1、Section Learning About Language（定语从句）情境创设语法精讲教材链接（1）（教材P50）There are various reasons why people compose poetry.（2）（教材P50）One of the simplest kinds of poem is the “list poem”, which contains a list of things, people, ideas, or descriptions that develop a particular theme.（3）（教材P50）List poems have a f
2、lexible line length and repeated phrases which give both a pattern and a rhythm to the poem.（4）（教材P51）Another simple form of poem that amateurs can easily write is the cinquain, which is made up of five lines.（5）（教材P51）Haiku is a Japanese form of poetry that consists of 17 syllables.（6）（教材P51）The ha
3、iku poem （E） on the right is a translation from Japanese, which shows a moment in the life of a delicate butterfly. 观察上面句子, 它们中均包含了定语从句 , 其中（1）、（3）、（5）中的定语从句为限制性定语从句, （6）中的为非限制性定语从句, （2）和（4）中既有限制性定语从句也有非限制性定语从句。要点精析1. 定语从句的基本概述（1）定义：在主从复合句中, 修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般跟在它所修饰的名词或代词之后。（2）先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或
4、代词叫先行词。（3）关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词两类。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as; 关系副词有when, where, why等。关系词的作用主要有三点：连接主从句、替代先行词、在定语从句中作成分。2.定语从句的分类根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度, 定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。（1）限制性定语从句紧跟先行词, 不用逗号与主句隔开, 删除后会影响整个句子的表达。She is the nurse who looks after the children.她就是照料这些孩子的保姆。Do yo
5、u still remember the man who taught us English?你还记得教我们英语的那位男士吗？（2）非限制性定语从句常用逗号与主句隔开, 起补充说明的作用, 如省略, 句子意思仍然完整明确。The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found.他昨天丢了的那本书已经找到了。His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿, 下个星期就要回来了。3. 关系代词的用法（1）基本用法关系代词指人指物主语宾语表语定语thatwhic
6、hwhowhomwhoseas This is the present (that/which) Jack gave me for my birthday. 这是杰克送给我的生日礼物。The work that/which has just been finished is very important. 刚刚完成的那份工作很重要。The man (who/whom/that) you met just now is my old friend. 你刚才遇见的那个人是我的老朋友。The number of people that/who come to visit the city each
7、year reaches one million. 每年来这座城市游览的人数达到了一百万。This is the scientist whose achievements are well known.这就是那位成就卓著的科学家。（2）宜用that, 不宜用which的情况先行词是all、few、little（少）、much、none、nothing、everything、something等不定代词, 或被它们修饰时。Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?你有什么要为自己说的吗？Have you taken down e
8、verything that Mr Li said?你已经把李先生所说的话全部记下来了吗？先行词是序数词或形容词的最高级或被序数词、形容词的最高级修饰时。This is the best way that has been used against pollution. 这是已经用过的抗污染的最好的办法。The last place that we visited in Beijing was the Great Wall. 我们在北京参观的最后一个地方是长城。当先行词被the only, the very等修饰时。This is the very bus that Im waiting fo
9、r.这就是我正在等的公交车。This is the only bike that I can afford.这是我能买得起的唯一的一辆自行车。先行词既有人又有物时。I can remember well the person and pictures that I saw in the room. 我能清楚地记得我在那个房间所见到的人和照片。当主句是以which, who等疑问词开头的疑问句时。Which is the bike that you lost?哪辆是你丢的自行车？主句是there be句型且关系词在从句中作主语时。There is a seat in the corner tha
10、t is still available.在那个角落还有一个空座位。（3）宜用which不宜用that的情况在非限制性定语从句中, 用which, 不用that。China Today attracts a worldwide readership, which shows more and more people all over the world want to learn about China. 今日中国吸引了世界各地的读者, 这表明世界上越来越多的人想了解中国。关系代词前有介词时, 通常用which, 而不用that。This is the house in which Lu Xu
11、n once lived.这是鲁迅曾住过的房子。（4）as引导的定语从句as 引导限制性定语从句。as既可以指人, 也可以指物。在定语从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语。常用在soas, suchas, asas, the sameas等结构中。I have got into the same trouble as he has.我惹了和他一样的麻烦。Such reasons as we give can persuade him to give up this foolish plan. 我们给出的这些理由可以说服他放弃这个愚蠢的计划。as引导非限制性定语从句时, 意为“正如; 正像”, 可放在句
12、首、句末或句中。常用的表达有：as we all know = as is known to us all众所周知as is reported/expected正如报道/预料的那样as is often the case情况常常是这样as has been said before正如之前所说4. 关系副词的用法状语whenwherewhy时间状语地点状语原因状语 Opposite is St Pauls Cathedral, where you can hear some lovely music. 对面是圣保罗大教堂, 在那里你能听到一些优美的音乐。I will never forget t
13、he days when I stayed in Tibet.我永远不会忘记待在西藏的日子。We dont know the reason why he didnt attend the party. 我们不知道他没参加聚会的原因。注意：当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词, 如point, stage, case, situation, position等, 且关系词在定语从句中作状语时, 通常用关系副词where。They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other. 他们已经到了必须分手的地步。Ther
14、e are cases where this rule is inapplicable.在一些情况下, 这个规则是不适用的。5.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句当先行词是表示时间、地点或原因的名词, 且关系词在定语从句中作状语时, 用关系副词引导定语从句。有时可用“介词+关系代词”结构替换关系副词。（1）关系代词的选用“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时, 若先行词指人, 关系代词常用whom; 若先行词指物, 关系代词常用which。In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn. 在黑暗的街道上, 没
15、有一个她可以求助的人。Scientists try to protect the island on which rare animals live. 科学家努力保护那个稀有动物居住的岛。（2）介词的选用根据定语从句中动词或形容词的某种习惯搭配。Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill on/uponwhich school education depends. 一些专家认为阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。This is the new product with which the boss is very satisfied. 这
16、是老板非常满意的那款新产品。根据先行词的搭配习惯。There are various ways in which we can solve this problem. 我们有很多方法可以解决这个问题。根据定语从句所表达的意义。The colorless gas without which we cant live is called oxygen. 这种我们离开它就不能生存的无色气体被称为氧气。实战演练. 单句语法填空1.（2020课标全国）The best books are the ones that open further as time passes.2.（2020课标全国）Were
17、 thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that/which we use every day.3.（2020课标全国）The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon.4.（2020课标全国）Heres a handful of ways that/wh
18、ich will set you in the right direction.5.（2020全国新高考）Judges will choose up to 50 honorable mention winners, who will each receive a T-shirt in memory of Earharts final flight.6.（2020课标全国）I see libraries as a safe haven（避风港） for readers and writers, a bridge that/which helps put together a reader wit
19、h a book.7.（2020课标全国）In ancient China lived an artist whose paintings were almost lifelike.8.（2020天津）Dr. Rowan, whose secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.9.（2020江苏）Many lessons are now available online, from which students can choose for free.10.（2020海南）Amazingly, the
20、trees grow in such a way that/in which their leaves and branches, although close together, never actually touch those of another tree. 完成句子1.我们已经进入一个梦想有机会成真的最佳时代。We have entered into an age where dreams have the best chance of coming true .2.夹克的边缘上有一块布, 可以在黑暗中发光。On the edge of the jacket, there is a
21、 piece of cloth that gives off light in the dark .3.这是我读过的最有趣的书之一。This is one of the most interesting books that I have ever read .4.很多年轻人都去了偏远地区追求自己的梦想, 他们中大部分都接受过良好的教育。Many young people, most of whom are well-educated , headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.5.正如报道的那样, 吸烟的人数仅在一年内就已经减少了百分之
22、十七。The number of smokers, as is reported , has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.6.桌面上那些封面闪闪发亮的书是我们的奖品。The books on the desk, whose covers are shining , are prizes for us.7.幸福和成功经常青睐那些善于发现自身优势的人。Happiness and success often come to those who are good at recognizing their own strengths .8.我们将把在公园
23、的野餐推迟到下周, 届时天气可能会更好。We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, when the weather may be better .9.一个月后我们将会达到年初所定的销售目标。Well reach the sales targets in a month that/which we set at the beginning of the year .10.他在当地一所高中上的学, 后来考上了北京大学。He was educated at a local high school, after which he was admitted to Peking University .
