1、选修八 第二单元名词性从句(二)语法1、复习同位语从句。2、掌握名词性从句的三要素。3、学会正确选择和使用引导词。名词性从句三要素中,引导词的正确选择和使用是重点,也是难点。本次课名词性从句(二)着重复习同位语从句,并指导“正确选择和使用引导词”。通过分析引导词在名词性从句和状语从句的不同用法来巩固对名词性从句的认识和理解。名词性从句,即指性质相当于名词的从句,它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句的三要素:语序、时态和引导词。一、名词性从句的语序名词性从句的语序与陈述句语序相同,尤其注意那些由连接代词who(m),whose,which,what 和连接副词 when,w
2、here,why 等引导的名词性从句,不要受它们在特殊疑问句中用法的影响而误用疑问句词序。如:Why was she crying?她为什么在哭?I dont know why she was crying.我不知道她为什么哭。三要素-语序二、名词性从句的时态:1.当主句的谓语动词是过去式时,宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理,其谓语动词也必须用某种过去时态。如:She said that she didnt want to know.她说她不想知道。I asked her whether she would agree.我问她是否会同意。2.when,if 这两个词既可引导名词性从句,也可引导
3、状语从句。当它们引导名词性从句且表示将来意义时,要直接使用将来时态;但当它们引导状语从句且表示将来意义时,则必须用一般现在时表示将来意义。如:I dont know when he will come,but when he comes,Ill call you.我不知道他什么时候,但当他来的时候,我会打电话给你。句中第一个when 引导的是宾语从句,故用将来时态表示将来意义;第二个when 引导的是时间状语从句,故用一般现在时表示将来意义。三要素-时态(一)名词性从句的一般引导词:1.连接词 that 引导名词性从句时,只起连接作用,没有任何意思,也不充当句子成分,在宾语从句中可省略,但引导
4、其他名词性从句时通常不省略。如:I hope(that)you enjoy your holiday.希望你假期过得好。That he likes you is very obvious.很显然他喜欢你。三要素-引导词(一)名词性从句的一般引导词:2.连接词 whether 引导名词性从句也不充当句子成分,但有自己的意思,表示“是否”;引导宾语从句时,可换成 if,但引导其他名词性从句时不能换成 if。如:He asked whether if I would show him the way.他问我是否可以给他带路。Whether it will do us harm remains to
5、be seen.是否对我们有害还要看一看。(引导主语从句,不能用 if 代替 whether)三要素-引导词(一)名词性从句的一般引导词:3.连接代词 who(m),whose,which,what 等引导名词性从句时,均有各自的意义,在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。如:Thats why she wanted to leave.这就是她想离开的原因。When we arrive doesnt matter.什么时候到没有关系。Tell me which one you like best.告诉我你最喜欢哪一个。三要素-引导词(一)名词性从句的一般引导词:4.连接副词 when,where,wh
6、y,how 等引导名词性从句,也各自有自己的意义,在从句中作状语。如:The question is how we should carry out the plan.问题是怎样执行这个计划。When shell be back depends much on the weather.她什么时候回来在很大程度上要看天气。Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever.他为什么这样做将永远是一个谜。三要素-引导词(二)名词性从句的重要引导词:1.what 用于引导名词性从句是一个十分重要的引导词,它可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,但不用于引导同位语从句。
7、它引导的名词性从句有两个意思是:一是表示“什么”,带有疑问意味;二是表示“所的”,相当于一个先行词后接一个关系代词。如:I dont know what you want.我不知道你想要什么。I dont know what you want is this.我不知道你所想要的是这个。三要素-引导词(二)名词性从句的重要引导词:2.what 引导名词性从句时可用作限定词,其后修饰名词。如:I gave him what books I had.我把我所有的书都给他了。He gave me what money he had about him.他把身边带有的钱全给了我。注:what 后的名词可
8、以是复数名词或不可数名词,但通常不能是单数可数名词,并且后接不可数名词时,有时可有little修饰,两者的区别是:what+不可数名词=所有的都,what little+不可数名词=虽少但全部。如:What friends she has are out of the country.她有的那些朋友全在国外。We gave him what(little)help we could.我们给了他我们力所能及的帮助。三要素-引导词(二)名词性从句的重要引导词:3.whoever,whatever,whichever 等也可引导名词性从句,其意分别为“所的一切事或东西”、“任何的人”、“的任可人或物
9、”等。如:Whoever wants the book may have it.任何人要这书都可拿去。Ill do whatever I can to help him.我们将尽我们所能来挽救他。Buy whichever is cheapest.买最便宜的。误:Who comes will be welcome./Anyone comes will be welcome.正:Whoever comes will be welcome./Anyone who comes will be welcome.任何人来都欢迎。三要素-引导词另外,它们也可引导让步状语从句,其意为“无论”、“不管”,其意
10、相当于 no matter who what,which。如:Whatever happens,you must be calm.不管发生什么情况,你都必须镇静。(whatever=no matter what)He wont eat you,whoever he is.不管他是谁,他也不能把你吃掉。(whoever=no matter who)三要素-引导词(二)名词性从句的重要引导词:4.why 与 because 的用法区别。两者均可引导表语从句,但前者强调结果,后者强调的原因。如:I had a cold.Thats why I didnt come.我感冒了,因此我没来。I didn
11、t come.Thats because I had a cold.我没有来,那是因为我感冒了。三要素-引导词同位语从句:就是在句中作同位语的从句。它通常放在thought,idea,news,word(=news),plan,doubt,question,fact,suggestion,belief等抽象名词的后面,说明这些词的具体内容或含义。同位语从句大多由that引导,也可由whether,how,when,where,why等引导,但不能由if,which引导。The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.明天放假
12、的消息不实。The idea that you can do this work without thinking is wrong.你可以不动脑筋做此工作的想法是错误的。同位语从句-引导词It is a question how he did it.那是一个他如何做的问题。Do you have any idea where he lives?你知道他住在哪里吗?She had no idea why she thought of him suddenly.她不明白她为什么突然想到了他。We are not investigating the question whether he is t
13、rustworthy.我们不是在调查他是否可信赖的问题。同位语从句-引导词1意义的不同同位语从句是用于说明所修饰名词的具体内容的,它与被修饰词语通常可以划等号;而定语从句是限制所修饰名词的,它的作用是将所修饰的名词与其他类似的东西区别开来:同位语从句与定语从句的区别We are glad at the news that he told us.听到他告诉我们的这个消息我们很高兴。(that从句是限制the news的内容的,即我们高兴只是因为他告诉的这个news而不是其他的news,故that从句为定语从句)We are glad at the news that he will come.听
14、到他要来这个消息我们很高兴。(news的内容就是that he will come,故that引导的是同位语从句)2.引导词的不同:what,how,if,whatever 等可引导名词性从句,但不引导定语从句。从that是否可以省略来看:引导同位语从句的连词that一般不能省略,而在定语从句中,that作宾语时,可以省略。另外,引导定语从句的that若指事物,它可以用which来代替,而在同位语从句中,that 永远不能用which替代。He told me the news that his uncle would come home from abroad on National Day
15、.他告诉我他舅舅将在国庆节回国。(that引导的是同位语从句,其中the news=his uncle would come home from abroad on National Day)This is the factory that we visited last month.这是上个月我们参观的工厂。(that引导的是定语从句,其中 the factory we visited last month.)同位语从句与定语从句的区别3.引导词的功能上的不同:that引导同位语从句时,它不充当句子成分,而引导定语从句时,它作为关系代词,要么充当定语从句的主语,要么充当定语从句的宾语。如:I
16、 hold the belief that where there is a will,there is a way.我坚信:留得青山在,不怕没柴烧。(that引导的是同位语从句,它在从句中不充当句子成分)We are glad at the news that he told us.听到他告诉我们的这个消息我们很高兴。(that he told us中的that就充当told的宾语。)The letter that I received yesterday was from my sister.(that引导的是定语从句,它在从句中充当宾语)同位语从句与定语从句的区别4.被修饰词语的区别:同
17、位语从句所修饰的名词比较有限,通常有hope,wish,idea,news,fact,promise,opinion,suggestion,truth等,而定语从句所修饰的名词则非常广泛。另外,when和where 引导定语从句时,通常只修饰表示时间和地点的名词,而它们引导同位语从句时却不一定;又如why引导定语从句,它通常只修饰名词the reason,而它引导同位语从句时则不一定:I have no idea when they will come.我不知道他们什么时候来。(同位语从句)Ill never forget the days when I lived there.我永远不会忘记
18、我住在那儿的日子。(定语从句)We dont understand the problem why this is the best choice.我们不明白这个问题,为什么这是最好的选择。(同位语从句)The reason why he didnt come to the meeting is that he is ill.他未能来开会,原因是他生病了。(定语从句)同位语从句与定语从句的区别一、名词性从句的三要素:语序、时态和引导词。二、同位语从句:1、引导词2、同位语从句与定语从句的区别:(1)意义的不同(2)引导词的不同(3)引导词的功能上的不同(4)被修饰词语的区别翻译:1、他们为你生病发愁。2、我得到的信息说她可能晚到。3、明天放假的消息不实。4、你可以不动脑筋做此工作的想法是错误的。keys:1.They were worried over the fact that you were sick.2.I received a message that she would be late.3.The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.4.The idea that you can do this work without thinking is wrong.