1、一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态及主谓一致语法精讲.一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态【语境领悟】Peter,you are wanted on the phone.Its your mother.Listen to your friends problems and give advice when you are asked.The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell.He told me he wouldnt attend your birthday party unless he was invited.【知识归纳】(1)构成：
2、被动语态由“be过去分词”构成；一般现在时的被动语态由“is/am/are及物动词的过去分词”构成(例)；一般过去时的被动语态由“was/were及物动词的过去分词”构成(例)。(2)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时的被动语态表示一般将来时的被动语态(例)；用一般过去时的被动语态表示过去将来时的被动语态(例)。【深化点拨】(1)有些动词或动词短语没有被动语态，如belong to,break out,happen,take place,last,fail,cost等。*The meeting only lasted for an hour.会议只持续了一个小时。(2)有些动词用主动
3、形式表示被动意义以说明主语的性质，如clean,sell,look,lock,open,write,read,wash,feel等，此时多与副词easily/poorly/well等连用。*This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布很容易洗。(3)一些常用的经典被动句型：It is said/thought/reported/expected that.*It is said that the price of meat will go up next month.据说下个月肉价会上涨。.主谓一致 在英语句子里，谓语动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一
4、致。主谓一致大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、意义一致和就近一致原则。1语法一致原则语法一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。(1)以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。*Walking on the moon is very difficult.在月球上行走是十分困难的。(2)由连接词and或both.and.连接起来的合成主语后面，一般要用复数形式的谓语动词。*To say something and to do it are quite different things.说和做是完全不同的事情。(3)当主语后面跟有with,alon
5、g with,together with,as well as,including,but,in addition to等词组成的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。*The teacher as well as the students likes the painting.老师和学生都喜欢这幅画。(4)either,neither,each,every或no单数名词和由some,any,no,every构成的复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词都用单数。*Neither of us has gone through regular training.我们两个都没受过正规的训练。*Nobody
6、wants to go there,do they?没有人想去那里，是吧？【名师点津】(1)在口语中，当either或neither后跟有“of复数名词(或代词)”作主语时，其谓语动词用单、复数都可以。(2)若neither of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，则谓语动词用单复数均可。2意义一致原则意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致。(1)集体名词作主语时，谓语动词的数要根据主语的意义来决定。谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时强调该集体。这些词有family,class,crowd,committee,population,au
7、dience,government,group,team等。*The football team is being rebuilt.足球队正在重建。*The football team are having baths and then they are coming here for tea.足球队员们正在洗澡，然后他们会到这里喝茶。【名师点津】集合名词people,police,cattle等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。*The police are looking into the accident.警方正在调查这起事故。sheep,means等名词作主语时，要根据具体情况来确定谓语动
8、词的数。*Every means has been tried.一切方法都试过了。*Lots of means have been worked out.许多方法都想了出来。trousers,glasses,clothes,shoes 等词作主语时，谓语动词用复数，但如果这些词前有 a(the)pair of 等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。are broken.我的眼镜坏了。*The pair of shoes under the bed is his.床下的那双鞋是他的。(2)当主语是“most/some/half/the rest/分数/百分数of名词”时，如果 of 后面的名词表示单数概
9、念或为不可数名词，则谓语动词用单数形式；如果 of 后面的名词表示复数概念，则谓语动词用复数形式。*The rest of the apples are red.剩余的苹果是红色的。*Two-thirds of the meat has been eaten.2/3 的肉被吃掉了。(3)表示金钱、时间、距离、长度、体积、面积、重量、价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语动词一般用单数。*Eight hours of sleep is enough.八小时的睡眠足够了。*Ten dollars is too cheap for this pair of shoes.这双
10、鞋10美元太便宜了。(4)many a或more than one所修饰的短语作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。*Many a person has that kind of opportunity.很多人都有那种机遇。*More than one man has been dismissed.不止一人被解雇了。(5)“定冠词 the形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，谓语动词用复数；表示某一类事物时，谓语动词常用单数。*The injured have been taken to hospital.伤员已被送往医院。(6)由“a lot of,lots of,plenty of,the major
11、ity of,half of,a large/small quantity of名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数常常要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。*A large quantity of water is needed.需要大量的水。【语境领悟】“large/small quantities of名词”作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式。*Large quantities of water have been polluted.大量的水已经被污染了。(7)两个或两个以上的并列名词或代词由and连接时，如果表示不同概念，谓语动词用复数形式；如果表示同一概念
12、，谓语动词用单数形式。*Wu Dong and Wu Xi are twin brothers.吴东和吴西是孪生兄弟。*The singer and dancer comes from Shanghai.那位歌舞演员来自上海。【名师点津】由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no,each,every,more than one,many a(an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。*Each boy and each girl has got a dictionary.每个男孩和女孩都有一本词典。(8)在定语从句中，关系代词that,who,which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的
13、数一致。“one of复数名词”后的定语从句，谓语动词用复数形式；而“the(only)one of复数名词”后的定语从句，谓语动词用单数。*He is one of the students who have been to Shanghai.他是那些去过上海的学生中的一个。*He is the only one of the students who has been to Shanghai.他是那些学生中唯一一个去过上海的。(9)表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，谓语动词的数要视具体情况而定。中心词是表示金钱、距离、时间等的词时，常被看作一个整体，谓语动词
14、习惯上用单数形式；中心词是apple,banana等可数名词时，谓语动词习惯用复数形式。*One and a half hours is enough for me to finish the work.对我来说，一个半小时完成这项工作就足够了。(10)none作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数形式也可用复数形式；all单独作主语表示人时，谓语动词用复数形式；表示事物时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。*All are eager to reach an agreement.大家都急于达成一项协议。*All is well that ends well.结果好，一切都好。3就近一致原则就近一致就是谓语动词在
15、人称和数上与最近的主语保持一致。(1)由or,either.or.,neither.nor.或not only.but also.等连接的并列主语，通常使用就近一致原则。这一原则也适用于疑问句。*Are you or he good at English?是你还是他擅长英语？*Not only the students but also the teacher wants to go climbing.学生和老师都想去爬山。(2)there,here引导的句子，其主语是一系列事物时，使用就近一致原则。*There is a pen,two books and many pencils on t
16、he desk.桌上有一支钢笔，两本书和许多铅笔。*There are two books,a pen and many pencils on the desk.桌上有两本书，一支钢笔和许多铅笔。附：主谓一致记忆口诀单单复复最常见，集体名词谓用单，如若强调其成员，复数谓语记心间。有些名词谓常复，people,police即这般。单数主语后接介，谓语单数介无关，many a作主(语)也如此，谓语动词应用单。or,nor,but also,there be，近主原则挂嘴边。关系代词作主语，谓语根据先行词判。不定式短语、动名词，主语从句谓全单。新思维随堂自测.用所给词的适当形式填空1People _
17、(not allow)to enter the building,because it is being painted.2If we _(permit),we will go out to enjoy the moon.3Her bag _(steal)several days ago,so she wants to buy a new one.答案：are not allowed答案：are permitted答案：was stolen4Having been showed around the library,then we _(take)to the laboratory.5When
18、you _(invite)to a meal,you can ask if you may bring something.6The flight _(put off)about half an hour because of ground fog.答案：were taken答案：are invited答案：was put off7Make sure that all the windows _(close)before you leave the room.8It _(not allow)to drive after drinking wine according to the traffi
19、c rules.答案：are closed答案：isnt allowed.单句改错1Either my teacher or my classmates is coming._2The boy,as well as his sisters,want to go there._3What he chiefly wished for were a chance to go to university._答案：isare答案：wantwants答案：werewas4Each of these books cost five yuan._5Five minutes arent enough to finish this test._6The number of the unemployed are still increasing._7A steel works have just been built there._8His family is waiting for him._答案：costcosts答案：arentisnt答案：areis答案：havehas答案：isare
