1、Unit 4Global warming话 题 导 读Long-term effects全球变暖会带来什么新变化？Global warming may bring some less obvious，long-term changes，according to a recent study.Global warming always reminds us of rising sea levels and extreme weather.But according to scientists，global warming may actually bring other less obvious
2、，long-term changes.How might these things influence our lives in the future?Lets take a look.Making food less nutritiousThe more serious global warming is，the more greenhouse gases the atmosphere contains.According to a new study published in the journal Science Advances，foods are found to contain l
3、ow levels of key nutrition when theyre exposed to high levels of greenhouse gases.For example，when crops grow in high levels of CO2，the amount of vitamins B1，B2，B5 and B9 they contain all fall，along with protein and iron.“If we do nothing，then yes，there is this potential for negative impacts on huma
4、n health，”US public health researcher Kristie Ebi told The Washington Post.Ending racial(种族的)differencesWith rising temperatures，more lands in the world will turn into deserts.And many people will be forced to leave their homelands and live elsewhere.In turn，this could mean that the appearance of pe
5、ople could become more similar ill the years to come.“In just 125 years，there may be far fewer people with really dark skin or pale skin tones(肤色)”，US biologist Scott Solomon told the Daily Mail.“More and more people will have olive and brown-colored complexions(肤色)”More importantly，this could mean
6、that racism may become a thing of the past.Making insects hungrierHuman beings or other mammals can keep a comparatively stable body temperature，while insects usually adapt their body temperature based on the environment they live in.According to Science Daily，insects will become hungrier and need m
7、ore food in warmer surroundings.Thats because a higher body temperature can increase insects metabolism(新陈代谢)In addition，“warmer temperatures will increase the reproductive(繁殖的)rates of insects”，Curtis Deutsch，a professor at the University of Washington in the US，told Science Daily.Helping scientist
8、s find historic sitesDue to global warming，the UK experienced an extremely hot and dry summer this year.As a result，many grassy areas in the country turned yellow，or even dried out completely.Because of this，many unusual and interesting patterns hidden in some of these areas were revealed.After stud
9、ying some of these patterns，scientists found Neolithic(新石器时代的)monuments(纪念碑)and a Roman farm，which are believed to date back to around 5,000 years ago.Section Warming Up&Pre-reading&ReadingComprehending练读文 记词汇 学翻译1 教材助读先读通 THE EARTH IS BECOMING WARMERBUT DOES IT MATTER？During the 20th century the te
10、mperature of the earth rose about one degree Fahrenheit.That probably does not seem much to you or me，but it is a rapid increase when compared to other natural changes【1】So how has this come about and does it matter?EarthCares Sophie Armstrong explores these questions.再记住 temperature/temprt/n.温度；气温F
11、ahrenheit/frnhaIt/adj.华氏的n.华氏温度计compared to 与相比come about 发生；造成 再翻译 地球正在变暖但是这有影响吗？在 20 世纪期间，地球的温度大约上升了 1 华氏度。那对你或我来说可能不算多，但是与其他的自然变化相比，这是一种快速的增长。那么全球变暖是怎么发生的呢？它有影响吗？“关爱地球”(组织)的索菲阿姆斯特朗就在探究这些问题。先读通【1】when 后面为时间状语从句的省略形式，补充完整为：when it is compared to other natural changes。There is no doubt that the eart
12、h is becoming warmer(see Graph 1)and that it is human activity that has caused this global warming rather than a random but natural phenomenon【2】【2】that the earth is becoming warmer 和 that it is human activity.phenomenon 为 doubt 的同位语从句，第二个同位语从句中的 it is human activity that.phenomenon 为强调句型。All scient
13、ists subscribe to the view that the increase in the earths temperature is due to the burning of fossilfuels like coal，natural gas and oil to produce energy【3】Some byproducts of this process are called“greenhouse”gases，the most important one of which is carbon dioxide【4】Dr Janice Foster explains：“The
14、re is a natural phenomenon that scientists call thegreenhouse effect【5】This is when small amounts of gases in the atmosphere，like carbon dioxide，methane and water vapour，trap heat from the sun and therefore warm the earth【6】Without the greenhouse effect【7】，the earth would be about thirty-three degre
15、es Celsius cooler than it is.So，we need those gases.The problem begins when we add huge quantities ofextra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.It means that more heat energy tends to be trapped in the atmosphere causing the global temperature to go up【8】”【3】that 在此引导同位语从句，进一步解释说明 the view 的内容。【4】画线部分
16、为“代词of which”引导的非限制性定语从句，从句修饰先行词“greenhouse”gases。【5】that 在此引导定语从句且在从句中作 call 的宾语，从句修饰先行词 a natural phenomenon。【6】when 在此引导表语从句。【7】Without 引出的介词短语在此相当于一个非真实条件句。【8】that 在此引导宾语从句，从句中 causing the global temperature to go up 为现在分词短语作结果状语。再记住 graph/grf/n.图表；坐标图；曲线图random/rndm/adj.胡乱的；任意的phenomenon/fInmIn
17、n；US fnmnn/(复数-ena/-In；-n/)n.现象subscribe to 同意；赞成；订购subscribe/sbskraIb/vi.同意；捐赠；订阅 vt.签署(文件)；捐助due to 由于；因为fossil/fsl/n.化石；从地下采掘出来的(矿物)fuel/fjul/n.燃料byproduct/baI prdkt/n.副产品methane/mieIn/n.甲烷；沼气vapour/veIp/n.蒸气water vapour 水蒸气trap/trp/v.收集；吸收；使陷入困境be trapped in.困在里；陷入warm vt.(使)温暖Celsius/selsIs/adj
18、.(温度)摄氏的quantities of 大量的quantity/kwnttI/n.量；数量tend/tend/vi.趋向；易于；照顾vt.照顾；护理tend to do sth.往往会做某事tend to sb./sth.照料/照看某人某物go up 上升；增长；升起再翻译毫无疑问，地球正在变暖(见表 1)，而且全球转暖是人为的，而不是无规律的自然现象。所有的科学家都同意这种看法，即人们为了制造能量而燃烧诸如煤、天然气和石油这样的化石燃料，从而引起了地球温度的升高。在此过程中所产生的一些副产品就叫“温室”气体，其中最重要的一种就是二氧化碳。贾尼丝福斯特博士解释说：“有一种被科学家称为温室效
19、应的自然现象。这种现象发生在大气层中少量的气体(如二氧化碳、甲烷和水蒸气)吸收太阳的热量，从而使地球变暖的时候。如果没有这种温室效应，地球的温度会比现在的温度低 33 摄氏度左右。因此，我们需要那些气体。当我们排放大量额外的二氧化碳到大气层中时，问题就开始来了。这意味着更多的热能将被困在大气层中，从而引起全球气温上升。”先读通 We know that the levels of carbon dioxide have increased greatly over the last 100 to 150 years.It was a scientist called Charles Keeli
20、ng，who made accurate21 measurements22 of the amount of23 carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from 1957 to 1997.【9】He found that between these years the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere went up from around 315 parts to around 370 parts per24 million(see Graph 2)【9】“It was.who.to 1997”为强调句型，强调句子的主语 a sci
21、entist。过去分词短语 called Charles Keeling 作定语，修饰句子的主语 a scientist。All scientists accept this data25.They also agree that it is the burning of more and more fossil fuels that has resulted in26 this increase in carbon dioxide【10】So how high will the temperature increase go?Dr Janice Foster says that over t
22、he next 100 years the amount of warming could be as low as 1 to 1.5 degrees Celsius，but it could be as high as 5 degrees.【10】that 在此引导宾语从句，从句中的“it is.that.dioxide”为强调句型，强调主语 the burning of more and more fossil fuels。However，the attitudes of scientists towards this rise are completely different.On th
23、e one hand27，Dr Foster thinks that any trend28 in which the temperature increases by 5 degrees would lead to a catastrophe29.She says，“We cant predict the climate well enough to know what to expect，but it could be very serious.”Others who agree with her think there may be a rise of several metres in
24、 the sea level，or predict severe storms，floods30，droughts31，famines32，the spread of diseases and the disappearance of species33.On the other hand，there are those，like George Hambley，who are opposed to34 this view and believe that we should not worry about high levels of carbon dioxide in the air【11】
25、They predict that any warming will be mild35 with few bad environmental36consequences37.In fact，Hambley states38，“More carbon dioxide is actually a positive thing.It will make plants grow quicker;crops will produce more;it will encourage a greater range39 of animalsall of which will make life for hu
26、man beings better.”再记住 21 accurate/kjrt/adj.正确无误的22 measurement/memnt/n.衡量；测量；尺寸take sb.s measurement 给某人量尺寸measure n措施；度量单位 v测量23 the amount of.的数量24 per/p/prep.每；每一25 data/deIt，dt/n.资料；数据databank/database 数据库26 result in 导致result in 后跟结果，而 result from 后跟原因。27 on the one hand 一方面on the one hand.on
27、the other(hand)一方面；另一方面28 trend/trend/n.趋势；倾向；走向29 catastrophe/ktstrfI/n.大灾难；浩劫30 flood/fld/n.洪水；水灾31 drought/drat/n.旱灾；干旱32 famine/fmIn/n.饥荒33 species/spiiz/n.种类；物种34 be opposed to 反对opposed/pzd/adj.反对的；对立的oppose/pz/vt.反对；反抗；与(某人)较量35 mild/maIld/adj.温和的；温柔的；淡的36 environmental/InvaIrnmentl/adj.环境的en
28、vironmentalist/InvaIrnmentlIst/n环境保护论者37 consequence/knsIkwns；US-kwens/n.结果；后果；影响as a consequence/in consequence 因此；结果38 state/steIt/vt.陈述；说明39 range/reInd/n.种类；范围 再翻译我们知道，在过去的 100150 年里，二氧化碳的含量急剧增加。有一位叫查尔斯基林的科学家曾经对 1957 至 1997 年间大气层中二氧化碳的含量进行了精确的测量。他发现，在这些年里，大气层中的二氧化碳的含量从 0.0315%上升到了 0.037%(见表 2)。所
29、有的科学家都接受这个数据。他们还赞同下述观点：正是由于越来越多的燃烧化石燃料导致了二氧化碳的增加。那么温度会上升到多高呢？贾尼丝福斯特博士说，在今后的 100 年里，全球变暖的量可能低至 11.5 摄氏度，但是也有可能高达 5 摄氏度。然而，科学家对这种温度升高所持的态度完全不同。一方面，福斯特博士认为任何一种气温升高 5 度的趋势都可能会造成一场大灾难。她说：“对于未来的气候，我们不可能作出精确的预测，但未来的天气可能是很糟糕的。”另外一些同意她观点的人认为全球变暖会导致海平面上升好几米，或者预言会出现严重的暴风雨、洪灾、干旱、饥荒、疫病的传播和物种的消失。另一方面，还有一些人，像乔治汉布利
30、，反对这种观点，他们认为我们不必担心空气中二氧化碳的高含量。他们预言，任何(气候)变暖的情况都不会很严重，对环境几乎也没有什么坏的影响。实际上，汉布利说：“更多的二氧化碳实际上是件好事，它能使植物生长得更快，庄稼的产量更高，还能使动物的种类增多所有这些都能改善人类的生活。”【11】who are opposed to this view and believe.in the air 是非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 those，who 在从句中作主语；that在定语从句中引导宾语从句。先读通Greenhouse gases continue to build up 40 in the atmos
31、phere.Even if 41 we start reducing the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases，the climate is going to keep on42 warming for decades or centuries.No one knows the effects of global warming.Does that mean we should do nothing？Or，are the risks too great？40 build up 聚集；集结41 even if(even tho
32、ugh)即使42 keep on 继续keep on doing sth.继续做某事再记住【核心素养链接文化采风】巴黎协定是 2015 年 12 月 12 日在巴黎气候变化大会上通过的，2016 年 4 月 22 日在纽约签署的气候变化协定，该协定为2020 年后全球应对气候变化行动作出安排。巴黎协定的主要目标是将 21 世纪全球平均气温上升幅度控制在 2 摄氏度以内，并将全球气温上升控制在前工业化时期水平之上 1.5 摄氏度以内。中国全国人大常委会于 2016 年 9 月 3 日批准中国加入巴黎气候变化协定，中国成为第 23 个完成批准协定的缔约方。巴黎协定是一份持续有效、具有法律约束力的协
33、议，凝聚了各方最广泛的共识，由此也让全球气候治理进入了新的历史节点。温室气体继续在大气层中聚集。即使我们开始减少二氧化碳和其他温室气体的含量，在(未来)几十年或几个世纪内，气候仍会持续转暖。没有人知道全球变暖的后果。这是不是意味着我们就不必采取任何措施呢？还是说，(如果不采取任何措施)危险性会很大呢？再翻译通语篇 学理解 重分析2语篇理解.Whats the main idea of the passage?The passage shows us peoples 1._，and analyses 2._and the possible impact based on 3._.differen
34、t ideas about globalthe reasons for global warming graphs and data warming.Match the main idea with each paragraph.1Para.1 AThe cause of the earths becoming warmer2Para.2 BThe consequence of burning fossil fuels3Para.3 CThe increase of carbon dioxide4Para.4 DGlobal warming will go on5Para.5 EPuzzles
35、 about global warming6Para.6 FDifferent attitudes to global warming7Para.7 GAn introduction to the passage答案：1.G 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.F 7.E.Read the text and choose the best answers.1The author probably agrees that _.Aactually global warming is good for manBwe should do nothing about the global warming
36、Ccatastrophes will happen if the globe keeps on warmingDa lot remains to be found out about the effects of global warming答案：D2Whats the main idea of the second paragraph?AThe cause of the earths becoming warmer.BThe consequence of burning fossil fuels.CThe increase of carbon dioxide.DGlobal warming
37、will go on.答案：A3Whats the topic sentence of the sixth paragraph?APuzzles about global warming.BDifferent attitudes to global warming.CAn introduction to the passage.DResults of global warming.答案：B4Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?AThe temperature in the last century didnt
38、seem to increase much.BEveryone believes that global warming is caused by the activities of humans.CThe rise in carbon dioxide is causing a steady increase in global warming.DJanice Foster believes that she can measure the future global rise in temperature.答案：D.Analyze the following difficult senten
39、ces in the text.1There is no doubt that the earth is becoming warmer(see Graph 1)and that it is human activity that has caused this global warming rather than a random but natural phenomenon.分析本句中_后接了两个 that 引导的并列的同 位 语 从 句；第 二 个 同 位 语 从 句 中 it is human activity that.phenomenon 是一个强调句，强调了主语_。There i
40、s no doubt human activity 翻译 毫无疑问，地球正在变暖(见曲线图 1)。而地球变暖正是人类活动导致的，并非一种随意的自然现象。2It means that more heat energy tends to be trapped in the atmosphere causing the global temperature to go up.分析本句是一个复合句。that 引导一个_；causing the global temperature to go up 为现在分词短语作_。翻译 这意味着有更多的热量被困在大气层中的倾向，从而引起全球温度上升。宾语从句结果状语3On the other hand，there are those，like George Hambley，who are opposed to this view and believe that we should not worry about high levels of carbon dioxide in the air.分析翻译 在另一方面，有一些科学家，像乔治汉布利，反对这种观点，他们认为我们不必担心空气中高含量的二氧化碳。宾语从句非限制性
