vehicles now are legal in Florida, Nevada and California. They are pointing the way to a future that is not far down the road. The high-tech company Google has a number of self-driving cars, which h
104、ad covered 480,000 kilometers by August. Volvo is among the companies doing road tests and says it plans to sell driverless cars by 2020. In September, California Governor Jerry Brown signed an act to allow autonomous vehicles on the roads of his state. Today were looking at science fiction becoming
105、 tomorrows reality-the driverless car. The technology for these cars includes cameras, radar and motion sensors. The systems have been improved through competitions sponsored by the U. S. government agency DARPA. Engineer Richard Mason of the Rand Corporation helped design driverless vehicles for DA
106、RPA challenge races. Cars have become much more fuel-efficient, and new electronic features are making Hondas safer, said Angie Nucci of Honda America. A camera on the passenger-side mirror actually engaged on your guiding screen so you can safely change lanes. Other safety features include warning
107、systems on the front and the sides of the cars. These systems help drivers , but dont replace them. Curator Leslie Kendall of the Petersen Automotive Museum said autonomous cars will make the high ways safer By taking out drivers, you also remove most risks of an accident, Kendall said. He said cons
108、umers, however, may be unwilling to lose control. It may take them time to come to realize that the technology is indeed reliable, but it will have to prove itself first. Mason said the technology already works and the biggest challenge now is getting down the cost for driverless vehicles from hundr
109、eds of thousands of dollars to something more affordable. He said this will happen as the technology is improved.68. What can we learn from Paragraph l? A. Driverless vehicles are now legal in the whole USA. B. Volvo will be the first to sell driverless cars. C. Driverless cars are pointing us a far
110、away future. D. Googles self-driving cars have covered a long distance.69 .We learn that Governor of California Jerry Brown_. A. helped design self-driving cars. B. supports self-driving cars on roads. C. considers self-driving cars science fiction. D. improved the self-driving car systems.70. What
111、is the role of the systems mentioned in Paragraph 3? A. They can help people drive more safely. B. They can take the place of drivers now. C. They can make cars run without fuel. D. They can help cars run much faster.71. According to Richard Mason, what is the biggest challenge for driverless cars?A
112、. They are not allowed to run on the road.B. Their technical problems remain to be solved.C. They are now too expensive for consumers.D. They are more dangerous for people on the street.【文章解读】文章介绍无人驾驶汽车已经经过研发阶段，现在正在试用阶段，在不久的将来无人驾驶汽车将不是科幻而成为现实。文章还介绍了这些汽车的系统设计和有待改进的地方。68. 【知识点】细节题【答案解析】D从第一段的句子：The hi
113、gh-tech company Google has a number of self-driving cars, which had covered 480,000 kilometers by August.可知谷歌的无人驾驶车已经可以开很长距离，选D69. 【知识点】细节题【答案解析】B从文章第二段的句子：In September, California Governor Jerry Brown signed an act to allow autonomous vehicles on the roads of his state. 可知加力福利亚的州长Jerry Brown 支持无人驾驶
114、汽车上路，选B70. 【知识点】细节题【答案解析】A从文章第三段的句子：A camera on the passenger-side mirror actually engaged on your guiding screen so you can safely change lanes. Other safety features include warning systems on the front and the sides of the cars. 可知这些系统的作用是它们可以帮助人们更安全的驾驶，选A71. 【知识点】细节题【答案解析】C从文章最后一段的句子：Mason said
115、the technology already works and the biggest challenge now is getting down the cost for driverless vehicles from hundreds of thousands of dollars to something more affordable.可知Richard Mason认为无人驾驶汽车最大的挑战是它们现在对消费者来说太贵了。选C 【英语卷（解析）2015届四川省成都市2高三摸底（零诊）考试（201407）word版】C8 EBritish scientists say they hav
116、e developed a new material called Armourgel that could help protect older adults from breaking bones when they fall. Scientists say it is soft enough to be put in normal everyday clothing.As people get older, many of them develop the disease osteoporosis（骨质疏松症）It makes their bones so weak that even
117、a minor fall can cause a bone to breakIn some cases, older adults can die from breaking bones or from problems resulting from themArmourgel is a combination of two new man-made materialsThese materials quickly take in or absorb energy when they hit something, this protects whatever is behind the mat
118、erialIts soft and flowable so it moves with the musculature of the body but when you impact it it momentarily goes rigid,（僵硬的）said Daniel Plant, the leading researcher,and his team have joined the material with a substance whose cells collapse when they are hitDaniel Plant says, it is the combinatio
119、n of these materials that makes Armourgel specialThe new product is said to be much thinner than other protective materials currently being soldHowever, “Bone protectors, no matter how good, are not the best solutionThe key is to prevent the bones from losing their mineral content, staying healthyAn
120、d then even if you fall, you wont break your bone, said Gambert47The passage mainly talks about .Asome British scientistsBa medical experimentCa new bone protectorDways to protect the old48What makes Armourgel different from other protective materials?AThe light weight of the materials.BThe combinat
121、ion of some materials.CThe adoption of advanced technology.DThe convenience for the old adults to use it.49What does doctor Gambert talk about in the last paragraph?AHow to prevent the old from falling down.BHow to stay healthy when we are getting old.CThe key point to prevent bones from breaking.DT
122、he difference of a newspaper can we read the passage?50In which section of a newspaper can we read the passage?ASports.BHealth.CPeople.DEducation.解析：47.选C，主旨题，根据文章第一段：British scientists say they have developed a new material called Armourgel that could help protect older adults from breaking bones w
123、hen they fall. Scientists say it is soft enough to be put in normal everyday clothing.一般情况下文章第一段所提到的事物或事件是文章所主要说明的对象。48.选B，细节题，第五段第一句话：Daniel Plant says, it is the combination of these materials that makes Armourgel special49.选C，细节题，根据最后一段第二句话：The key is to prevent the bones from losing their minera
124、l content, staying healthy50.选B，由于文章谈论的是一种保护老年人骨折的新材料，所以文章应当会出自于报纸的健康板块。【英语卷（解析）2015届四川省成都市2高三摸底（零诊）考试（201407）word版】C8 DThe Ivy League is a name for eight schools in the northeastern America. All but one were established many years ago, when England had colonies in this area. The oldest schools are
125、Harvard Yale, Columbia, Dartmouth, Princeton, Brown and University of Penn. The newest is Cornell founded in 1865.Originally ,the term Ivy League was used to describe a sports grouping of the eight schools . And many language experts believe that the term first appeared in the media. In the 1930s a
126、ports reporter called the schools in the grouping, the Ivy Leagues The group also had an unofficial name - The Ancient Eight Now both names are usedWhy the reporter used the term is not completely clearSome people say the term is linked to the ivy plantAnd ivy does cover some of the grounds and buil
127、dings at the schoolsOther people say the term dates back to when only four of the schools were part of the sports groupBecause in Roman numerals, the number “4”was written in letters “I” and V However, most historians say that explanation is incorrect ThetermIvyLeagueissometimessaidinadisapprovingwa
128、ySomepeoplethinktheeightschoolsandtheirstudentsvaluethemselvestoohighlyAdmissiontotheschoolsisverycompetitiveOnly as little as 7% of students who seek admission are accepted.The educational offerings of Ivy League schools are considered among the best and most demanding in the worldOn the one hand ,
129、all the eight schools are also private and extremely costlyA four year degree from Harvard, for example, can cost more than$2000,000 On the other hand, however, admission equality opens its door for all top students around the world.43Which of the following universities has the shortest history?ABro
130、wn University.BUniversity of Penn.CCornell University.DHarvard University.44Its believed that the person who first used the term Ivy League was . Aa sportsman Ba journalistCa language expertDa historian45When introducing Ivy League schools, the writer speaks .AcuriouslyBproudlyChappilyDobjectively46
131、It can be inferred that .AIvy League refers to the eight schools sports clubsBthe English founded the first eight Ivy League schoolsCexcellent students have equal chances to study in Ivy LeagueDthe origin of the term Ivy League has become acceptable to all解析43.选C，细节题，根据第一段最后一句话：The newest is Cornell
132、 founded in 1865.44.选B，细节题，根据第二段第二三句话：And many language experts believe that the term first appeared in the media. In the 1930s a ports reporter called the schools in the grouping, the Ivy League45.选D，作者的态度是客观地，既没有褒也没有贬。只是陈述事实。46.选C，推断题，根据最后一段最后一句话：A four year degree from Harvard, for example, can c
133、ost more than$2000,000 On the other hand, however, admission equality opens its door for all top students around the world.【英语卷（解析）2014届山东省日照一中（日照市）高三5月校际联合检测（二模）（201405）】C8 EThe preventive measures for forest fires include some preemptive(抢先)methods that can help reduce the risks of fires and contr
134、ol their severity and spread，and thus, maintain ecological balance and protect resourcesClose monitoring of forest fires caused by natural factors can help prevent their spread to a large extentTo contain forest fires，fire departments usually use water and chemical fire retardants(抑制剂)that can be dr
135、opped from planes and helicoptersTo control the spread of a wildfirefirefighters usually create a control line by removing all fuel from an area so that the fire cannot travel across itControlled burns are often employed by government authorities to reduce fuel buildup，and clean up the fallen leaves
136、，and thus，prevent the spread of forest fires to a vast areaRegular controlled burns can also help maintain biodiversity(生物多样性)，as the smoke and heat produced in the process can facilitate(促进)the growth of seeds of certain plant speciesApart from these，responsible human behavior can help reduce the n
137、umber of forest fires to a great extentIn fact，we can reduce the number of wildfires dramatically by not leaving behind any source of fire in the forest.Forest fires can affect climate and weather to a great extent，besides causing severe damage to valuable treesWildfires can increase the level of gr
138、eenhouse gases(water vapor, carbon dioxide，etc)，and therefore increase pollution and global warmingHowever, they are also an important part of the ecosystem，and many plants depend on the heat and smoke generated by wildfires for their growth and reproductionBut large wildfires can cause extensive da
139、mage to the ecosystem，which again highlights the importance of effective control and prevention of forest fires61What may be the best title for this passage?AControl and Prevention of Forest FiresBHow to Keep Ecological BalanceCEffects of Forest FiresDMethods of Fire Spread Control62Firefighters get
140、 rid of all fuel in all area in order to _Akeep close monitoring of forest firesBprevent the forest fire from occurringCprotect the animals thereDstop the wildfire from spreading63The government arranges some controlled burns to_Aburn the rubbish and keep the forest cleanBhelp keep ecological balanc
141、e of natureCreduce fuel buildup and limit forest fires spreadDprovide reasonable conditions for some plantsgrowth64A controlled forest fire may play a positive role because _.Aa new forest will appear soonBit promotes the development of some seedsCnature keeps its balance only by wildfiresDit makes
142、the trees grow faster than before65The last paragraph tells us that _Athe greenhouse gases are caused mainly by wildfiresBwildfires have both positive and negative effectsCpeople should be aware of the necessity of wildfiresDall the valuable trees disappear owing to wildfires【答案】61.A。解析：主旨大意题。文章从对林火
143、的预防和发生后如何控制两方面做了介绍，所以A项最能全面概括文章内容。62.D。解析： 细节理解题。从文章第一段最后一句“control the spread of a wildfire, firefighters usually create a control line by removing all fuel from an area so that the fire cannot travel across it.”得知。63.C。解析：细节理解题。从第二段“and thus, prevent the spread of forest fires to a vast area”得知。64
144、.B。解析：细节理解题。从第二段“controlled burns can also help maintain biodiversity”以及最后一段“and many plants depend on the heat and smoke generated by wildfires for their growth and reproduction”得知。65.B。解析：推理归纳题。该段介绍了林火的危害：affect climate and weather，increase the level of greenhouse gases，cause extensive damage to t
145、he ecosystem等；但也有积极的一面：they are also an important part of the ecosystem。所以B项客观得对forest fires做了表述。【英语卷2014届陕西省西工大附中高三第八次适应性训练（201405）解析】C8 CWe all know how a photocopier works: you press a button and a copy of a page comes out. Simple! 3D printers work on a similar basisbut instead of printing out a
146、page, you get a 3D copy of a real object. But just how practical are they?You can make just about anything with a 3D printer as long as its plastic: cups, toys, plates, bottles, spoons, knivesScientists are even experimenting with 3-D printing techniques to create replacement body parts (including e
147、ars and noses) and possibly even internal organs one day. 3D printers can also be used to make complex machines. For example, Ivan Sentch of Auckland, New Zealand, printed off car parts so he could build a replica of an Aston Martin D84 sports car. And high tech gunsmith group Defense Distributed bu
148、ilt and test-fired the worlds first 3D-printed firearm.So, how practical are 3D printers? Unfortunately, there are several issues. For a start, theyre pretty expensive. Even a fairly basic one can cost about $1,000, with more complex versions costing up to $500,000! 3D printers are also pretty diffi
149、cult to use. Unless youre really into technology, youre going to have a hard time with them. On top of that, 3D printers cant create fully-formed gadgets(小配件)complete with moving parts. To do that, youve got to print off the parts, then put them together yourself, adding in anything that cant be pri
150、nted: screws (metal ones), rubber bands, circuit boardsand so on.Finally, there are also potential legal issues. Will we be able to print off Lego blocks for our kids? And what about spare parts for the dishwasher, or a new handle for the fridge? The companies who own the copyright for these product
151、s wont be happy about this, and could start legal proceedings for copyright infringement.53. What does the author mainly want to tell us in the passage?A. To inform the readers what is a 3D printerB. To remind the readers 3D printers are becoming more and more popularC. To tell the readers the advan
152、tages and disadvantages of 3D printersD. To discuss the usage of a 3D printer54. The underlined word “replica” in Paragraph 2 probably means “_”.A. part B. copy C. printD. picture55. Which of the following statement is true?A. With a 3D printer, you can make just about anything.B. With 3-D printer,
153、scientists can create replacement body parts now.C. Lego may accuse you if you print off Lego blocks for you kids.D. Its not very difficult to use the 3D printers.56. What the writers attitude towards 3D printers?A. positive B. criticalC. indifferent D. neutral 53. 【知识点】主旨大意题【答案解析】C 从每段句首判断。第二段第一句Yo
154、u can make just about anything with a 3D printer讲述3D打印的优点；第三段Unfortunately, there are several issues和第四段Finally, there are also potential legal issues.讲述了它的缺点，选C。54. 【知识点】词义推断题【答案解析】B 第二段For example, Ivan Sentch of Auckland, New Zealand, printed off car parts so he could build a replica of an Aston
155、Martin D84 sports car.选B，复制品。55. 【知识点】细节理解题【答案解析】 C 第二段第一句You can make just about anything with a 3D printer as long as 从句子后面as long as(只要)判断出A错误；第二段第二句Scientists are even experimenting with 3-D printing techniques to create replacement body parts (including ears and noses) and possibly even interna
156、l organs one day.可知是one day ,而不是now,排除B；第三段3D printers are also pretty difficult to use.排除D；最后一段Finally, there are also potential legal issues. Will we be able to print off Lego blocks for our kids?.可知选C。56. 【知识点】观点态度题【答案解析】D positive积极的，critical批判的，indifferent漠不关心的， neutral中立的。整篇文章，作者从客观的角度介绍了3D打印技
157、术的优点和缺点，选D。【考点点拨】作者态度题的解题技巧作者对某一事物的看法,要么支持,要么反对,要么带中立色彩，漠不关心类词语一定不对,既然写文章就不会不关心；不要把自己的态度揉入其中,也要区分开作者的态度和作者引用的别人的态度 ；当作者的态度没有明确提出时,要学会根据作者使用词语的褒贬性去判断作者的态度。【英语卷2014届江西省师大附中、鹰潭一中高三5月联考（201405） 解析】C8 DHow could we possibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural environmentsmostly for entertain
158、ment purposesis fair and respectful?Zoo officials say they are concerned about animals. However, most zoos remain “collections” of interesting “things” rather than protective habitats. Zoos teach people that it is acceptable to keep animals bored, lonely, and far from their natural homes.Zoos claim
159、to educate people and save endangered species, but visitors leave zoos without having learned anything meaningful about the animals natural behavior, intelligence, or beauty. Zoos keep animals in small spaces or cages, and most signs only mention the species name, diet, and natural range(分布区). The a
160、nimals normal behavior is seldom noticed because zoos dont usually take care of the animals natural needs.The animals are kept together in small spaces, with no privacy and little opportunity for mental and physical exercise. This results in unusually and self-destructive behavior called zoochosis.
161、A worldwide study of zoos found that zoochosis is common among animals kept in small spaces or cages. Another study showed that elephants spend 22 percent of their time making repeated head movements or biting cage bars, and bears spend 30 percent of their time walking back and forth, a sign of unha
162、ppiness and pain. Furthermore, most animals in zoos are not endangered. Captive breeding(圈养繁殖) of endangered big cats. Asian elephants, and other species has not resulted in their being sent back to the wild. Zoos talk a lot about their captive breeding programs because they do not want people to wo
163、rry about a species dying out. In fact, baby animals also attract a lot of paying customers. Havent we seen enough competitions to name baby animals?Actually, we will save endangered species only if we save their habitats and put an end to the reasons people kill them. Instead of supporting zoos, we
164、 should support groups that work to protect animals natural habitats.71. How would the author describe the animals life in zoos?A. Dangerous.B. Unhappy.C. Natural.D. Easy.72. In the state of zoochosis, animals _. A. remain in cagesB. behave strangely C. attack other animals D. enjoy moving around73.
165、 What does the author try to argue in the passage? A. Zoos are not worth the public support. B. Zoos fail in their attempt to save animals. C. Zoos should treat animals as human beings. D. Zoos use animals as a means of entertainment.74. The author tries to persuade readers to accept his argument ma
166、inly by _. A. pointing out the faults in what zoos do B. using evidence he has collected at zoos C. questioning the way animals are protected D. discussing the advantages of natural habitats75. Although he argues against zoos, the author would still agree that _. A. zoos have to keep animals in smal
167、l cages B. most animals in zoos are endangered species C. some endangered animals are reproduced in zoos D. its acceptable to keep animals away from their habitats试题分析：文章讲述了作者对动物园的看法，表明动物园的动物并不快乐，而且呼吁我们去支持那些真正为保护野生动物栖息地的工作。71.细节题。从第二自然段Another study showed that elephants spend 22 percent of their ti
168、me making repeated head movements or biting cage bars and bears spend 30 percent of their time walking back and forth, a sign of unhappiness and pain.可知，作者认为动物们在动物园并不开心，故选B72.细节题。从第二自然段Another study showed that elephants spend 22 percent of their time making repeated head movements or biting cage ba
169、rs and bears spend 30 percent of their time walking back and forth, a sign of unhappiness and pain可知有动物精神病的动物行为非常的怪异，故选B73.细节题。从最后一句Instead of supporting zoos, we should support groups that work to protect animals natural habitats.可知作者的态度是不要去支持动物园而应该支持那些为保护动物自然栖息地的工作，故选A74.推断题。从第二，三自然段可知作者通过指出动物园的错误来证明自己的观点。75. 推断题。从第三段Zoos talk a lot about their captive breeding programs because they do not want people to worry about a species dying out.可知虽然作者反对动物园，但是动物园也确实进行了圈地繁殖来保证动物不会灭绝，故选C
