1、2021北京人大附中朝阳学校高二（下）期中英 语本试卷考试时间100分钟，满分100分第一节 语法填空(共10小题;每小题1.5分,共15分)A阅读下列短文,根据短文内容填空,在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词,在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。Seven years ago, Steve lost his beloved dog Wolfgang. In memory of it, he began to adopt dogs who had been in their last few years. He _1_(choose) to rescue these sen
2、ior dogs because they otherwise wouldnt have had a home. When_2_(ask) how he could bear to adopt senior dog, Steve answered, “These abandoned animals need love, and they also have a lot of love to give, _3_is just one of the things these dogs wish you knew.”【答案】1. chose 2. asked 3. which【解析】【分析】这是一篇
3、记叙文。七年前，Steve去了他心爱的狗狗Wolfgang。为了纪念它，他开始收养那些已经奄奄一息的老年狗的故事。【1题详解】考查动词时态。句意：他选择拯救这些老年狗，因为不这样做的话它们就没有家了。根据上文“Seven years ago”可知事情发生在七年前，应用一般过去时。故填chose。【2题详解】考查省略句。句意：当被问及他如何能忍受收养老年狗时，Steve回答说，“这些被遗弃的动物需要爱，它们也有很多爱可以给予，这正是这些狗希望你知道的事情之一。” 在when引导的时间状语从句中，从句主语和主句主语一致且含有be的某种形式时，可省略从句的主语和be，从句完整形式为“When he
4、was asked how he could bear to adopt senior dog”，相当于省略了he was。故填asked。【3题详解】考查定语从句。句意：当被问及他如何能忍受收养老年狗时，Steve回答说，“这些被遗弃的狗狗需要爱，它们也有很多爱可以给予，这正是这些狗希望你知道的事情之一。”此处为非限制性定语从句修饰上文整个句子，从句中缺少主语，故应用关系代词which引导，that不能引导非限制性定语从句。故填which。B阅读下列短文,根据短文内容填空,在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词,在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。For many years
5、, researchers_4_(try) to find out the magic of reading. According to an article in Scientific American, researchers have found evidence that literary fiction improves a readers ability to understand_5_others are thinking about. And_6_article further argues that literary fiction can teach us values a
6、bout social behavior, such as the importance of understanding those who are different from ourselves. The results of this study suggest people who love reading can_7_(well) put themselves in someone elses shoes.【答案】4. have tried / have been trying 5. what 6. the 7. better【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了阅读的魔力，阅
7、读能给人们带来诸多好处。【4题详解】考查时态。句意：多年来，研究人员一直试图找出阅读的魔力。根据句意以及时间状语For many years可知，此处用现在完成时（have/has done）表示过去开始的动作一直持续到现在，或用现在完成进行时（have/has been doing），表示动作从某一时间开始，一直持续到现在，有可能仍然要继续下去。主语researchers为复数名词，主谓一致，故填have tried / have been trying。【5题详解】考查宾语从句引导词。句意：根据科学美国人杂志的一篇文章，研究人员发现有证据表明，文学小说可以提高读者理解他人想法的能力。分析句
8、子可知，空格处引导宾语从句，连接代词what引导从句，在从句中作宾语，指事物，可译为“的事”。故填what。【6题详解】考查冠词。句意：文章进一步认为，文学小说可以教会我们关于社会行为的价值观，比如理解那些与我们不同的人的重要性。根据句意可知，空格后的名词article特指前文（文章第二句）中提到的an article，应用定冠词the限定。故填the。【7题详解】考查副词比较级。句意：这项研究的结果表明，爱读书的人可以更好地设身处地为别人着想。根据句意可知，此处应用well的比较级better修饰动词put，表示“爱读书的人”和“不爱读书的人”做个比较，符合句意，故填better。C阅读下列
9、短文,根据短文内容填空,在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词,在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。A team of international_8_(scientist) announced that they discovered a group of dinosaur footprints in Tibet Autonomous Region in China. The team, which consists_9_experts from China, the United States and Germany, found about 99 footprints i
10、n that area. According to their findings published in the academic journal Historical Biology earlier this month, these footprints, _10_(range) from 22 cm to 99.3 cm in length, are believed to have been left by large, medium and small-sized sauropods (蜥脚龙) dating back to the Middle Jurassic period.【
11、答案】8. scientists 9. of 10. ranging【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述一个国际科学家团队在中国西藏自治区发现了一组恐龙脚印。【8题详解】考查名词复数。句意：一个国际科学家团队宣布，他们在中国西藏自治区发现了一组恐龙脚印。scientist是可数名词，结合“A team of”可知，此处应用复数形式。故填scientists。【9题详解】考查介词。句意：由来自中国、美国和德国的专家组成的研究小组在该地区发现了大约99个脚印。consist of由组成，是固定短语。故填of。10题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：根据本月早些时候发表在学术期刊历史生物学上的研究
12、结果，这些足迹长度从22厘米到99.3厘米不等，被认为是侏罗纪中期大型、中型和小型蜥脚龙留下的。句中已有谓语动词are believed，空处应用非谓语动词，动词range和逻辑主语footprints之间是主谓关系，应用现在分词作后置定语。故填ranging。第二节 完形填空(共10小题;每小题1.5分,共15分)阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。It Runs in the FamilyMy childhood had its ups and downs, but with my mom, who was so supportive, I was
13、destined to succeed in life.She never _11_any of my school events. When I graduated from college, I was selected to give the commencement address(毕业演讲). Just like old time, my mother listened to my_12_ over and over again. That reminded me of a time when I used to be_13_by my mother. She always laug
14、hed just too loud. I respected my mother, but just wanted her to be more like normal mothers and less_14_.During my speech in a statewide speech contest, she moved her lips as if she was coaching me. I worried other people would think she was talking to herself.By the time I made it to the finals, I
15、 had given my mother strict conditions. I instructed her not to mouth the words to my speech. And I_15_ under no circumstances should she Jump up and down and make whooping noises if I won. This was the final speech contest, and we had to look the part.When I took to the stage and delivered my prese
16、ntation, one of the most flawless performances of my 16 years on earth, I realized my mother was sitting with her face turned toward the door rather than the stage-obeying my orders. I realized that she knew all the words to my speech-just to show her_16_for me. Suddenly, I knew then that I had no d
17、esire to win without my mother seeing it and_17_in whatever way she wanted to.Near the end of my speech, I walked onto the main floor. I wanted Mommas_18_. My mother never moved, desperately trying to do what I had asked her to do: Be someone else. While the rest of the crowd rose to their feet in a
18、 standing ovation, Momma was_19_. When they handed me the scholarship money, Momma allowed herself to simply smile.Without our traditional crazy celebration, my_20_felt empty. At that moment, I realized you cant enjoy where you are going if you deny where you are from. I let Momma know from that mom
19、ent on she could whoop and holler and be herself.11. A. visitedB. missedC. delayedD. cared12. A. requestB. storyC. speechD. lecture13. A. confusedB. embarrassedC. surprisedD. disappointed14. A. dizzyB. messyC. crazyD. busy15. A. warnedB. informedC. promisedD. complained16. A. respectB. supportC. pat
20、ienceD. curiosity17. A. coachingB. performingC. participatingD. celebrating18. A. attentionB. instructionC. affectionD. impression19. A. afraidB. sadC. stillD. bored20. A. dreamB. fortuneC. effortD. victory【答案】11. B 12. C 13. B 14. C 15. A 16. B 17. D 18. A 19. C 20. D【解析】【分析】这是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了成长过程中，妈妈给予
21、自己的支持与付出，期间作者还嫌弃过妈妈的一些做法，后来认识到自己错了，表示感恩。【11题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：她从来没有错过我学校的任何活动。A. visited参观访问；B. missed思念，错过；C. delayed耽搁，延迟；D. cared重视，关心。根据上文“with my mom, who was so supportive, I was destined to succeed in life.（我妈妈非常支持我。我命中注定要成功）”可知，妈妈对我是支持的，结合全文，作者的演讲比赛，妈妈都在现场，所以此处应表示妈妈从未缺席过我的学校活动。故选B项。【12题详解】考查名词词
22、义辨析。句意：就像以前一样，妈妈一遍又一遍地听我的演讲。A. request请求，要求；B. story故事；C. speech讲演；D. lecture授课，讲座。根据第四空后“During my speech ”可知，是我在演讲准备阶段妈妈一遍一遍听我演讲。speech表示“演讲”，注重语言的口才表达；lecture表示“演讲”注重知识性，以教育为目的。故选C项。【13题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：那使我想起了以前我为妈妈感到难堪的时候。A. confused困惑的；B. embarrassed尴尬的；C. surprised感到奇怪的；D. disappointed失望的。根据下文“
23、She always laughed just too loud. I respected my mother, but just wanted her to be more like normal mothers and less4_.During my speech in a statewide speech contest, she moved her lips as if she was coaching me. I worried other people would think she was talking to herself.（她总是笑得太大声。我尊重我的母亲，但只是希望她更
24、像普通的母亲，不要那么疯狂。我在一次全州演讲比赛中演讲时，她动了动嘴唇，好像在指导我。我担心别人会认为她在自言自语。）”可知，我觉得妈妈的反应有些与众不同，担心别人认为她不正常，我应该是感觉很尴尬。故选B项。【14题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我尊重我的母亲，但只是希望她更像普通的母亲，不要那么疯狂。A. dizzy头晕的；B. messy混乱的；C. crazy疯狂的；D. busy繁忙的。根据上文“She always laughed just too loud.（她总是笑声那么大）”及下文“And I_5_ under no circumstances should she Jump
25、 up and down and make whooping noises if I won.（我警告她，如果我赢了，她决不能跳上跳下，大声喊叫。）”可知，我觉得我演讲时，妈妈在台下的反应是太疯狂了。故选C项。【15题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：我警告她，如果我赢了，她决不能跳上跳下，大声喊叫。 A. warned警告；B. informed告知；C. promised承诺；D. complained抱怨，投诉。根据上文“but just wanted her to be more like normal mothers and less crazy .（但只是希望她更像普通的母亲，不要那么
26、疯狂。）”及空后“under no circumstances should she Jump up and down and make whooping noises if I won（如果我赢了，她无论如何都不能跳上跳下，大声喊叫。）”可知，我认为妈妈之前的行为有些疯狂，我感到尴尬。所以此处应该是警告妈妈，不要那样了。故选A项。【16题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我意识到她知道我演讲的全部内容只是为了表示她对我的支持。A. respect尊敬；B. support支持；C. patience耐心；D. curiosity好奇心。妈妈陪女儿演讲，背下来女儿的全部的演讲稿，是对女儿的支持。故
27、选B项。【17题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：突然间，我明白了，如果没有我妈妈观看并以她想要的任何方式庆祝，我是不会想赢的。A. coaching训练；B. performing表演，表现；C. participating参与；D. celebrating庆祝。根据第五空后“I warned under no circumstances should she Jump up and down and make whooping noises if I won.( 我警告她如果我赢了，她无论如何都不能跳上跳下，大声喊叫。)”可知，以往我获胜时，妈妈很兴奋的大喊大叫，这次妈妈很安静，我却觉得失落空
28、虚。可知没有了妈妈的支持和庆祝，我就不会这么努力，可能就不会赢。故选D项。【18题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我想引起妈妈的注意。A. attention注意； B. instruction知道，说明；C. affection喜爱，感情；D. impression印象。根据上文“I realized my mother was sitting with her face turned toward the door rather than the stage-obeying my orders.”妈妈按我嘱咐，一直没有看向舞台及“Suddenly, I knew then that I ha
29、d no desire to win without my mother seeing it and_7_in whatever way she wanted to.”那一刻我突然明白，没有妈妈的欣赏和庆祝，我就没有了赢的欲望。及空前“Near the end of my speech, I walked onto the main floor.”我走到那里去是为了得到妈妈的注意，因为之前妈妈一直没有看舞台。故选A项。【19题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当其他的人站起来为我鼓掌时，妈妈仍然不动。A. afraid害怕的；B. sad难过的；C. still静止不动的；D. bored厌烦的
30、。根据空前“the rest of the crowd rose to their feet”可知，其他观众们都站起来为我鼓掌，而妈妈还是在遵守我的嘱咐，保持不动，形容词still“静止不动”符合语境。故选C项。【20题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：没有我们传统的疯狂庆祝，我的胜利感到空虚。A. dream梦想；B. fortune运气，财富；C. effort努力，付出；D. victory胜利。根据倒数第三段首“, one of the most flawless performances of my 16 years on earth,（十六年来，最完美无缺的表演之一）”及“the re
31、st of the crowd rose to their feet in a standing ovation,”“ When they handed me the scholarship money”可知，此次演讲胜利了，可是妈妈按我的要求没有像以前一样，疯狂庆祝，所以，我觉得我的胜利有种空虚的感觉。故选D项。第三部分：阅读理解（共38分）ASometimes the challenges of life can seem so big that it is hard to deal with them all. While some adults find comfort in talk
32、ing with a friend or professional，many teens find relief in the form of a simple journal.Generally，journaling is to keep a diary or journal that explores thoughts and feelings about the events of your life. It allows people to gain valuable self-knowledge. It is also a good problem-solving tool. Oft
33、entimes，one can find out a problem and come up with solutions more easily on paper. More importantly，as a stress management and self-exploration tool，journaling works best when you keep doing so，but even occasional journaling can be stress-relieving.To reduce pressure effectively，journaling can take
34、 several forms，and here are multiple choices that can work for you.Gratitude Journal：To keep a daily gratitude journal，you can list three or more aspects of each day for which you are grateful. It helps you to focus on what you have in your life already and create a more positive mood at that moment
35、. An added benefit is that if you are feeling down in the future，you can cheer yourself up with a few pages of the things you have to appreciate in life.Emotional Release（释放）：You may also write about your emotional responses to events that have happened throughout the day as a way of dealing with th
36、e stress. This is a great way to enlarge the positive and manage the negative things that happen in your life，increasing your positivity ratio（比率）.Bullet Journal：You can simply keep bullet journals to record what you need to do each day，goals you have，memories you create，and other things you do not
37、want to forget. It keeps your mind clear and helps you remember what is important to you.The journaling method you choose can depend on your needs at the time and your personality-just do what feels right. If you already have a favorite journaling habit，by all means，keep it up！But if you are new to
38、journaling，remember：any day is a good day to get into the habit.21. According to the writer, keeping a gratitude journal can help teens _.A. gain valuable knowledge of themselvesB. explore the feelings and stories of othersC. focus on what you have in your life alreadyD. communicate with friends mor
39、e comfortably22. What can we learn from the passage?A. You list things you plan to do in a bullet journal.B. Occasional journaling doesnt help to reduce stress.C. Emotional release is the best way of dealing with stress.D. You cant choose journaling methods depending on your needs.23. Which of the f
40、ollowing would be the best title for the passage?A. Journaling: Save Your TimeB. Journaling: Relieve Your StressC. Journaling: Improve Your WritingD. Journaling: Explore Your Personality【答案】21. C 22. A 23. B【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述日记是青少年缓解压力的方式，并介绍了几种日记记录的形式供选择，日志记录方法可以根据你当时的需要和你的个性而定。建议人们养成记日记的习惯。【21题详
41、解】细节理解题。根据文章中的第四段“To keep a daily gratitude journal, you can list three or more aspects of each day for which you are grateful. It helps you to focus on what you have in your life already and create a more positive mood at that moment.（要保持每天的感恩日记，你可以列出每天你要感恩的三个或更多方面。它帮助你专注于你已经拥有的生活，并在那一刻创造一个更积极的情绪。）
42、”可知，写感恩日记可以帮助青少年专注于我们已经拥有的生活。故选C项。【22题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“You can simply keep bullet journals to record what you need to do each day, goals you have, memories you create, and other things you do not want to forget.（你可以通过写目标日志来记录你每天需要做的事情，你的目标，你创造的记忆，以及其他你不想忘记的事情。）”可知，你可以在目标日志中列出你计划做的事情。故选A项。【23题详解】主旨大意
43、题。根据第一段“While some adults find comfort in talking with a friend or professional，many teens find relief in the form of a simple journal.（有些成年人觉得和朋友或专业人士聊天很舒服，而很多青少年觉得写日记可以缓解压力。）”和第三段“To reduce pressure effectively，journaling can take several forms，and here are multiple choices that can work for you.（
44、为了有效地减轻压力，写日记可以采取多种形式，这里有多种适合你的选择。）”以及整个文章的理解可知，文章主要讲述写日记是青少年缓解压力的一种有效的方式，并列出来几种日志记录的方式。B项“Journaling: Relieve Your Stress（写日记：缓解压力）”概括文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选B项。BA new research published in Nature Machine Intelligence suggests that teaching materials science, mechanical engineering, computer science, biolo
45、gy and chemistry as a combined discipline (综合学科) could help students develop the skills they need to create lifelike artificially intelligent (AI) robots as researchers.Known as Physical AI, these robots will be designed to look and behave like humans or other animals. At the same time, they will ow
46、n intelligence (智力) normally connected with biological organisms (生物有机体). These robots could in future help humans at work and in daily living, performing tasks that are dangerous for humans and helping with medicine, caregiving, security, building and industry.However, todays robots and biological
47、beings exist separately and the intelligence of the two have not yet been combined. Co-lead author Professor Mirko Kovac said, The development of robot bodies has greatly fallen behind the development of robot brains . Unlike digital AI, which has been studied deeply in the last few decades, breathi
48、ng physical intelligence into robots has remained relatively unexplored.The researchers say that the reason for this gap might be that no systematic educational method has yet been developed for teaching students and researchers to create robot bodies and brains combined as whole units.This new rese
49、arch suggests a way of overcoming the gap by combining scientific disciplines to help future researchers create lifelike robots with abilities such as developing bodily control, autonomy and sensing at the same time.Professor Kovac said, We picture Physical AI robots being developed in the lab by us
50、ing unusual materials and research methods. Cross-disciplinary cooperation and partnerships will be very important.The researchers also advise strengthening research activities in Physical AI by supporting teachers on both the institutional and community level. They suggest hiring and supporting uni
51、versity educators whose priority (重点) will be cross-disciplinary Physical AI research. Creating lifelike robots has been an impossible task so far, but it could be made possible by including Physical Al in the high education system, Kovac said.We hope that the researchers work will encourage active
52、discussion of the topic and will lead to combination of Physical Al disciplines in the educational mainstream. The researchers intend to carry out the Physical AI methodology in their research and education activities to help build human-robot ecosystems.24. What do we know about Physical AI robots
53、according to the passage?A. They have been able to help humans at work.B. They will have human brains and animal bodies.C. They have been designed to look and act like humans.D. They will have intelligence connected with biological organisms.25. What does the underlined words this gap in Paragraph 4
54、 probably refer to?A. Biological beings have been paid enough attention to.B. The robot brains have fallen behind the robot bodies.C. Systematic educational method hasnt been developed by now.D. Physical Al hasnt been well explored compared with digital AI.26. We can learn from the passage that_.A.
55、intelligence is important in creating digital AI robotsB. development in digital AI can help produce smarter robotsC. unusual materials might be used to develop Physical AI robotsD. we have developed lifelike robots by having Physical AI in education27. What is the writers main purpose in writing th
56、is passage?A. To show the difficulties of Physical AI development and the related solutions.B. To call for combination of Physical AI disciplines in the education system.C To explain the reason why Physical intelligence has remained unexplored.D. To encourage people to prepare for the age of Physica
57、l AI progress.【答案】24. D 25. D 26. C 27. B【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。一项新研究，首次定义了术语“物理人工智能（Physical AI）”，并提出通过教学和科研相结合以及整合学科，帮助未来的研究人员创建具有与智能生物体相关功能的“逼真”机器人。【24题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段中“Known as Physical AI, these robots will be designed to look and behave like humans or other animals. At the same time, they will own int
58、elligence (智力) normally connected with biological organisms (生物有机体). (这些机器人被称为物理人工智能（Physical AI），其外观和行为将被设计成人类或其他动物的样子。同时，它们将拥有通常与生物有机体有关的智力)”可知，Physical AI机器人将拥有与生物有机体有关的智能。故选D。【25题详解】词句猜测题。根据第三段中“Unlike digital AI, which has been studied deeply in the last few decades, breathing physical intellig
59、ence into robots has remained relatively unexplored. (与近几十年来被深入研究的数字人工智能不同的是，将物理智能注入机器人的探索仍相对较少) ”可知，将物理智能应用到机器人中，也就是Physical AI，和数字人工智能发展之间存在差距。第四段中“The researchers say that the reason for this gap might be that no systematic educational method has yet been developed for teaching students and resea
60、rchers to create robot bodies and brains combined as whole units. (研究人员说，造成这一差距的原因可能是，还没有系统的教育方法来教学生和研究人员创造机器人身体和大脑结合成一个整体)”可知， this gap“这种差距”指的Physical Al相比数字人工智能，还没有得到很好的探索。故选D。【26题详解】细节理解题。根据第六段中Professor Kovac说的“We picture Physical AI robots being developed in the lab by using unusual materials
61、and research methods. (我们设想在实验室里用非常规材料和研究方法开发Physical AI)”可知，非常规的材料可能用于开发物理人工智能机器人。故选C。【27题详解】推理判断题。文章开头提到“A new research published in Nature Machine Intelligence suggests that teaching materials science, mechanical engineering, computer science, biology and chemistry as a combined discipline (综合学科)
62、 could help students develop the skills they need to create lifelike artificially intelligent (AI) robots as researchers. (发表在自然机器智能上的一项新研究表明，教材科学、机械工程、计算机科学、生物学和化学结合作为一门综合学科，可以帮助学生作为研究人员发展创造逼真的人工智能（AI）机器人所需的技能)”在教学中，将学科综合来帮助他们培养创造Physical AI机器人所需技能。最后一段中“We hope that the researchers work will encou
63、rage active discussion of the topic and will lead to combination of Physical Al disciplines in the educational mainstream. The researchers intend to carry out the Physical AI methodology in their research and education activities to help build human-robot ecosystems. (我们希望研究人员的工作将鼓励积极讨论这个问题，并将导致Phys
64、ical Al各学科在教育主流体系中的结合。研究人员打算在他们的研究和教育活动中实施Physical AI方法，以帮助建立人类-机器人生态系统)”总结了在发展Physical Al时，要在教育体系中，注重各学科的合作。所以作者通过本文主要就是为了呼吁在教育体系中Physical Al学科的结合。故选B。CImagine that your friend is cutting the cake to share with all the guests at the birthday party. The first three guests are handed large pieces of
65、cake, while you are handed a teeny-tiny one. How would you feel? Is this fair? Most of us have a clear sense of what is fair and what is not, but where does this come from? Scientists try to study fairness in primate species (灵长类物种) to understand how fairness came about.Fairness often involves equal
66、 outcomes (平等的结果)Do monkeys behave in ways that lead to equal outcomes? To find out, scientists give monkeys choices about how to share food. Scientists ask a monkey to choose between two optionsto provide a piece of food just for themselves, or to provide food for another monkey nearby, as well as
67、for themselves (Figure 1). If monkeys are trying to achieve equal outcomes, they would give food to both themselves and another. Do they? Sometimes.The left monkey has just chosen the board to give food to himself and the neighboring monkey.The left monkey has just chosen the board that provides foo
68、d for himself only.（Figure 1）Whether monkeys favor equal outcomes seems to depend on the species. The species which live in groups will prefer equal outcomes, but not all the time.What else might be influencing whether monkeys create equal outcomes? If the two monkeys are friends, one is more likely
69、 to share food with the other. It also seems that monkeys would make the equal choice when they cannot see the actual foodsome scientists use pictures of food.But wait, does effort matter?Scientists have developed a way to test whether monkeys prefer everyone to be paid equally for doing the same wo
70、rk. In this study, monkeys are trained to work for food by exchanging small coins with a scientist. To determine if and how monkeys respond to unfairness, scientists have two monkeys take turns exchanging coins and give them different foodtheir favorite food or a less-preferred food (Figure2). If th
71、e monkey getting the less-preferred food refuses to keep exchanging coins, scientists conclude the monkeys respond to unfairness.The monkey on the left exchanges the coin for a piece of banana. Next, the neighbor monkey will also exchange a coin, but receive a less-preferred piece of food.（Figure 2）
72、The results of the study have suggested differences across monkey species. Generally, monkeys living in groups do not respond to unfairness, while other monkeys do respond to it. However, monkeys do not appear to mind if they get a better food than others.All in all, monkeys sense of fairness does n
73、ot seem to be as well-developed as our own. By studying their preferences for fairness and responses to unfair situations, we can learn more about how these values developed in humans. And this also helps us to better understand the natural world and how to care for animals as well.28. In the first
74、monkey study, _.A. scientists use more pictures of food than actual foodB. scientists let monkeys choose from a variety of foodsC. the left monkey will get no food if it provides food for anotherD. the left monkey can choose between two ways of providing food29. What can we learn from these monkey s
75、tudies?A. Monkeys living in groups value effort more.B. Monkeys of different species enjoy different work.C. Not all monkeys stop working when treated unfairly.D. Monkeys seem to mind if the neighbor gets less food.30. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A. Do Monkeys Care
76、 What Is Fair?B. Can Equal Outcomes Bring Fairness?C. Why Do Monkeys Value Fairness and Effort?D. How Do Monkeys Develop a Sense of Fairness?【答案】28. D 29. C 30. A【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章通过科学家们研究猴子对公平的偏好和对不公平情况的反应，使我们可以更多地了解这些价值观是如何在人类身上形成的。这也有助于我们更好地了解自然界以及如何照顾动物。【28题详解】细节理解题。根据Fairness often involves equ
77、al outcomes部分“Scientists ask a monkey to choose between two optionsto provide a piece of food just for themselves, or to provide food for another monkey nearby, as well as for themselves (Figure 1).（科学家让一只猴子在两种选择中做出选择只给自己一块食物，或者给附近的另一只猴子和自己一样提供食物(图1)。）”可知，在第一个研究中，科学家让一只猴子在两种选择中做出选择，一种是只给自己提供一块食物，另一种
78、是给附近的另一只猴子和自己都提供食物，也就是猴子可以在两种提供食物的方式中进行选择。故选D项。29题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The results of the study have suggested differences across monkey species. Generally, monkeys living in groups do not respond to unfairness, while other monkeys do respond to it. However, monkeys do not appear to mind if they get a b
79、etter food than others.（研究结果表明，不同种类的猴子之间存在差异。一般来说，群居的猴子不会对不公平做出反应，而其他猴子会对不公平做出反应。然而，猴子似乎并不介意自己是否得到了比其他动物更好的食物。）”可知，对于不公平的态度，不同种类的猴子之间存在差异。所以可以推断不是所有的猴子在受到不公平待遇时都会停止工作。故选C项。【30题详解】主旨大意题。根据最后一段“All in all, monkeys sense of fairness does not seem to be as well-developed as our own. By studying their pr
80、eferences for fairness and responses to unfair situations, we can learn more about how these values developed in humans. And this also helps us to better understand the natural world and how to care for animals as well.（总而言之，猴子的公平感似乎没有我们人类那么发达。通过研究它们对公平的偏好和对不公平情况的反应，我们可以更多地了解这些价值观是如何在人类身上形成的。这也有助于我们
81、更好地了解自然界以及如何照顾动物。）”以及整个文章的理解可知，文章主要讲述有关猴子对公平的偏好和对不公平情况的反应的研究。所以A选项“Do Monkeys Care What Is Fair?（猴子在乎公平吗？）”概括文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选A项。DWeve all experienced failure. Whether we like it or not, failure is part of life. How people respond to it is of great importance both to their decisions and achievements.
82、 Some are likely to have such expectations: “If I should reach that goal, how happy would I feel?” In a recent study, we wanted to understand how such expectations may change in the face of failure. Are people able to predict their own happiness?The old saying “the grass is always greener on the oth
83、er side” suggests that people spend much of their time longing for things they cant have. In other words, the harder it is to achieve, the higher the valuation. But is this a good model for how ordinary people process failure? According to the story The Fox and the Grapes, failure often leads us to
84、drop our initial (最初的) plan. In the story, the fox jumps with all his strength, yet he fails to reach the grapes. Finally, he walks away, concluding that the grapes were sour (酸的) anyway.So, which is it: greener grass or sour grapes? We did an experiment to determine how people react to failure.In t
85、he study, about 1,200 participants (参加者) received either good or poor feedback (反馈) on the practice trial of a test. Half of them were told that they had performed in the bottom 20 percent, while the other half, in the top 20 percent. They were then asked to predict how they would feel if they earne
86、d a high score on the actual test.The research results showed that those who received poor feedback on the practice trial predicted that they would feel less happiness and less pride, compared to those who received strong feedback. However, when they received a top score on the actual test later, th
87、ey were just as happy as the other half, and much happier than they had predicted before. This suggests that the initial failure made people undervalue how good it would feel to succeed in the future.The question though, is why failure makes us downplay our future happiness. According to Professor J
88、on Elster, people dont always know what they want, and often change their wishes to match what appears within reach. When the outcome doesnt fit the one they have of themselves, they protect themselves by devaluing the goalrather than devaluing self. In other words, when personal failure happens, on
89、e way of protecting our positive (积极的) sense of self is to refuse to accept the emotional importance of future achievements.Detachment (超脱) from personal goals can be useful, if it helps people redirect their attention from the impossible to better and more achievable goals. However, if the sour-gra
90、pe effect kicks in too early and people become fearful of failure, they could miss out on the chance to try again and realize that what once seemed impossible is now within reach.31. What does the story The Fox and the Grapes suggest?A. The outcome valuation depends on what goal is set.B. Difficulti
91、es result in a higher achievement expectation.C. Past performance doesnt help predict future happiness.D. Initial failure makes future success appear less attractive.32. The word “downplay” in Paragraph 6 probably means “_”.A. undervalueB. better understandC. destroyD. discover33. What do we know fr
92、om the passage?A. The participants cared more about strong feedback.B. The happier people are those who predict less happiness.C. The participants performance failed to match their abilities.D. People devalue the goal to keep a positive view of themselves.34. What is the writer trying to tell us?A.
93、Failure is the mother of success.B. Detachment stops people from changing wishes.C. The seemingly impossible is worth trying sometimes.D. The sour-grape effect pushes us to keep moving forward.【答案】31. D 32. A 33. D 34. C【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要论述了人面对失败时的反应和期望的变化。【31题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“According to the story
94、 The Fox and the Grapes, failure often leads us to drop our initial (最初的) plan.(根据狐狸与葡萄这个故事，失败常常会导致我们放弃最初的计划)”可知，狐狸与葡萄这个故事告诉我们，失败常常会导致我们放弃最初的计划。即最初的失败会让以后的成功变得不那么有吸引力。故选D项。【32题详解】词句猜测题。根据第五段最后一句话“This suggests that the initial failure made people undervalue how good it would feel to succeed in the f
95、uture.(这表明，最初的失败让人们低估了未来成功的感觉)”可知，研究表明最初的失败让人们低估了未来成功的成就感。所以第六段紧接着提出问题“The question though, is why failure makes us downplay our future happiness.(为什么失败会让我们低估未来的幸福？)”，承接上文，其中downplay呼应上文中的undervalue，两者为同义词，意为“低估，轻视”。A. undervalue低估；B. better understand更好地理解；C. destroy摧毁；D. discover发现。故选A项。33题详解】细节理解
96、题。根据倒数第二段“When the outcome doesnt fit the one they have of themselves, they protect themselves by devaluing the goalrather than devaluing self.(当结果不适合他们自己时，他们通过贬低目标来保护自己，而不是贬低自己)”可知，人们通过贬低目标来保护自己，以保持对自己的积极看法。故选D项。【34题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“However, if the sour-grape effect kicks in too early and people bec
97、ome fearful of failure, they could miss out on the chance to try again and realize that what once seemed impossible is now within reach.(然而，如果酸葡萄效应过早出现，人们会变得害怕失败，他们可能会错过再次尝试的机会，并意识到曾经看起来不可能的事情现在已经唾手可得)”可知，作者认为如果在事情的开头就害怕失败，我们可能会错过一些本来可以实现的事情，所以作者告诉我们要转变思维，去尝试看似不可能的事情。C项“The seemingly impossible is w
98、orth trying sometimes.(有时候，看似不可能的事情值得一试)”符合题意。故选C项。E根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填人空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。What is a Food CriticA food critic is a writer who specializes in writing criticisms of food. Like theater and movie critics, food critics are supposed to provide thoughtful, well-informed, and objective i
99、nformation to the public so that members of the public can make decisions about where to spend their money. _35_However some may also engage in more general food writing.Becoming a food critic takes time. Many food critics pursue professional experiences in the world of food, attending culinary scho
100、ols, working in restaurants, participating in farming, and so forth. _36_A good food critic is extremely knowledgeable about food, from how certain foods are harvested to the history of various dishes. Food critics also have very well-developed palates, and they may specialize in a particular area._
101、37_Food critics may move between publishers over the course of their careers, or start working for the food section of a paper and working up to a position as a food critic. A handful of critics become well known and well respected, with most primarily being known only in the area they serve.Profess
102、ional integrity is very important for food critics. Many make reservations and visit restaurants anonymously, so that they get an idea of how a restaurant serves ordinary customers. They also make repeat visits so that they can make fair and balanced assessments of a restaurant and its offerings. _3
103、8_ Implications of favoritism or bribery can ruin the reputation of a food critic.This is what food critics are like. They describe and evaluate the food, providing opinions on its quality. _39_These can be used as a reference for readers to make decisions.A. Food critics have the right to score the
104、 restaurant.B. Its important for them to be familiar with varieties of food.C. Avoidance of gifts from restaurateurs is also very important.D. Therefore, they can learn about every aspect of the food industry.E. After considering all aspects of the dining experience, they generate ratings.F. Food cr
105、itics primarily write about restaurants from fast food establishments to fancy restaurants.G. Once a food critic has gained experience, he or she can start writing articles for magazines and newspapers.【答案】35. F 36. D 37. G 38. C 39. E【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“美食评论家”这种职业，他们是专门写食物评论的作家，为公众提供深思熟虑的、见多识广的
106、和客观的信息，以便公众可以决定他们的钱花在哪里。文章介绍了这种职业的一些特点和职业要求等。【35题详解】根据上文“A food critic is a writer who specializes in writing criticisms of food. Like theater and movie critics, food critics are supposed to provide thoughtful, well-informed, and objective information to the public so that members of the public can
107、make decisions about where to spend their money.(食物评论家是专门写食物评论的作家。就像戏剧和电影评论家一样，美食评论家应该为公众提供深思熟虑的、见多识广的和客观的信息，以便公众可以决定他们的钱花在哪里)”以及后文“However some may also engage in more general food writing.(然而，有些人可能会从事更一般的食物写作)”可知，上文提到了“食物评论家”这种职业的含义和工作内容，后文则说了有些人会从事的写作内容，可推测本句是在说明食物评论家主要创作的写作类型。故F选项“食物评论家主要写评价餐馆的文
108、章，从快餐店到高档餐厅”符合语境，故选F。【36题详解】根据上文“Becoming a food critic takes time. Many food critics pursue professional experiences in the world of food, attending culinary schools, working in restaurants, participating in farming, and so forth.(成为一名美食评论家需要时间。 许多美食评论家追求在食物世界的专业经验，参加烹饪学校，在餐馆工作，参与农业，等等)”可知，上文提到了美食评
109、论家会从事与食品相关的各种行业，故本句与上文构成因果关系，指出美食评论家从事与食品相关的各种行业的结果是：可以了解食品工业的各个方面。D选项中They指代上文food critics。故D选项“因此，他们可以了解食品工业的各个方面”符合语境，故选D。【37题详解】根据后文“Food critics may move between publishers over the course of their careers, or start working for the food section of a paper and working up to a position as a food
110、critic. A handful of critics become well known and well respected, with most primarily being known only in the area they serve.(在他们的职业生涯中，美食评论家可能会在出版商之间转行，或者开始在报纸的美食版块工作，最终成为一名美食评论家。少数评论家成为知名人士和受人尊敬的人，他们大多只在他们服务的领域内为人所知)”可知，本段主要叙述的是美食评论家开始创作文章的过程，G选项中newspapers对应后文中a paper。故G选项“一旦一个美食评论家获得了经验，他或她可以开
111、始为杂志和报纸写文章”符合语境，故选G。【38题详解】根据上文“Professional integrity is very important for food critics. Many make reservations and visit restaurants anonymously, so that they get an idea of how a restaurant serves ordinary customers. They also make repeat visits so that they can make fair and balanced assessment
112、s of a restaurant and its offerings.(职业操守对美食评论家来说非常重要。 许多人匿名预订和访问餐馆，这样他们就能了解餐馆是如何服务普通顾客的。 他们还会反复光顾，以便对一家餐厅及其提供的服务做出公平、平衡的评价)”以及后文“Implications of favoritism or bribery can ruin the reputation of a food critic. (偏袒或贿赂的暗示会毁掉美食评论家的声誉)”可知，本段主要论述的是美食评论家的职业操守问题，且后文提到了接受贿赂会毁掉美食评论家的声誉，即强调不要接受餐厅老板的送礼。故C选项“避免
113、餐馆老板送礼也很重要”符合语境，故选C。【39题详解】根据上文“This is what food critics are like. They describe and evaluate the food, providing opinions on its quality.(这就是美食评论家。他们描述和评价食物，对其质量提供意见)”以及后文“These can be used as a reference for readers to make decisions.(这些可以作为读者做决定的参考)”可知，上文提到了美食评论家描述和评价食物，后文提到为读者做参考，可推测本句承接上文说明美食评
114、论家在考虑了餐饮体验后，会得出评级，来为读者做参考。故E选项“在考虑餐饮体验的所有方面后，他们产生了评级”符合语境，故选E。第五部分：阅读表达&写作（共32分）第一节阅读表达(共4小题;第1、2小题各2分,第3小题3分,第4小题5分,共12分)The last thing I wanted to hear when my government-sponsored scholarship was withdrawn during my final year of college was: Things are working out for your own good. Just give th
115、em some time. Those words just stirred a lot of anger in me.Then I read the story of the Chinese bamboo farmer, which gave me a different view on life. The seed of the Chinese bamboo is planted in the ground like every seed. It is watered, and fed with nutrients daily, but it shows no immediate phys
116、ical response and doesnt appear to grow. The farmer continues to water and feed the seed in year one, year two, and year three. No growth is seen until the fourth year, when the seed finally breaks through the ground. Then, in the space of just five weeks, it grows ninety feet tall. The Chinese bamb
117、oo grows to its full capacity within 5 years.Despite not seeing an immediate result, the farmer had trust in what he was doing. He continued to water and feed the plant for four years, because he believed that if he played his own role and did all that a farmer was supposed to do, then he would be g
118、iven his reward at the right time. That trust and patience is what kept the farmer persistently feeding his seed for four years before enjoying the reward in the end.Life is not always straightforward. Most often, its not a matter of 5+5 =10 (Sum 1).Life can be more like 2+1+2+0+0+0+1+2+0+0+1 + 1=10
119、 (Sum 2).Both sums lead to the same result, but through quite different paths and processes. To be mature is to accept that things might look rough right now but the story can still have a great ending.We might live in a microwave generation where everything seems to happen instantly; but many thing
120、s still obey the laws of nature. Just doing what you are supposed to be doing, having patience like the Chinese bamboo farmer, and trusting that things will work out for you can help you get through the toughest times.40. What happened to the author in the final year of college?41. How does the Chin
121、ese bamboo grow in the fourth year?42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.To overcome difficulties, we need to trust that things will work out and simply wait patiently for the great ending to come.43. Which is your life more like, Sum 1 o
122、r Sum 2? Explain why. (about 40 words)【答案】40. The authors government-sponsored scholarship was withdrawn. 41. The seed finally breaks through the ground and the bamboo grows ninety feet tall in five weeks. 42. To overcome difficulties, we need to trust that things will work out and simply wait patie
123、ntly for the great ending to come.(1)According to the passage, to overcome difficulties, we need to do what we are supposed to be doing rather than simply wait patiently for the great ending to come.(2)To overcome difficulties, we need to trust things will work out, have patience and do what we are
124、supposed to be doing. 43. Sum 2. My life is also full of ups and downs. For example, I was never good at chemistry and failed the mid-exam in senior 1. With patience and determination, I made every effort to turn the tide. It was not a smooth path, but I got an A in the final exam in senior 3.【解析】【分
125、析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。在大学最后一年作者的政府奖学金被取消了，这让他很生气，但是在读了一篇中国竹农的故事后，作者明白了生活并不是一帆风顺的，通常情况下，做你应该做的事，像中国的竹农一样有耐心，相信事情会解决的，这能帮助你度过最艰难的时刻。【40题详解】考查细节理解。根据第一段第一句“The last thing I wanted to hear when my government-sponsored scholarship was withdrawn during my final year of college was(当我的政府奖学金在大学最后一年被取消时，我最不想听到的就是)”可知，
126、在大学最后一年作者的政府奖学金被取消了。故答案为The authors government-sponsored scholarship was withdrawn.【41题详解】考查细节理解。根据第二段倒第三句和倒第二句“No growth is seen until the fourth year, when the seed finally breaks through the ground. Then, in the space of just five weeks, it grows ninety feet tall. (直到第四年，种子终于破土而出时，才开始生长。然后，仅仅5个星期
127、，它就长到了90英尺高)”可知，在第四年种子最终破土而出，竹子在5个星期后长到了90英尺高。故答案为The seed finally breaks through the ground and the bamboo grows ninety feet tall in five weeks.。【42题详解】考查推理判断。根据最后一段最后一句“Just doing what you are supposed to be doing, having patience like the Chinese bamboo farmer, and trusting that things will work
128、out for you can help you get through the toughest times. (做你应该做的事，像中国的竹农一样有耐心，相信事情会解决的，这能帮助你度过最艰难的时刻)”可知，并不是只要耐心地等待就好了，还要做你应该做的事，耐心等待，相信事情会解决的。所以“simply wait patiently for the great ending to come”处错误，答案为(1)According to the passage, to overcome difficulties, we need to do what we are supposed to be
129、doing rather than simply wait patiently for the great ending to come. (2)To overcome difficulties, we need to trust things will work out, have patience and do what we are supposed to be doing.【43题详解】考查开放性回答。根据最后一段最后一句“Just doing what you are supposed to be doing, having patience like the Chinese bam
130、boo farmer, and trusting that things will work out for you can help you get through the toughest times. (做你应该做的事，像中国的竹农一样有耐心，相信事情会解决的，这能帮助你度过最艰难的时刻)”可知，生活不是一蹴而就，而是通过一点一点的努力，耐心的等待和坚定的信念来达到目标，所以答案最好是回答你的生活像Sum 2一样，并按照最后一段最后一句来解释原因，可以通过举出生活中的具体例子来体现。故答案为Sum 2. My life is also full of ups and downs. For
131、 example, I was never good at chemistry and failed the mid-exam in senior 1. With patience and determination, I made every effort to turn the tide. It was not a smooth path, but I got an A in the final exam in senior 3.书面表达：(20分)44. 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。近期你校将在海淀公园举行“阳光长跑”活动，请你给国际部好友Jim写封电子邮件，邀请他参加。内容包括：1.
132、 活动信息；2. 注意事项。注意：1.词数100左右；2.开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。Dear Jim,_Yours,Li Hua【答案】Dear Jim,How have you been? Our school will organize an activity calledSunshine Long-distance Run. I wonder if you would like to come. The activity will be held at Haidian Park on May 16th. Students from all grades are welcome to
133、 join in. Participants need to gather at the West Gate by 8 am, and the running will start there at 8:20. The running will finish at the East Gate and the total distance will be around 5 km.If you decide to come, please remember to wear running shoes. You may leave your personal items at the storage
134、 desk, where members from the Students Union will keep an eye on them. I really hope you can join us. Let me know if you are interested. Yours, Li Hua【解析】【分析】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生国际部好友Jim写封电子邮件，邀请他参加你校将在海淀公园举行的“阳光长跑”活动。【详解】1.词汇积累参加：join in=take part in会合：gatherassemble开始：beginstart结束：finishend2.句式拓展简单句变复
135、合句原句：The running will finish at the East Gate and the total distance will be around 5 km.拓展句：The running will finish at the East Gate, the total distance of which will be around 5 km.【点睛】高分句型1 Our school will organize an activity calledSunshine Long-distance Run. (运用了过去分词作后置定语)高分句型2 You may leave your personal items at the storage desk, where members from the Students Union will keep an eye on them. (运用了where引导的定语从句)
