1、2020-2021学年北京市高三下学期综合能力测试英语试题英语本试卷共12页，100分。考试时长90分钟。考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。第一部分：知识运用(共两节，30分)第一节 完形填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分)阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Ask 3-year-old Wolfy about his future plans, and youll quickly discover this kids aspirations area lot more
2、down to earth.His obsession? Garbage trucks and the men who drive and_1_them.Up until recently, due to a pandemic, Wolfy was spending most days at home. His favorite day of the week was Fridaytrash collection day, of course. Every Friday morning, Wolfy_2_waited for his beloved garbage trucks to make
3、 their run up his street. Under his parents supervision, Wolfy became something of a _3_to the trash collectors. To Wolfy, these men are superheroes. Two of them, D. J. and Drew, became his particular pals, earning him and his trash team the nickname of the “Wolfpack.”Wolfys parents knew they werent
4、 able to throw him a big birthday party._4_， they told him he could invite a couple of friends over for cake. Wolfys ideal guest list was obvious. “Drew and D. J. ! he_5_.On the morning of September 9, four bright green garbage trucks, horns honking, rolled their way up the street to the delight of
5、the ecstatic birthday boy and his stunned family.“The guys came_6_gifts, howling out their windows and took time to play with Wolfy, ”his mom posted to her Facebook page. “He even got to honk the horn!Does it get any better!?”The superheroes climbed down from their trucks to celebrate Wolfys birthda
6、y. After they_7_the little boy with trash-related gifts, shared cake, and played with toy trucks, Wolfys garbage collecting heroes drove off to their other appointed rounds.Wolfys mom, more than a little impressed, _8_ her feelings, saying, “These are really kind gentle_9_who are full of positive, g
7、ood energy. These men are ideal role models.”Theyre the next generation to come, so seeing them enthusiastic about something even as_10_as what we do in our everyday lives brings meaning and shows the importance of what everyone does in society.1. A. cleanB. loadC. repairD. collect2. A. eagerlyB. he
8、sitantlyC. patientlyD. naturally3. A. joyB. pityC. desireD. trouble4. A. BesidesB. FurtherC. InsteadD. Otherwise5. A. complainedB. orderedC. rejectedD. declared6. A. arrangingB. bearingC. enjoyingD. advertising7. A. amusedB. equippedC. preparedD. showered8. A. put upB. made upC. broke upD. summed up
9、9. A. soulsB. leadersC. instructorsD. colleagues10. A. boringB. annoyingC. simpleD. significant【答案】1. B 2. A 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. D 8. D 9. A 10. C【解析】【分析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述小男孩Wolfy对垃圾车和收集垃圾的人很着迷，他认为他们就是超级英雄，收集垃圾的人也对Wolfy的热情给予了很大回应，并且在他生日的那天给了他特殊的礼物和庆祝方式。【1题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：他所痴迷的是什么？垃圾车和开垃圾车装垃圾的人。A. clean
10、打扫；B. load装载；C. repair修理；D. collect收集。根据下文“His favorite day of the week was Fridaytrash collection day”可知，Wolfy痴迷于开着垃圾车装垃圾的人。故选B项。【2题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：沃尔夫急切地等待着他心爱的垃圾车在他的街道上行驶。A. eagerly急切地；B. hesitantly犹豫地；C. patiently耐心地；D. naturally自然地。根据上文“His favorite day of the week was Fridaytrash collection day
11、”可知，Wolfy最喜欢的是垃圾收集的那一天，因此他等待收垃圾车在街上行驶的心情是急切的。故选A项。【3题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：在他父母的监督下，沃尔夫成为了垃圾收集者的乐趣。A. joy乐趣；B. pity遗憾；C. desire欲望；D. trouble麻烦。根据下文“Two of them, D. J. and Drew, became his particular pals, earning him and his trash team the nickname of the “Wolfpack.”可知，垃圾收集者们喜欢Wolfy，因此他成为他们的乐趣。故选A项。【4题详解】考
12、查副词词义辨析。句意：相反，他们告诉他，他可以邀请几个朋友过来吃蛋糕。A. Besides此外；B. Further进一步地；C. Instead相反；D. Otherwise否则。前文的“Wolfys parents knew they werent able to throw him a big birthday party.”和下文的“they told him he could invite a couple of friends over for cake.”为转折关系，他的父母知道他们无法为他举办大的生日派对，但是他可以邀请几个朋友过来吃蛋糕。故选C项。【5题详解】考查动词词义辨析
13、。句意：沃尔夫理想的宾客名单是显而易见的。“Drew和D.J.!”他宣称。A. complained抱怨；B. ordered命令；C. rejected拒绝；D. declared宣布。根据“Wolfys ideal guest list was obvious. “Drew and D. J. !”可知，当父母说他可以邀请几个朋友来吃蛋糕时，他宣布了他的宾客名单。故选D项。【6题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：大伙儿带着礼物来了，在窗户外叫着，花时间和沃尔夫玩。A. arranging安排；B. bearing携带；C. enjoying享受；D. advertising广告。根据上文“ro
14、lled their way up the street to the delight of the ecstatic birthday boy and his stunned family.”可知，Wolfy的朋友们来给他过生日，可以推断他们带着礼物。故选B项。【7题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们给小男孩送了很多垃圾相关的礼物，分享了蛋糕，玩了玩具卡车之后，沃尔夫的垃圾收集英雄们就开车去了其他指定的地方。A. amused娱乐；B. equipped装备；C. prepared准备；D. showered大量地给予。根据下文“the little boy with trash-relat
15、ed gifts, shared cake, and played with toy trucks,”可知，Wolfy的朋友们对他的生日很重视，因此给他送了很多礼物。故选D项。【8题详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：沃尔夫的妈妈非常感动，总结了她的感受，说：“这些是非常善良温柔的灵魂，充满了积极向上的能量。这些人是理想的榜样。”A. put up张贴；B. made up弥补；C. broke up打碎；D. summed up总结。根据下文“These are really kind gentle_9_who are full of positive, good energy. These me
16、n are ideal role models.”可知，接下来是Wolfy的妈妈在这些人对Wolfy做了这么多事情之后的感受，属于总结性的话语。故选D项。【9题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：沃尔夫的妈妈非常感动，总结了她的感受，说：“这些是非常善良温柔的灵魂，充满了积极向上的能量。这些人是理想的榜样。”A. souls灵魂；B. leaders领导；C. instructors讲师；D. colleagues同事。根据下文“who are full of positive, good energy. These men are ideal role models.”可知，Wolfy的妈妈认为这
17、些人充满正能量，所以他们是温柔善良的灵魂。故选A项。【10题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们是下一代人，所以看到他们对我们日常生活中所做的这么简单的事情充满热情，就意味着意义，也表明了每个人在社会中所做的事情的重要性。A. boring无聊的；B. annoying令人恼怒的； C. simple简单的；D. significant有意义的。根据前文“something even”可知，收垃圾是如此的简单的事情，他们却对此充满着热情，这给了人们希望。故选C项。第二节 语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分)A阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，
18、在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。A little girl ran to her bedroom and pulled out her piggy bank from a secret drawer in her closet. She_11_(break) the piggy bank，took the change and counted it cautiously. Three times， even. The total had to be exactly perfect as there shouldnt be any chance for mistake here
19、.She_12_(careful) placed the coins in a jar，twisted on the cap and then slipped out of the back door. She made her way six blocks to a drug store. She waited patiently for the pharmacist_13_(give) her some attention but he was too busy attending other customers at that moment._14_ she tried several
20、times to get his attention，she wasnt successful.【答案】11. broke 12. carefully 13. to give 14. Although/Though【解析】【分析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述一个小姑娘拿零花钱去买药的故事。【11题详解】考查时态。句意：她打破了储蓄罐，拿了零钱，仔细数了数。根据空后“ took the change and counted”可知，此处并列连词and连接并列的谓语动词，所以空处谓语动词需用一般过去时，表示过去发生的事情。故填broke。12题详解】考查副词。句意：她小心翼翼地把硬币放进一个罐子里，拧上
21、盖子，然后从后门溜了出去。空处需用副词作状语修饰动词placed，careful的副词为carefully“小心地”。故填carefully。【13题详解】考查动词不定式。句意：她耐心地等待药剂师的注意，但药剂师此时正忙于照顾其他顾客。wait for sb. to do sth.等待某人做某事，固定搭配，此处动词不定式作宾语补足语。故填to give。【14题详解】考查连词。句意：虽然她试了好几次想引起他的注意，但都没有成功。根据前后句意可知，空处需用从属连词although/though“虽然”引导让步状语从句，句首单词首字母需大写。故填Although/Though。B阅读下列短文，根据
22、短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。Chime bells, bin zhng,are the most majestic and holy ancient instrument in China. As a symbol of power,they_15_(use) for sacrificial ceremonies or other crucial ceremonies. Starting 3,500 years ago,bin zhng,were composed of bells_16_different scal
23、es. The bells are played by mallets (木槌) and create the sounds of seven musical scales, much like the piano. Whats more amazing is that one bell can generate two notes when_17_(strike) at different spots. Its exquisite cast and pure sound revealed the high level of ancient Chinese civilization and w
24、isdom.【答案】15. were used 16. in 17. struck【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了古老乐器编钟的神奇之处。【15题详解】考查被动语态和主谓一致。句意：作为权力的象征，编钟被用于祭祀仪式或其他重要的仪式。根据句意可知，此处表示过去编钟被用于祭祀仪式或其他重要的仪式，所以空处谓语动词需用一般过去时的被动语态：was/were done，主语是复数they，所以be动词需用were。故填were used。【16题详解】考查介词。句意：从3500年前开始，编钟由不同音阶的钟组成。此处表示以不同的音阶构成，所以空处需用介词in，in different sca
25、les以不同音阶，固定搭配。故填in。【17题详解】考查非谓语动词和省略。句意：更令人惊奇的是，一个钟在不同的地方敲击时能发出两个音符。分析句子结构可知，空处when引导的时间状语从句省略了主语one bell，此处表示被敲击，所以空处谓语动词需用一般过去时的被动语态：was/were done，因为when从句的主语和主句一致，且含be动词，所以此处省略one bell was，空处需用过去分词struck。故填struck。C阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。In the paper Power Ge
26、ts You High by Gerben Van Kleef，he claims that high-power individuals tend to experience_18_(few) social restrictions and more resource-rich environments compared to their lower power counterparts. This means that people with a perceived high level of power are more likely to dismiss established soc
27、ial constructs. Whether its intentional or not，high-power people place_19_(them) socially at a distance and tend to act on their own concepts，_20_they believe will help them gain control over valued resources.【答案】18. fewer 19. themselves 20. which【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章给我们解释了为何高权力者的社会限制较少。【18题详解】考查形容词的比较
28、级。句意：在Gerben Van Kleef的论文Power Gets You High中，他声称，与权力较低的人相比，权力较高的人往往经历较少的社会限制和资源丰富的环境。根据空后“more resource-rich”可知，空处形容词few需用其比较级形式fewer，表示较少的社会限制。故填fewer。【19题详解】考查代词。句意：不管是有意还是无意，高权力者都把自己置身于一个远离社会的地方，倾向于按照自己的观念行事，他们相信这将帮助他们获得对宝贵资源的控制。此处指高权力者都把自己置身于一个远离社会的地方，所以空处需用them的反身代词themselves作宾语。故填themselves。【
29、20题详解】考查定语从句。句意：同上。分析句子结构可知，空处需用关系词引导定语从句，先行词是concepts，指物，关系词在定语从句中作主语，此处they believe是插入成分，所以空处需用关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句。故填which。第二部分：阅读理解(共两节，38分)第一节(共14小题；每小题2分，共28分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AConstantly regret spending too much time on your phone but just cannot stop? You are not a
30、lone. Here are five tips from Prof. Mark Griffiths， psychologist and behavioral addiction expert at Nottingham Trent University to help you live well with your phone.Step it down graduallyThe urge to check your phone can become reflexive and habitual. For some， going a few minutes without checking t
31、heir phone is difficult. If this sounds like you， try to go 15 minutes without doing it. Once you realize this is possible， increase the length of time you avoid checking to 30 minutes， an hour， and then a few hours， or a day.Monitor usageDownload an app that will tell you how much time youre spendi
32、ng online. This could make you aware of a problemthe first step to a solution.Buy an alarm clockDont use your phone as an alarm， or you might be tempted(诱惑) to check texts and emails last thing at night and as soon as you wake up. Instead， ban phones from the bedroom. Designate bedtimes and mealtime
33、s as smartphone-free zones. Consider buying a clock， so youre no longer tempted by emails and texts when you check the time.Spring clean your contacts How many online friends do you actually speak to? Reduce alerts and distractions by removing contacts on social networking sites， deleting unused app
34、s， and unsubscribing from groups that offer little benefit. Consider deleting any games that are taking up a lot of your time.Learn to waitBe mindful of the benefits of not regularly checking your phone. People who react to messages as they arrive tend to write longer responses than those who wait a
35、nd deal with them all as a block. Waiting will gain you time to spend on other activities.21. According to the passage， which of the following can help ban phones from the bed ?A. Monitoring usage.B. Using a clock.C. Cleaning contacts.D. Learning to wait.22. It can be learnt from the passage that_.A
36、. games take up more time than other appsB. reacting to messages in time is importantC. people are often tempted to use cell phonesD. people shouldnt check emails by cell phones23. The purpose of the article is to_.A. introduce ways to manage phone usagesB. emphasize the harm of using cellphonesC. p
37、ersuade readers to get rid of cellphonesD. explain multiple functions of cellphones【答案】21. B 22. C 23. A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。诺丁汉特伦特大学的心理学家和行为成瘾专家马克格里菲斯教授给出了五条建议，帮助我们更好地使用手机。【21题详解】细节理解题。根据文章Buy an alarm clock中的“Consider buying a clock， so youre no longer tempted by emails and texts when you check the ti
38、me.(考虑买个时钟，这样当你查看时间的时候就不会被邮件和短信诱惑了。)”可知，使用闹钟有助于阻止你在床上使用手机。故选B。【22题详解】推理判断题题。根据文章第一段“Constantly regret spending too much time on your phone but just cannot stop?(总是后悔在手机上花了太多时间，又停不下来?)”、Step it down gradually中的“The urge to check your phone can become reflexive and habitual. (查看手机的冲动会变成条件反射和习惯。)”和Spri
39、ng clean your contacts中的“Reduce alerts and distractions by removing contacts on social networking sites， deleting unused apps， and unsubscribing from groups that offer little benefit. Consider deleting any games that are taking up a lot of your time. (删除社交网站上的联系人、删除不用的应用程序、取消订阅那些没什么好处的群组，可以减少提醒和干扰。考
40、虑删除任何占用你大量时间的游戏。)”可推断，人们经常被诱惑使用手机。故选C。【23题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Here are five tips from Prof. Mark Griffiths， psychologist and behavioral addiction expert at Nottingham Trent University to help you live well with your phone. (诺丁汉特伦特大学的心理学家和行为成瘾专家马克格里菲斯教授给出了五条建议，帮助你更好地使用手机。)”及全文可推断，本文的目的是介绍管理电话使用的方法。故选A。B
41、Paralympian Anastasia Pagonis remarkable success story began when she lost her vision at age 14. Granted, its a tough age for any teen, but dealing with a life-changing disability made things even more challenging.“It took me about eight months to regroup myself,” she told TODAY, “and then I got it
42、in my head, Okay, Im blind. Now what am I going to do with my life?”A Long Island native, Pagonis practically grew up in the water. Shed taken up competitive freestyle swimming just a few months prior to going totally blind. While she excelled at the sport with limited vision, an “abusive team” atmo
43、sphere prompted her to quit competition.After months of therapy, however, the persistent teen was ready to get back in the swim-only swimming wasnt enough for Pagonis. She wanted to compete.Now she was faced with another dilemma. “Nobody wanted to train the blind girl,” she recalled in an interview
44、with TEAM USA. “I ended up after about eight months finding an amazing coach who was willing to train me and actually put on blackout goggles to try to figure out a way for me to swim.”By the age of 16, Pagonis was earning a reputation as a fierce competitor, taking two gold medals at the World Para
45、 Swimming World Series in Australia. When Pagonis realized her experiences and positive outlook might be a boon(益处) to others, she eagerly stepped up as a role model. “I want to help people the way I needed help,” Pagonis told TEAM USA. “I started doing Instagram and social media and was soon gettin
46、g a bunch of replies saying, Wow! You really helped me get through bad things, or, I was getting bullied in school and you helped me get through that, or, You let me know how much I was worth.”Back in the water, Pagonis was truly in her element. “Its my happy place,” she told TODAY. “Its the place w
47、here I feel like I dont have a disability and I feel like thats the only place where I feel free. When I dive in the water, its just me in the pool and I feel such a connection with it. Sometimes you need to take a leap of faith because if you dont try, you dont know. Always follow your dreams.”24.
48、What difficulty did Pagonis face after she quit competition?A. She had to wear goggles.B. It was hard to find her a coachC. Her skills werent useful in darkness.D. She couldnt do the freestyle anymore.25. It can be learnt from the passage that Pagonis_.A. stopped swimming for two yearsB. improved he
49、r vision by swimmingC. helped many people through difficultiesD. devoted herself to fighting against bullies26. What does the underlined phrase in her element mean?A. In a very good moodB. Full of Confusion.C. Confident of winning.D. Happy to be special.27. What does the story mainly tell us?A. Team
50、 spirit is vital for winning-B. Role models make us who we are.C. A good teacher is the key to success.D. Disability does not limit ones success.【答案】24. B 25. C 26. A 27. D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了残奥会选手阿纳斯塔西娅帕格尼丝14岁失明，但她身残志不残，最终通过不懈努力取得成功。【24题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第五段“Nobody wanted to train the blind girl,” s
51、he recalled in an interview with TEAM USA.(“没人想训练这个盲女，”她在接受“美国队”采访时回忆说。)”可知，帕格尼丝退出比赛后面临着很难找到教练的困难。故选B。【25题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第六段“I want to help people the way I needed help,”Pagonis told TEAM USA. “I started doing Instagram and social media and was soon getting a bunch of replies saying, Wow! You really h
52、elped me get through bad things, or, I was getting bullied in school and you helped me get through that, or, You let me know how much I was worth. (“我想用我需要的方式帮助别人，”帕格尼丝告诉“美国队”。“我开始刷Instagram和社交媒体，很快就收到了很多回复，哇!你真的帮我度过了一些不好的事情，或者我在学校被人欺负，是你帮我度过的，或者你让我知道了我的价值。)”可知，帕格尼丝帮助很多人度过难关。故选C。【26题详解】词义猜测题。根据文章最后一
53、段划线词后句“Its my happy place,” she told TODAY. (“这是（让）我快乐的地方，”她告诉今日杂志。)”可知，帕格尼丝回到水利心情很好。由此推知，in her element为“心情愉悦”之意。故选A。【27题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Paralympian Anastasia Pagonis remarkable success story began when she lost her vision at age 14.(残奥会选手阿纳斯塔西娅帕格尼丝非凡的成功故事始于她14岁失明时。)”及全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了残奥会选手阿纳斯塔西娅帕格尼丝
54、14岁失明，但她身残志不残，最终通过不懈努力取得成功，即文章告诉我们残疾并不会限制一个人的成功。故选D。CMore often than I care to admit， Ill walk from one room to another with a clear vision in mind of whatever I need to do once I get there,but then I get there and cant remember why l started. The only thing that happened between my first movement a
55、nd my last is that I walked through a doorway. Surely that has nothing at all to do with forgetting something I knew just moments before， right? Wrong， says new research. As it turns out,walking through a doorway exerts an imperceptible influence on memory. In fact, merely imagining walking through
56、a doorway can zap (影响) memory.Researchers in the latest study took their cue from an earlier study showing that passing through a doorway seems to insert a mental divider into memory,Our brains record memories in segments, or episodes, rather than as a continuous event. Walking through a doorway tri
57、ggers memory segmentation, like a video editor inserting a momentary pause between scenes.Even more curious is that imagining walking through a doorway has a similar effect. The research team brought two groups of participants into a larger room, One group experienced the room as a continuous space；
58、 the other walked through it after divider curtains were set up to simulate a doorway. The groups were then shown a picture of an unusually shaped object before closing their eyes and imagining walking across the room theyd seen earlier. The first group imagined the room as a big space with no physi
59、cal dividers； the other imagined walking through the draped doorway. They were then asked to jog their memories and pick out the picture of the object from a set often images. As predicted， the group that imagined walking through a doorway performed significantly worse on the memory lest than the ot
60、her group.And this gets even weirder. If right now I started telling you a story about a boy and his dog, going on for a few paragraphs detailing all the things this boy and his dog do together， and then I suddenly inserted a phrase like “A few hours later.”do you think your recall of what I just to
61、ld you about the boy and his dog might be better or worse? Worse! Research has demonstrated that phrases which insert a temporal boundary between events in a narrative place the same sort of mental divider into memory as a doorway.What all of this tells us is that our brains operate with certain mec
62、hanical dynamics that we generally only glimpse when they hiccup. So the next time you cant remember why you walked from one room to another， dont be alarmed. Just remind yourself that your brain simply misconstrued instructions from your environment and thought that doorway meant you needed a memor
63、y divider.28 What is paragraph 3 mainly about?A. Research subjects.B. Research findings.C. Research process.D. Research significance.29. It can be learnt from the passage that_.A. an imaginary doorway harms the brainB. certain verbal language influences memoryC. brains record memories as a continuou
64、s event.D. going back to a doorway helps regain I lost memory.30. What is the passage mainly about?A. Approaches to improve memory.B. Factors that cause peoples memory loss.C. Ways to handle memory loss regarding doorways.D. Reasons why people forget while entering a doorway.【答案】28. C 29. B 30. D【解析
65、】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了人们进门忘事的原因大脑误解了来自环境的指令。【28题详解】主旨大意题。根据第三段“The research team brought two groups of participants into a large room， One group experienced the room as a continuous space； the other walked through it after divider curtains were set up to simulate a doorway.”（研究小组让两组参与者进入一个大的房间，一组体验的房间是
66、一个连续的空间；另一组在设置了分隔窗帘模拟门口后穿过房间。）可知，本段是在介绍实验的过程。故选C项。【29题详解】推理判断题。倒数第二段“Research has demonstrated that phrases which insert a temporal boundary between events in a narrative place the same sort of mental divider into memory as a doorway.”（研究表明，在叙述的地方，在事件之间插入时间边界的短语，就像一道门一样，在记忆中划分了精神分界线。）可推断，某些语言会影响记忆。故
67、选B项。【30题详解】主旨大意题。根据第二段“Researchers in the latest study took their cue from an earlier study showing that passing through a doorway seems to insert a mental divider into memory， Our brains record memories in segments， or episodes， rather than as a continuous event.”（这项最新研究的研究人员从一项早期研究中得到了线索，该研究表明，穿过一
68、扇门似乎在记忆中插入了一个精神分割器，我们的大脑以片段或情节来记录记忆，而不是以连续的事件来记录。）以及最后一段“So the next time you cant remember why you walked from one room to another， dont be alarmed. Just remind yourself that your brain simply misconstrued instructions from your environment and thought that doorway meant you needed a memory divider
69、.”（因此，下次当你记不起为什么从一个房间走到另一个房间时，不要惊慌。只需提醒自己，你的大脑只是误解了来自环境的指令，认为门口意味着你需要一个记忆分隔器。）及全文可知，本文主要是讲述了我们进门忘事的原因。故选D项。DEmpathy can give purpose to our lives and truly comfort people in distress, hut it can also do great harm. While showing an empathetic response to the tragedy and trauma of others can be helpf
70、ul, it can also, if misdirected, turn us into what Professor James Dawes has called “emotional parasites.”Empathy can make people angry perhaps dangerously so if they mistakenly perceive that another person is threatening a person they care for. For example, while at a public gathering, you notice a
71、 heavyset, casually dressed man who you think is “staring” at your pre-teenage daughter. While the man has remained expressionless and has not moved from his spot, your empathetic understanding of what he “might” be thinking of doing to your daughter drives you into a state of rage. While there was
72、nothing in the mans expression or body language that should have led you to believe he intended to harm your daughter, your empathetic understanding of what wasProbably “going on inside his head” took you there, Danish family therapist Jesper Juul has referred to empathy and aggression (攻击性) as “exi
73、stential twins.”For years, psychologists have reported cases of overly empathetic patients endangering the well-being of themselves and their families by giving away their life savings to random needy individuals. Such overly empathetic people who feel they are somehow responsible for the distress o
74、f others have developed an empathy-based guilt.The better-known condition of “survivor guilt” is a form of empathy-based guilt in which an empathetic person incorrectly feels that his or her own happiness has come at the cost or may have even caused another persons miseryAccording to psychologist Ly
75、nn OConnor, persons who regularly act out of empathy-based guilt, tend to develop mild depression in later-life.Psychologists warn that empathy should never be confused with love. While love can make any relationship-good or bad better, empathy cannot and can even hasten the end of a strained relati
76、onship. Essentially, love can cure, empathy cannot.Rehabilitation and trauma counselor Mark Stebnicki coined the term “empathy fatigue” to refer to a state of physical exhaustion resulting from repeated or prolonged personal involvement in the chronic illness, disability, trauma, grief, and loss of
77、others.While more common among mental health counselors, any overly empathetic person can experience “empathy fatigue”. According to Stebnicki, “high touch” professionals like doctors, nurses, lawyers, and teachers tend to suffer from empathy fatigue, Paul Bloom, Ph.D., professor of psychology and c
78、ognitive science at Yale University, goes so far as to suggest that due to its inherent dangers, people need less empathy rather than more.31. Empathy and aggression are regarded as “existential twins” because_.A. empathy can make people angryB empathy can be easily misunderstoodC. aggressive people
79、 often show more empathyD. empathy and aggression always come together32. According to the passage, what might be an example of empathy-based guilt?A. People give away their savings to charityB One feels sorry for not paying off the debt.C. One feels guilty for his/her own happiness.D. Patients feel
80、 bad for having to be attended.33. What might be the authors attitude towards showing empathy?A. Approving.B. Neutral.C. Optimistic.D. Critical.34. Which of the following would the author most likely agree with?A. It might be better if we show less empathy.B. Empathy and love both help boost happine
81、ss.C. Empathy fatigue leads to illness and disability.D. Well-meant empathy wont damage a relationship.【答案】31. A 32. C 33. D 34. A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了同理心带来的危害以及由同理心衍生出来的一些心理问题。【31题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“Empathy can make people angry perhaps dangerously so if they mistakenly perceive that another person is
82、 threatening a person they care for.(同理心会让人生气也许是危险的如果他们错误地认为另一个人正在威胁他们关心的人)”可知，同理心和攻击性被认为是“存在双胞胎”因为同理心会让人生气。故选A项。【32题详解】细节理解题。根据第五段“The better-known condition of “survivor guilt” is a form of empathy-based guilt in which an empathetic person incorrectly feels that his or her own happiness has come a
83、t the cost or may have even caused another persons misery.( 众所周知的“幸存者内疚感”是一种基于同理心的内疚感，在这种情况下，有同理心的人错误地认为自己的幸福是以牺牲或甚至可能导致他人的痛苦为代价的)”可知，同理心负罪感的一个例子是一个人为自己的幸福感到内疚。故选C项。【33题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Essentially, love can cure, empathy cannot.(从本质上说，爱可以治愈，同理心不能)”以及最后一段“due to its inherent dangers, people need les
84、s empathy rather than more.(由于其内在的危险，人们需要的是更少而不是更多的同理心)”可推知，作者对于表现同理心是批评的态度。故选D项。【34题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段“due to its inherent dangers, people need less empathy rather than more.(由于其内在的危险，人们需要的是更少而不是更多的同理心)”可知，我们应该少点同理心。故选A项。第二节(共5小题；每小题2分，共10分)根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。The Flynn EffectTh
85、e Flynn effect， first described in the 1980sby researcher James Flynn， refers to the finding that scores on IQ tests have increased in the past century. One research paper， published by psychologist Lisa Trahan and her colleagues， combined the results of other published studies and found that IQ sco
86、res have indeed increased since the 1950s._35_Trahan and her colleagues observed， “The existence of the Flynn effect is rarely disputed.”_36_One explanation has to do with improvements in health and nutrition. For example， the past century has seen a decrease in smoking and alcohol use in pregnancy，
87、 improvements in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases， and improvements in nutrition. As Scott Barry Kaufman writes for Psychology Today， “The Flynn effect serves as a reminder that when we give people more opportunities to prosper， more people do prosper.”_37_In a TED talk， Flynn exp
88、lains that the world today is “a world where weve had to develop new mental habits， new habits of mind.” Flynn has found that IQ scores have increased the most rapidly on questions that ask us to find similarities between different things， and more abstract types of problem solving， both of which ar
89、e things that we need to do more of in the modem world.Several ideas have been brought up to explain why modern society might lead to higher scores on IQ tests. For example， today， many more of us have demanding， intellectually rigorous jobs. Schools have also changed：whereas a test at school in the
90、 early 1900s might have been more focused on memorization， a recent test might be more likely to focus on explaining the reasons for something._38_Family sizes tend to be smaller， and it has been suggested that this may allow children to pick up on new vocabulary words while interacting with their p
91、arents. Is even been suggested that the entertainment we consume is more complex today. _39_Therefore， both the education we receive and the society we live in shape our IQ in a way that we cannot imagine.A. In other words， there is a lot about IQ that we may not know yet.B. Another explanation for
92、the Flynn effect has to do with societal changesC. Researchers have put forward several theories to explain the Flynn effect.D. Trying to understand and anticipate plot points may actually be making us smarter.E. Although there have been exceptions， IQ scores have generally increased over time.F. Ad
93、ditionally， more people today are likely to finish high school and go on to college.G. The Flynn effect shows that human mind is more adaptable than we might have thought.【答案】35. E 36. C 37. B 38. F 39. D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了弗林效应的定义以及人们的智商测试分数不断提高的原因。【35题详解】根据后文“Trahan and her colleagues observed，
94、“The existence of the Flynn effect is rarely disputed.”（特拉汉和她的同事观察到，“弗林效应的存在很少有争议。”）说明尽管也有些例外，但总体智商是提高的。E选项“Although there have been exceptions， IQ scores have generally increased over time.”（虽然也有例外，但智商分数通常会随着时间的推移而提高。）符合题意，故选E项。【36题详解】根据后文“One explanation has to do with improvements in health and n
95、utrition.（一种解释与健康和营养的改善有关。）”可知，本段是解释弗林效应的。C选项“Researchers have put forward several theories to explain the Flynn effect.”（研究人员提出了几种理论来解释弗林效应。）符合题意，故选C项。【37题详解】根据前一段“One explanation has to do with improvements in health and nutrition.（一种解释与健康和营养的改善有关。）”可知，本段是另一种解释弗林效应的理论。B选项“Another explanation for t
96、he Flynn effect has to do with societal changes”（弗林效应的另一种解释与社会变化有关）符合题意，故选B项。【38题详解】根据前文“Several ideas have been brought up to explain why modern society might lead to higher scores on IQ tests.（人们提出了一些观点来解释为什么现代社会可能会导致智商测试的高分。）”可知，本段是解释人们智商高的原因。F选项“Additionally， more people today are likely to fini
97、sh high school and go on to college（此外，更多的人今天可能完成高中和继续大学）”符合题意，故选F项。【39题详解】根据前文“Is even been suggested that the entertainment we consume is more complex today.（甚至有人建议说，我们今天消费的娱乐更加复杂。）”可知，如今娱乐也可以提高我们的智商。D选项“Trying to understand and anticipate plot points may actually be making us smarter.”（试图理解和预测情节点
98、实际上可能会让我们更聪明。）符合题意，故选D项。第三部分：书面表达(共两节，32分)第一节 阅读表达(共4小题；第40、41题各2分，第42题3分，第43题5分，共12分)。阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。When you type CEO， CFO or CTO on your computer， notice what comes up. It is an emoji of a man in a suit. Shocking， right? Even an emoji can strengthen gendered stereotypes. However， most of us wo
99、uldnt even notice. The hidden biases and stereotypes feed into such designs， and these images in turn encourage such biases，Unconscious biases are everywhere. From the neighborhood we choose， the close friends we have， to the people we date. Though most of us have difficulty acknowledging it， we all
100、 do it. Gender， ethnicity， disability， profession etc.， all influence the assessments we make of people and form the basis of our relationship with others， and the world at large，A Yale University study found that male and female scientists were more likely to hire men and pay them 4，000 more per ye
101、ar than women. Other research has shown that a science faculty rated male applicants for a laboratory manager position as significantly more competent and hirable than female applicants， Faculty also selected a higher starting salary and offered more career mentoring to the male applicant.When this
102、was explicitly pointed out to them， the faculty members were often shocked， as they hadnt realized their own internalized biases.In a 2003 study， Sendhil and Marianne Bertrand， at the University of Chicago， mailed thousands of identical resumes to employers with job openings and measured which ones
103、were called back for interviews. They randomly used stereotypically African-American names on some and stereotypically white names on others. They were shocked to find that roughly 50 percent were more likely to result in a call back for an interview if it had a “white” name.This is what confirmatio
104、n bias is， where people are more likely to choose or associate positive qualities to people more like themselves or belong to the same social and ethnic group as they do. This bias happens in a split-second， so while to an outsider， the bias maybe evident， the one holding this bias may or may not be
105、 doing so intentionally，Even when we say that we are all open-minded and not prejudiced， it is clear these biases still creep upon us. This is why we need to examine our biases and be mindful of our hidden prejudices and the way they manifest themselves in words and actions.40. Why does the writer u
106、se the example of “CEO， CFO， CTO” in Para， 1?41. What does Para. 3 mainly tell us?42. What is confirmation bias?43. Do you consider yourself biased? Why or why not? (About 40 words)【答案】40. To lead in the topic (of gendered stereotype/bias). 41. Gender-related biases are everywhere. Sometimes we may
107、not even realize that we are biased. 或People generally give males more benefits in the job market. 42. Confirmation bias is a kind of bias where people are more likely to choose or associate positive qualities to people more like themselves or belong to the same social and ethnic group as they do.或C
108、onfirmation bias is a kind of bias where people regard someone more similar to themselves as superior human beings. 43. Sadly, I am biased in certain ways, although I never thought of it this way before. For example, I sometimes associate women with weakness, or think girls are not in general good a
109、t math or science. 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了偏见和刻板印象存在于生活中各个角落，而很多人没有意识到自己怀有偏见。【40题详解】考查推理判断。根据第一段“The hidden biases and stereotypes feed into such designs， and these images in turn encourage such biases（隐藏的偏见和刻板印象形成了这种设计，而这些图像反过来又助长了这种偏见）”可知，作者在第一段中使用“CEO， CFO， CTO”的例子是为了引出本文关于偏见的主题，故答案为To lead in the
110、topic (of gendered stereotype/bias).【41题详解】考查主旨大意。根据第三段内容（耶鲁大学的一项研究发现，男性和女性科学家雇佣男性的可能性更大，而且他们的年薪比女性高4000美元。其他研究表明，一个科学系的教师对实验室经理职位的男性申请者的评价明显高于女性申请者，教师也选择了更高的起薪，并为男性申请者提供更多的职业指导）可知，本段主要讲的是人们通常给男性好处更多的就业市场，也说明性别偏见无处不在/有时我们甚至意识不到我们有偏见，故答案为Gender-related biases are everywhere. Sometimes we may not even
111、 realize that we are biased. 或People generally give males more benefits in the job market.【42题详解】考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段“This is what confirmation bias is， where people are more likely to choose or associate positive qualities to people more like themselves or belong to the same social and ethnic group as th
112、ey do.（这就是确认性偏见，即人们更有可能选择或将积极的品质与更像自己的人或与自己属于同一个社会和种族的人联系起来）”可知，confirmation bias指的是人们喜欢和自己相似的人联系，故答案为Confirmation bias is a kind of bias where people are more likely to choose or associate positive qualities to people more like themselves or belong to the same social and ethnic group as they do.或Co
113、nfirmation bias is a kind of bias where people regard someone more similar to themselves as superior human beings.【43题详解】主观题。本题为主观题，答案不唯一，供参考：Sadly, I am biased in certain ways, although I never thought of it this way before. For example, I sometimes associate women with weakness, or think girls are
114、 not in general good at math or science. 第二节(20分)44. 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你的英国笔友Jim给你写信探讨“读书”的话题。请你给他回信，内容包括：1.你的阅读经历；2.你的阅读收获；3.你对阅读的看法。注意：1.词数100左右：2.开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。Dear Jim，_Yours，Li Hua【答案】Possible Version 1：Dear Jim,Im so glad to know that you also love reading and I am more than happy to share my e
115、xperience and thoughts on reading with you.When I was a kid, I read picture books with interesting illustrations. I would unconsciously burst out laughing or frown with concern about the character in the book. Later in life, I was absorbed in the world of words, where I found myself seeing the world
116、 through the eyes of different roles in the stories and I discovered the mystery of so many things, from the smallest atoms to the vast universe. While reading, I even got a new insight into myself. Even though I encountered difficulties sometimes, nothing swayed my enthusiasm about reading.Frankly,
117、 I have really harvested a lot from reading. Reading does not only provide me with encyclopedic knowledge ranging from basic principles to far away outer space mystery, but also convince me that being alone is not lonely. With books in hand, Ive really got a colorful world belonging to myself. Throu
118、gh that world, I get courage in times of challenge, and I feel love and warmth in the midst of adversity. Further, I have found my role model and a goal I decide to pursue in my future life. Reading is a best friend. You need to treat it patiently with your sincere love. In return, reading will brin
119、g you a whole new world to get along with, which makes you a complete person.This is my experience and understanding of reading. What about yours? So looking forward to your sharing.Yours,Li Hua Possible Version 2：Dear Jim,How is everything going? Having heard that you are interested in reading, Im
120、writing to share my reading experience and feelings with you.I used to be impatient with reading. I often skipped some parts of a story, which I thought werent attractive to me at first. As a result, I got very little believing reading wasnt so beneficial. To solve this problem, I urged myself to re
121、ad carefully and try to follow the plot. Then I astonishingly found that I could read the whole book smoothly and even learned a moral lesson from it. This is big progress as well as great relief to me. From this experience I have learned that every word “counts”. Besides, I get an opportunity to ap
122、proach literature and appreciate the beauty of words. It was this experience that helped change my reading attitude and improved my reading skill.So we need to pay attention to every paragraph and read with full patience, which allows us to get the complete meaning and be truly involved and educated
123、. Reading deserves our patience and deep thinking.This is my point of view about reading. What do you think of it? I am looking forward to hearing from you.Yours,Li Hua【解析】【分析】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生给英国笔友Jim回信探讨“读书”的话题。【详解】第一步：审题体裁：应用文时态：根据提示，时态主要为一般过去时和现在完成时,少量一般现在时。结构：总分总法要求：1.你的阅读经历；2.你的阅读收获；3.你对阅读的看法。第
124、二步:列提纲 （重点词组）more than；sharewith；burst out；be absorbed in；get a new insight into；providewith；far away；range from；in hand；belong to；in return；get along with；look forward to第三步：连词成句1. Im so glad to know that you also love reading and I am more than happy to share my experience and thoughts on reading
125、with you.2. When I was a kid, I read picture books with interesting illustrations. 3. I would unconsciously burst out laughing or frown with concern about the character in the book. 4. Later in life, I was absorbed in the world of words, where I found myself seeing the world through the eyes of diff
126、erent roles in the stories and I discovered the mystery of so many things, from the smallest atoms to the vast universe. 5. While reading, I even got a new insight into myself. 6. Even though I encountered difficulties sometimes, nothing swayed my enthusiasm about reading.7. Frankly, I have really h
127、arvested a lot from reading. 8. Reading does not only provide me with encyclopedic knowledge ranging from basic principles to far away outer space mystery, but also convince me that being alone is not lonely. 8. With books in hand, Ive really got a colorful world belonging to myself. 9. Through that
128、 world, I get courage in times of challenge, and I feel love and warmth in the midst of adversity. 10. Further, I have found my role model and a goal I decide to pursue in my future life.11. Reading is a best friend. You need to treat it patiently with your sincere love.12. In return, reading will b
129、ring you a whole new world to get along with, which makes you a complete person.根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。第四步：连句成篇（衔接词）1.表文章结构顺序：First of all, Firstly/First, Secondly/Second And then, Finally, In the end, At last(供参考)2.表并列补充关系：Further, not onlybut (also)3.表转折对比关系：However, On the contrary, but, A
130、lthough+clause(从句), In spite of+n/doing,On the one hand,On the other hand Some,while others,as for, sothat(供参考)4.表因果关系：Because, As, So, Thus, Therefore, As a result (供参考)连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰，【点睛】高分句型1 When I was a kid, I read picture books with interesting illustrations.(when引导时间状语从句
131、)高分句型2 Later in life, I was absorbed in the world of words, where I found myself seeing the world through the eyes of different roles in the stories and I discovered the mystery of so many things, from the smallest atoms to the vast universe.(where引导非限制性定语从句)高分句型3 Frankly, I have really harvested a lot from reading. Reading does not only provide me with encyclopedic knowledge ranging from basic principles to far away outer space mystery, but also convince me that being alone is not lonely.(not onlybut also连接并列句)