1、Section Grammar复习名词性从句1(教材P58)Millions of people watched that first moon landing on television, their hearts in their mouths, aware of how difficult and dangerous an adventure it was, and what risks had to be taken.2(教材P59)Like every schoolboy I had thought that going into space as an astronaut must
2、 be the best job in the world.3(教材P60)What we find out from space research is important for us on Earth.4(教材P60)The fact that we cannot travel faster than light means that it will take a long time to reach those planets.在复合句中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能作主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名
3、词性从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句要用陈述语序，而不用疑问语序。主语从句1that引导的主语从句(1)that引导主语从句时，在从句中不作任何成分，也没有词汇意义，但一般不可省略。That the earth goes around the sun is known to us all.众所周知，地球围着太阳转。(2)that引导主语从句时可用it作形式主语，that不可省略。常见句式主要有以下几种：Itbe形容词 (necessary/likely/important/certain等)that从句Itbe名词 (短语) (a pity/a shame/no
4、 wonder等)that从句Itbe过去分词 (said/told/reported等)that从句It不及物动词 (seem，appear，happen，matter等)that从句 (湖北卷)It occurred to him that he had an important conference to attend the next morning.他突然想到，第二天上午他有重要的会议要参加。 (天津卷)It is obvious to the students that they should get well prepared for their future.应该为未来做好充分
5、准备，这一点对于学生们来说很清楚。2whether/if引导的主语从句主语从句位于主句谓语动作前，表示“是否”，只能用whether。若用it作形式主语，则whether与if可互换。Its uncertain whether/if hell come this evening.他今天晚上是否会来还不确定。 (安徽卷)The limits of a persons intelligence，generally speaking，are fixed at birth，but whether he reaches these limits will depend on his environmen
6、t.通常来说，一个人智力上的极限从一出生就确定了，但他是否能够达到极限取决于他所处的环境。3wh类连接词引导的主语从句wh类连接词包括连接代词 (who，whom，whose，what，whoever，whomever，whatever等)和连接副词 (when，where，why，how，whenever，wherever，however等)。连接代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语，连接副词在从句中作状语。其语序为wh类连接词加陈述句。 (2016北京卷)Your support is important to our work. Whatever you can do helps.你的支
7、持对我们的工作很重要。你能做的任何事情都会有所帮助。 (北京卷)What Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.芭芭拉琼斯展现给她的粉丝们的是诚实和快乐。 (北京卷)How we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.我们如何理解事情与我们所感受到的有很大的关系。 (江苏卷)Where Li Bai，a great Chinese poet，was born is known to the public，but some wont accept it.
8、李白，中国伟大的诗人，出生的地方人人皆知，但是有些人对此并不接受。宾语从句宾语从句位于及物动词、动词短语或介词之后。引导词有三类：从属连词只起连接作用，不作句子成分，that无词义，whether，if意为“是否”；连接代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语；连接副词在从句中只作状语。1that引导的宾语从句that引导宾语从句时无词义，在从句中不作成分，口语中一般可以省略，但下列情况下不能省略：(1)当that从句作介词的宾语时。I dont know exactly where he lives，except that its somewhere out in the wilds.他住在哪里
9、我不是很清楚，只知道是远离城市的荒野之中。(2)动词后跟有多个that引导的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可以省略，从第二个从句开始that不可省略。He told me (that) he had to leave and that he would be back soon.他告诉我他得离开并且很快就会回来。(3)it作形式宾语的宾语从句。动词find/feel/think/consider/makeit宾补 (形容词或名词)不定式/that从句动词hate/like/dislike/appreciate/enjoyitthat从句短语动词see to/depend on/rely oni
10、tthat从句固定搭配take it for granted that/owe it to sb.that从句 (陕西卷)No matter where he is，he makes it a rule to go for a walk before breakfast.无论他在哪里，他都定了一个规矩早餐前散步。I shall see to it that he is taken good care of when you are absent.你不在的时候，我会负责把他照顾好。2whether与if引导的宾语从句whether与if引导宾语从句时，在从句中不作任何成分，但有具体的含义，意为“
11、是否”。 (2017天津卷)She asked me whether I had returned the books to the library，and I admitted that I hadnt.她问我是否把书还给图书馆了，我承认我还没有还。在下列情况下只能用whether而不能用if：(1)宾语从句中有or not时，只能用whether。I dont know whether or not the report is true.I dont know whether the report is true or not.我不知道这个报道是否是真的。(2)介词后的宾语从句要用whet
12、her，whether可与不定式连用。It depends on whether we have enough time.这取决于我们是否有充足的时间。They dont know whether to go there.他们不知道是否要去那里。3连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句连接代词和连接副词引导宾语从句时既充当句子成分又有具体词义，且不可省略。 (2018天津卷)The gold medal will be awarded to whoever wins the first place in the bicycle race.无论谁获得自行车比赛第一名，将授予他金牌。 (四川卷)Our
13、teachers always tell us to believe in what we do and who we are if we want to succeed.老师们总是告诉我们，如果我们想成功的话，就要相信我们所做的事情以及我们自己。宾语从句的时态：一般情况下，宾语从句须与主句的时态保持一致，即当主句是一般现在时时，从句可根据具体情况选用合适的时态；当主句为过去的某种时态时，从句须用相应的过去的某种时态。当从句的内容为真理或客观事实时，须用一般现在时。表语从句在句中作表语的从句称为表语从句。表语从句位于系动词之后。1从属连词that/whether引导表语从句在表语从句中，从属连
14、词只起连接作用，其中that无词义，一般不能省略；whether意为“是否”。if不能引导表语从句。 (2016上海卷)The most important result for the user is that the product does what is intended.对用户来说最重要的是产品达到了预期的效果。The problem is whether the air pollution can be controlled.问题是空气污染能否被控制住。2连接代词、连接副词引导的表语从句(1)连接代词有：who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whome
15、ver，whosever，whatever，whichever等；连接代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。(2)连接副词有：when，where，why，how，whenever，wherever，however等。连接副词在从句中作状语。 (2018北京卷)This is what my father has taught meto always face difficulties and hope for the best.这是我父亲教我的总是要面对困难，抱最大的希望。 (北京卷)The best moment for the football star was when he scor
16、ed the winning goal.在这个足球明星看来，最美好的时刻是他射进制胜球的时候。3其他连接词引导的表语从句(1)as if/as though引导表语从句as if/as though意为“好像，仿佛”，引导的表语从句常跟在系动词 (be动词，seem，appear，look，taste，sound，feel，smell等)之后。若表语从句所述的是非真实的情况，从句用虚拟语气；若所述的是事实的或是极可能发生的情况，从句用陈述语气。The thick smog covered the whole city. It was as if a great black blanket ha
17、d been thrown over it.厚重的烟雾覆盖着整个城市，好像把一个厚厚的黑色的毯子扔到它的上面。(2)because，why引导的表语从句This/That/It is why表语从句 (表结果)“这/那就是的原因”This/That/It is because表语从句 (表原因)“这/那是因为”The reason why.is that表语从句“的原因是” (安徽卷)From space，the earth looks blue. This is because about seventyone percent of its surface is covered by wat
18、er.从太空中看，地球是蓝色的。这是因为地球表面约百分之七十一都被水覆盖着。同位语从句同位语从句在句中作某一名词 (advice，conclusion，doubt，fact，hope，idea，news，promise，question，suggestion，thought，truth，wish，word等)的同位语，一般位于该名词之后，说明该名词的具体内容。引导同位语从句的连接词主要有that，whether，why，who，where，how，when等。在同位语从句中，that和whether不作成分，that无词义，whether表示“是否”；if不能引导同位语从句。引导同位语从句的连
19、接词一般都不能省略。 (2016天津卷)The manager put forward a suggestion that we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.经理提出一个建议，我们应该有个助手。有太多的工作要做。that引导同位语从句和定语从句的区别：that引导定语从句时，that既起引导词的作用，又在从句中充当句子成分；如果在从句中作宾语that还可以省略，所修饰的名词指物时可用which替换。引导同位语从句时，that在从句中不充当任何句子成分，不能省略。The news that our team has
20、 won the game is true.我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。 (同位语从句)The news that he told me yesterday was true.昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。 (定语从句) 单句语法填空1(2018江苏卷)By boat is the only way to get here，which is how we arrived.2(2018天津卷)The possibility that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to
21、 explore the outer space.3(2017北京卷)Every year，whoever makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.4(2017北京卷)Jane moved aimlessly down the treelined street, not knowing where she was heading.5(2016江苏卷)It is often the case that anything is possible for those who hang on to hope
22、.6(2016北京卷)The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is that one can be entirely free from dust.7(浙江卷)“Every time you eat a sweet, drink green tea.” This is what my mother used to tell me.8He didnt work hard. Thats why he was fired.9Do not let any failures discourage you, for you can never tell ho
23、w close you may be to victory.10The question occurred to me where we should go to get the car repaired. We were in the middle of the forest at that time. 单句改错1With the belief what our dream will come true in this June, we feel more motivated to prepare for the College Entrance Examination.whatthat2A
24、s is known to us is that tobacco contains nicotine and other harmful products, so you should give up smoking.AsWhat3Id like to work with whomever is honest and easy to get on with.whomeverwhoever4My wife tries her best to do everything for our children.Thats exactly what she is mistaken.whatwhere5(2
25、016全国卷)My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live. thatwhere 语法与写作1还不知道哪支队伍将赢得比赛。It is still unknown which team will win the match.2他没有告诉我什么时候我们会再见面。He didnt tell me when we would meet again3无论谁违反法律，都应受到惩罚。Whoever breaks the law should be punished.4他没有来的原因是他妈妈生病了。The reason why he didnt come was that his mother was ill.5我认为每天喝大量的开水是有必要的。I think it necessary that we drink plenty of boiled water every day.
