1、英语课件牛津版 高一模块一 Unit 3Grammar and usageNon-restrictive attributive clauses非限制性定语从句1.定语从句(attributive clauses)通常由关系代词或关系副词引出。常见的关系代词有:which(指物),that(既可指人又可指物),who(指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语),whom(指人，在定语从句中作宾语),whose(指人或物，作定语)等。关系副词有:when(指时间),where(指地点),why(指原因)等。2.定语从句分为限制性定语从句(restrictive)和非限制性定语从句(non-restrict
2、ive)两种。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,与先行词之间一般不加逗号；非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常用逗号分开。1.My mother,who you met last year,keeps telling me not to take them because they are dangerous.2.Im taking weight-loss pills called Fat-Less,which are quite popular among young women here.Non-restrictive attributive clauses:3.My mother insisted o
3、n sending me to the hospital,where I received good medical treatment.4.Its the same in Chinamany people,some of whom are not overweight at all,are always going on diet or taking weight-loss pills,which are often dangerous.Differences between the restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clauses.Di
4、scussionLook at the following examples and tell the differences between the sentences.1.His father,who works in Beijing,came back yesterday.2.Shanghai,which is in East China,is developing rapidly.Example 1Conclusion 1当先行词是地名、人名、世界上独一无二的事物或家庭唯一成员时，通常只用非限制性定语从句修饰。1.I have a sister who/that works in a
5、hospital.我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。2.I have a sister,who works in a hospital.我有一位姐姐，她在医院工作。Example 2不只一位姐姐只有一位姐姐3.The magazines here which/that have nice pictures in them were written by him.里面有漂亮图画的那些杂志是他写的。4.The magazines here,which have nice pictures in them,were written by him.所有的杂志都是他写的,里面都有漂亮的图画。杂志有两类杂志只有一
6、类Conclusion 21.限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切,是先行词不可缺少的部分,如果去掉它，主句意思往往不明确。2.非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补充或说明,去掉它也不会影响主句的意思。1.This is the house(which/that)we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。2.The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.这房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。Example 3限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句3.He seems not to have grasped what I meant,whi
7、ch greatly upsets me.他似乎没领会我的意思,这使我心烦。非限制性定语从句Conclusion 31.限制性定语从句可以由关系代词,关系副词来引导，关系代词作宾语时可以省略。2.非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词,又可修饰整个主句,不可用that引导且关系代词不可以省略。1.The famous basketball star,_ comes from America,will visit our school soon.2.In those days,she used to go to Mr black,with _ she had a wonderful time.3.I b
8、ought a car yesterday,_ cost me a lot.whichwhomwho Practice4.Xian,_ I visited last year,is a nice old city.5.He will come to see me next July,_ he wont be so busy.6.The school,_ I once studied,was built thirty years ago.whichwherewhen7.John said hed been working in the office for an hour,_ was true.
9、8._ we all know,he is good at English.Aswhich非限制性定语从句考点归纳：I.as 和which引导非限制性定语从句,代替整个主句。1.As everyone knows,China is a country with a long history.众所周知，中国是一个历史悠久的国家。Example:2.She is a teacher,as is clear from her manner.她是个教师,这一点从她的举止可以清楚地看出。3.He missed the show,which was really a great pity.他错过了演出，这
10、真是很大的遗憾。Conclusion1.as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,as和which可代替整个主句，相当于and this或and that。这两个关系代词都可指代主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。2.as和which引导非限制性定语从句的不同之处在于：(1)as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which引导的定语从句不可放在句首。(2)as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若从句中的谓语为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。另外,as引导非限制性从句,常带有“正如”的意思。Practice1.Alice recei
11、ved an invitation from her boss,_ came as a surprise.2.The weather turned out to be very good,_ was more than we could expect.3._ is expected,the England team won the football match.Aswhichwhich4.It rained hard yesterday,_ prevented me from going to the park.5._ we can see,the smoke came from the li
12、ttle dustbin.whichAsII.all/some/of+whom/which引导非限制性定语从句Example:1.He has told us many stories,all of whichare about the famous Long Match.2.The students of Class 1,some of whomcame from Japan,went camping yesterday.Conclusion在非限制性定语从句中,一些表达数量或定位的数词或代词如 all/some/one/both/neither/none/any/either/any 等可
13、与 of 构成介词词组修饰限制先行词,此时先行词在其后的定语从句中作介词的宾语,关系代词不可用that。如先行词指人则用whom，如先行词指物则用which引导从句。1.Many students in this school,some of which are not overweight,are going on diets.2.There are 54 students in my class and ten of whom come from US.whomCorrection:them3.Half a million pairs of shoes are produced by th
14、e workers here every year,80%of whom are sold abroad.4.I have many friends in this town,some of which are businessman.5.I am doing different types of exercises,all of them are quite helpful to my health.whichwhich 或 all 前加andwhom高考链接1 The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors
15、,_ are beyond our control.C.most of them B.most of whichC.most of what D.most of that解析：句意：植物生长速度受诸多因素影响，绝大多数是我们控制不了的。Which引导非限制性定语从句，且作介词of的宾语。2 The man pulled out a gold watch,_ were made of small diamonds.A.the hands of whom B.whom the hands ofC.which the hands of D.the hands of which解析：watch是物，故
16、定语从句的引导词不可用whom，排除A、B。由句意可知，空格处可填入whose hands或the hands of which表示所属关系。3 The Science Museum,_ we visited during a recent trip to Britain,is one of Londons tourist attractions.A.which B.what C.that D.where解析：which引导非限制性定语从句，指代先行词The Science Museum，同时又在从句中作visited的宾语。1.Helen was much kinder to her you
17、ngest son than to the others,_,of course,made the others envy him.A.who B.that C.what D.whichPractice time2.The English play,_ my students acted at the New Years party,was a great success.A.for which B.at which C.in which D.on which3.There were dirty marks on her trousers _ she had wiped her hands.A
18、.where B.which C.when D.that4.Great changes have taken place in that school.It is no longer what it was 20 years ago,_ it was so poorly equipped.A.when B.which C.what D.that5.The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things,_ is often the case in other countries
19、.A.it B.that C.as D.so6.Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase,_ was very reasonable.A.which price B.the price of which C.its price D.the price of whose7.Mr.Smith will move into his new house next Sunday,_ it will be completely finished.A.by the time B.on that time C.on which D.by which time8.Hav
20、e you seen the film“Titanic”,_ leading actor is world-famous?A.its B.its C.whose D.which9.Is there a department store around _ I can get a birthday present for my daughter?Yes,just across the street.A.here B which C.where D.it10.Jiuzhaigou Valley is a most famous place of interest,_ I will never for
21、get in my life.A.it B.that C.one D.whatQuestion tags1.What are question tags?Question tags are short questions that come at the end of statements.Discussion2.What are question tags used for?Question tags are used for agreement or confirmation.3.Look at the following examples and tell in what differe
22、nt situations the question tags are used.Example 1:Its a lovely day,isnt it?Situation 1:to start a conversation in spoken EnglishExample 2:Neither of you has heard the news,have you?Situation 2:to ask for information in a polite wayExample 3:Pass the knife on the table to me,will you?Situation 3:to
23、ask someone politely to do somethingSituation 4:1.to ask for agreement,using a falling tone.(The speaker is sure about what is said.)2.to ask for confirmation,using a rising tone.(The speaker is not sure about what is said.)Example 4:1.Youre a high school student,arent you?2.Youre a high school stud
24、ent,arent you?1.Looking good is important to women,isnt it?2.I was lucky,wasnt I?3.We shouldnt be ashamed of the way we look,should we?ExamplesAll the question tags above are used to ask for agreement by the writer and they should be read in a falling tone.Conclusion:Rules:陈述部分带有seldom,hardly,never,
25、neither,none,nobody,nothing,few,little等否定词时，疑问部分应用肯定。如果陈述部分的否定词仅带否定前缀或后缀，那么，陈述部分做肯定句处理，疑问部分仍用否定形式。e.g.He was unsuccessful,_?当陈述部分是以there开头时，疑问部分主语也用there。e.g.There is no help for it,_?There is something wrong,_?wasnt heis thereisnt there如果陈述部分是I am 的结构，疑问部分用arent I.e.g.I am late,_?如果陈述部分是一个带有that分句作
26、宾语的主从结构时，疑问部分一般应与主句的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系。arent Ie.g.She says that I did it,_?注意：当陈述部分的主句是I suppose,I think,I believe 等结构时，疑问部分则往往与that分句中的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系，但要注意否定的转移。e.g.I supposed that he is serious,_?I dont think that she works hard,_?doesnt sheisnt hedoes she陈述部分含有ought to时，疑问部分可以用ought形式，也可用should形式。e.g.Th
27、e child ought to be punished,_?We ought to go there,_?陈述部分有used to时，疑问部分可用used形式，也可用did形式。e.g.He used to smoke five cigarettes a day,_?oughtnt heshouldnt wedidnt/usednt he陈述部分有had better，would rather，would like时，疑问部分要注意区别简略形式。e.g.Youd better go now,_?Youd rather go there early,_?Hed like to go,_?had
28、nt youwouldnt hewouldnt you陈述句中must后动词的类属与时态不同，反意疑问句也不同。1)must表“必须”“必要”时，疑问部分用mustnt或neednt。e.g.You must work hard next term,_?You must go home right now,_?mustnt youneednt you2)mustnt 表“禁止”，疑问部分用must。e.g.You mustnt walk on grass,_?3)must 表推测时，疑问部分不用must，而要把陈述部分改写。如：e.g.He must be very tired,_?(=Im
29、sure he is very tired.)must youisnt heHe must have waited for a long time,_?(=Im sure he has waited for a long time.)You must have seen the play last week,_?(=Im sure you saw the play last week.)hasnt hedidnt you陈述部分中有have时1)Have意为“有”时，可以有两种形式。e.g.He doesnt have any sisters,_?He hasnt any sisters,_?
30、You have a Rolls-Royce,_?has hedoes hehavent/dont you2)Have 意为“吃，经历，遭受，得到”等其它含义时，疑问部分只用do的适当形式。e.g.You all had a good time,_?He often has colds,_?3)当含有have to，had to时，疑问部分用do的适当形式。e.g.They had to take the early train,_?didnt youdoesnt hedidnt they当陈述部分主语为this，that，everything，anything，something，nothi
31、ng等时，反意疑问句的主语用it。e.g.Everything is all right,_?Nothing can stop us now,_?isnt itcan it当陈述部分中主语为anybody,anyone,everybody,everyone,somebody,someone,nobody,no one,those,these反意疑问句中主语用they。e.g.Everyone knows the answer,_?dont they在祈使句中1)肯定与否定的祈使句中，疑问部分都用will youe.g.Dont move the chair,_?2)以lets开头的祈使句，疑问
32、句部分用shall we3)以let us开头的祈使句，疑问句部分用will youwill you感叹句的反意疑问句一律用否定式，疑问部分人称代词与陈述部分一致。e.g.What a lovely day,_?陈述句的主语是不定式，动名词或词组时，反意疑问句的主语应为it。e.g.Doing morning exercises has helped to improve her health,_?isnt ithasnt it(想喝)-Yes,we will.(不想喝)-No,we wont.(他能)(他不能)-Yes,he can.-No,he cant.反意疑问句的回答方式与一般疑问句一
33、样，肯定回答用yes，否定回答用no。e.g.Neither of us will have coffee,will you?-His father cant name the plant,can he?Language points1.considerNow he is considering taking some pills,which he thinks will make him become stronger.释义：a.think about 考虑,思考b.be of the opinion,regard as 认为,以为c.take into account顾虑,体谅consid
34、er(doing)sthconsider sb as/to beconsider的常见用法consider sb that clause/wh-clause1.我们已经考虑了今天下午去科技馆。We have _ _ this afternoon.2.我认为你不该为之受责备。I consider _ _.considered going to the science museumthat you are not to blame for it完成下列句子的英文翻译：affecteffecteffortofferresult,impressionhold out,put forwardtrying
35、 hardhave an influence on2.affect/effect/effort/offer1.All the people there were _ to tears.2.Kate was much _ by the sad news.3.The book had a great _ on his future.affectedaffectedeffectaffect/effect/effort/offerPractice4.He used to _ me black bread for lunch.5.Jim will make more _ to learn English
36、 well.offerefforts3.recognize/realize释义：know,identify again;认识,认出be willing to accept.as in the past;承认,认可be prepared to admit;自认,知道acknowledge;公认,赏识常见用法:recognize sb/sth.recognizeas/to be recognize thatrecognize释义:be fully conscious of,understand 完全认识,了解convert into a fact 使(计划、希望等)实现exchangefor mo
37、ney 变卖(财产、股票等)obtain as a price or profit卖得、获得常见用法:realize sb./sth.realize thatrealizerecognize/realize1.Has he _ his mistake yet?2.Dogs _ people by their smell.4.I dont think you fully _ the importance of his talk.5.She looked at the letter and _ my handwriting.recognizerealizedPracticerealizerecognized1.Go over the question tags.2.Finish Part A and B on P51 in your textbook as well as Part C2 on P96 in your workbook.3.Preview Task.Homework