1、推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。它要求考生在理解文字信息的基础上，尽量考虑文中全部信息或事实，在通篇理解文章的基础上领会作者的言外之意，做出正确的推理和判断，从而理解文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理的原则是据文推理，合情推理，不可妄加推理，过度推理。一、推理判断题题干常用词一般来说，推理判断题题干中主要包括下面的词语：know about，learn from，infer，imply，suggest，conclude，purpose，attitude，probably，most likely等。二、推理判断题正确选项的特征1“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。2选项中一般不可以
2、出现绝对概念，如only，never，all，absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如often，usually，sometimes，some，may，might，can，could，possibly，probably等。三、推理判断题干扰选项的特征1曲解文意：即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别，推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，命题者可能会利用里面的字词设计出干扰项，看似表达文章的意思，其实是借题发挥，是对原文意思的曲解。因此，考生在阅读文章时要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉线索，这是推理判断的前提和基础。在此基础上，考生通
3、过分析、判断，从而做出符合逻辑的推断。2张冠李戴：即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是其他人的观点；题干问的是其他人的观点，选项中却出现了作者的观点。3偷梁换柱：干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变。4无中生有：这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点，但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次，这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干。5鱼目混珠：鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中，即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在特定语境中的具体含义。6扩缩范围：为了准确、严密
4、地表达文章内容，命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定，有时通过加上 almost，all，nearly，more than，normally，usually 等词语对文意加以限制。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变，从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法。要做好推理判断题，需要充分阅读理解文章、分析语篇特征、寻找解题依据。考生应该在领会全文的基础上做出正确的推理和判断。第一步：依题干和选项及“顺序原则”确定信息源第二步：比对原文和选项进行推理甄选推理须知1直接陈述文章内容的选项不能选，要选择根据文章推理出来的选项。2推理不是凭空猜测，而是立足已知推断
5、未知，因此正确选项一定能在文中找到依据或理由。3不能以自己的观点代替作者的想法，因此脱离原文的主观臆断都是错误的。题型一细节推断题在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，进行判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。做到判断有据，推论有理，忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。常见设问方式 It can be inferred from the passage that _.It can be concluded from the passage that _.The author strongly suggests that _.The writer/author
6、 implies but not directly states that _.The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that _.Which of the following statements does the author support？示例(2017全国卷B 片段)Minutes after the last movie ended yesterday at the Plaza Theater，employees were busy sweeping up popcorns and gathering coke cups.It w
7、as a scene that had been repeated many times in the theaters 75-year history.This time，however，the cleanup was a little different.As one group of workers carried out the rubbish，another group began removing seats and other theater equipment in preparation for the buildings end.The film classic The L
8、ast Picture Show was the last movie shown in the old theater.Though the movie is 30 years old，most of the 250 seats were filled with teary-eyed audience wanting to say good-bye to the old building.Theater owner Ed Bradford said he chose the movie because it seemed appropriate.The movie is set in a s
9、mall town where the only movie theater is preparing to close down.27What can we infer about the audience?AThey are disappointed with Bradford.BThey are sad to part with the old theater.CThey are supportive of the city officials.DThey are eager to have a shopping center.解题样板第一步：定信息源由题干可知，本题的解题信息源来自文章
10、第二段。第二步：比对原文和选项，推理甄选选项选项意思原文意思定位 A观众失望原文未涉及曲解文意 B观众与老剧院分别伤心观众眼含泪水告别老剧院合理推断C观众支持政府观员原文未涉及无中生有D他们渴望有一个购物中心原文未涉及无中生有 分析：选 B 由文章第二段中的“Though the movie is 30 years old，most of the 250 seats were filled with teary-eyed audience wanting to say good-bye to the old building.”可知，观众对电影院很有感情，挥泪告别这座老建筑。题型二写作目的题1
11、.根据文体类别推断文体写作目的 故事类to entertain readers 娱乐读者，让人发笑广告类to persuade readers 说服读者接受某种观点 科普类、新闻报道类、文化类或社会类to inform readers 告知读者某些信息2.根据写作手法推断作者在文章开头提出问题让读者思考，或简单介绍与主题有关的其他事物，往往是为了引出主题。常见设问方式 What is the main purpose of the author writing the text?The purpose of the text is to get more people to _.The wri
12、ter of the story wants to tell us that _.The writer talks about.in order to _.The author writes the last paragraph in order to _.示例(2016全国卷C节选)If you are a fruit groweror would like to become onetake advantage of Apple Day to see whats around.Its called Apple Day but in practice its more like Apple
13、Month.The day itself is on October 21,but since it has caught on,events now spread out over most of October around Britain.Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see,and often taste,a wide variety of apples.To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Roya
14、l Gala in supermarkets,it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence,such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.Although it doesnt taste of anything special,its still worth a try,as is the knobbly(多疙瘩的)Cats Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else
15、.There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions.One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette,but youll need a warm,sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it,so its a_pipe_dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.At the events,you can meet expert g
16、rowers and discuss which ones will best suit your conditions,and because these are family affairs,children are well catered for with apple-themed fun and games.Apple Days are being held at all sorts of places with an interest in fruit,including stately gardens and commercial orchards(果园).If you want
17、 to have a real orchard experience,try visiting the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale,near Faversham in Kent.31What is the authors purpose in writing the text?ATo show how to grow apples.BTo introduce an apple festival.CTo help people select apples.DTo promote apple research.解题样板第一步：定信息源题目问的是文章的
18、写作目的，而不是某个细节的写作目的，因此要综合全文信息来推断。第二步：比对原文和选项，推理甄选选项选项意思写作目的定位 A为了展示如何种植苹果。曲解文意B为了介绍一个苹果节。合理推断C为了帮助人们挑选苹果。曲解文意 D为了促进苹果研究。本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了英国苹果节的举办规模、活动安排、苹果种类及种植环境等。曲解文意 题型三观点态度题全面理解文章的内容及文章的中心思想，注意能够表达作者思想倾向和感情色彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子，如doubt，appreciate，hate，against等。常见设问方式 Whats the writers attitude towards.?W
19、hat is the authors opinion on.?What does the author think about.?The attitude of the author towards something is _.The writer of the passage seems to think that _.示例(2016四川卷C 节选)“I have a special love for the French Guianese people.I have worked there on and off for almost ten years，”says Gin.“Ive b
20、een able to keep firm friendships with them.Thus I have been allowed to gain access to their living environment.I dont see it as a lawless land.But rather I see it as an area of freedom.”30What is Gins attitude towards the lives of the indigenous Guianese?ACautious.BDoubtful.CUninterested.DAppreciat
21、ive.解题样板第一步：定信息源由题干中的关键词 Gin 和 Guianese 可定位于原文第三段，尤其是第一句“I have a special love for the French Guianese people.”。第二步：比对原文和选项，推理甄选选项选项意思作者观点态度定位 A谨慎的。无中生有B怀疑的。无中生有C无兴趣的。无中生有D欣赏的。详读第三段可知，Gin 对这群土著居民有特殊的爱，他们之间有深厚的友谊。Gin 认为这是一块自由的土地。由这些描述可知 Gin 欣赏这群土著居民的生活方式。合理推断 题型四文章来源或读者对象题 常考来源文章特点 广告语言比较简洁鲜明，有亮点 报刊时
22、事性比较强，分不同的版块，在阅读中采用的报刊类文章一般以政治、生活为主杂志往往覆盖了生活的各个层面，更加贴近幕后的一些东西 产品说明书对某器皿、设备等作出介绍并有操作方式 药品说明告知药品的服用时间、次数、药量等 网络来自网络的文章文体不限，判断标准就是找文中的网络标志语，如 click here，download，upload，link(链接)，mouse(鼠标)等常见设问方式 This passage would most likely be found in _.The passage is probably taken out of _.Where does this text pro
23、bably come from?Where is the passage most likely to have been taken from?In which of the following publications would this passage most likely be printed？示例(2013全国卷B 节选)The baby is just one day old and has not yet left hospital.She is quiet but alert(警觉).Twenty centimeters from her face researchers
24、have placed a white card with two black spots on it.She stares at it carefully.A researcher removes the card and replaces it by another,this time with the spots differently spaced.As the cards change from one to the other,her gaze(凝视)starts to lose its focus until a third,with three black spots,is p
25、resented.Her gaze returns:she looks at it for twice as long as she did at the previous card.Can she tell that the number two is different from three,just 24 hours after coming into the world?Or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer?The same experiment,but with three spots shown before two,shows th
26、e same return of interest when the number of spots changes.Perhaps it is just the newness?When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects(a comb,a key,an orange and so on),changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves.Could it be the
27、pattern that two things make,as opposed to three?No again.Babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three,or three to two.The effect even crosses between senses.Babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they then
28、 heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two;likewise(同样地)when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots.63Where does this text probably come from?AScience fiction.BChildrens literature.CAn advertisement.DA science report.解题样板选项选项意思推理分析定位 A科幻小说。无中生有B儿童文学。无中生有C广告。无中生有D科学报告。本文介
29、绍了对婴儿进行的试验，试验的经过、结果等，因此本文可能来自于一份科学报告。合理推断课堂巩固训练A(2017哈尔滨师范大学附属中学高三期末)Karen,grown up in a very traditional family in the western United States,maintained high moral(道德的)standards throughout her youth.In 1984,at the age of 23,she married Bill.They were_blessed_withtwo children,a boy and a girl.By 1991
30、 their love had deepened,and they were happy.Later that year,Bill developed a white spot on his tongue.He visited a doctor.One day shortly after that,Bill called Karen to sit beside him.He said with tears in his eyes that he loved her and wanted to live forever with her.The doctor suspected that he
31、had been infected with HIV,the virus that leads to AIDS.The family was tested.Bill and Karens results were positive.Bill had become infected before he met Karen;then he passed the virus on to Karen.The childrens results were negative.Within three years,Bill was dead,“I dont know how to express what
32、it is like to watch the once handsome man you love and intend to live with forever dying slowly.I cried many nights.He died three months short of ten years of our marriage，”says Karen.Though a doctor told Karen that she would soon follow her husband into death,she is still alive.The infection has pr
33、ogressed to the early stages of AIDS.Karen is one of about 30 million people now living with HIV/AIDS,a figure larger than the combined populations of Australia,Iceland and Paraguay.According to one UN report,Africa has 21 million of these victims.By the turn of the century that number could reach 4
34、0 million and the disease will bring on the greatest disaster in human history.Of the worlds sexually active adults aged 15 to 49,1 in 100 has already been infected with HIV.Of these,only 1 in 10 realizes that he or she is infected.In some parts of Africa,25 percent of adults are inflected.Since the
35、 beginning of spread of AIDS in 1981,about 11.7 million people have died of it.It is roughly calculated that in 1997 alone,about 2.3 million people died of it.Nevertheless,there are fresh reasons for optimism in the battle against AIDS.During the past few years,there has been a drop in new AIDS case
36、s in wealthy nations.In addition,promising drugs hold out hope of better health and longer life.体裁：说明文 题材：社会问题 主题：艾滋病的现状与防治【语篇导读】本文作者通过一个故事介绍了艾滋病所带来的痛苦以及目前医学对艾滋病防治研究的进展。1By telling the story of Karen,the author intends to _.Awarn people against high risk behaviorsBstress the importance of medical te
37、stsCexpress sympathy for AIDS victimsDshow the consequences of AIDS解析：D 推理判断题。作者首先讲述了卡伦及其丈夫查出艾滋病前后生活的反差对比，紧接着分析了艾滋病的现状及研究进展，因此，作者讲述该故事是为了展示患艾滋病的后果。故选 D 项。2 The underlined part in Paragraph 1 most probably means“_”Awere lucky in having Bwere asked to adoptCregretted having Dgave birth to解析：A 词义猜测题。根据
38、文中.she married Bill.They were blessed with two children,a boy and a girl.及下一段中的 By 1991 their love had deepened.可知，夫妻俩感情很好，结婚后很幸运有了一个男孩和一个女孩。由此可猜测，were blessed with 的意思是“很幸运拥有”，故选 A 项。3Bill was suspected of being infected with HIV after _.Ahe got married to KarenBthe family members were testedCKaren
39、 persuaded him to see the doctorDhe found something wrong with his tongue解析：D 细节理解题。根据第二段中的 Later that year,Bill developed a white spot on his tongue.可知，比尔是在舌头上发现了异常的白块后去看的医生。故选 D 项。4It can be concluded from the passage that _.Apromising drugs will soon stop AIDSBthe spread of AIDS could be controll
40、edCit is hopeless to win the battle against AIDSDthe death rate of AIDS patients has been reduced解析：B 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的Nevertheless,there are fresh reasons for optimism in the battle against AIDS.During the past few years,there has been a drop in new AIDS cases in wealthy nations.可知，在过去的几年，富裕国家艾滋病的新案例已
41、有所下降，说明艾滋病的蔓延得到了一定的控制。故选B项。B(2017辽宁大连双基测试)Whenever we see a button,we want to press it because we know that something will happen.This is true in most cases,for example,on a doorbell.But some buttons are actually fake(假的),like the“close”button on a lift.Many people are in the habit of pressing the“c
42、lose”button because they dont have the patience to wait.But lifts“close”buttons are a complete trick,at least in the US the doors will not close any faster no matter how hard you press.It started in the 1990s when the Americans with Disabilities Act was passed in the US,making sure that all lifts st
43、ayed open long enough so that people with disabilities could enter safely.Only repair workers can use the buttons to speed up the door-closing process if they have special keys.But to normal lift riders,the buttons arent completely useless.According to psychologists,fake buttons can actually make yo
44、u feel better by offering you a sense of control.“A sense of control is very important.It reduces stress and increases well-being，”said Ellen J.Langer,a psychology professor at Harvard University.Experts also added that a lot of buttons that dont do anything exist in our lives for this same purpose.
45、For example,pedestrian crosswalk buttons dont live up to their names either.Pressing them used to help make the traffic signals change faster,but that was before computer-controlled traffic signals were introduced.But psychologists found it interesting that even when people are aware of these little
46、“white lies”，they still continue to push fake buttons because as long as the doors eventually close,it is considered to be worth the effort.【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了我们平时生活中所见到的按钮可能是不起作用的。【难句分析】But psychologists found it interesting that even when people are aware of these little“white lies”，they still co
47、ntinue to push fake buttons because as long as the doors eventually close,it is considered to be worth the effort.分析：这是一个复合句。句子主干为 psychologists found it interesting。it 为形式宾语，真正的宾语为 that 引导的宾语从句；when引导时间状语从句；because 引导原因状语从句。译文：但是心理学家发现，有趣的是，甚至当人们意识到这些“善意的谎言”时，他们仍然继续按那些虚假按钮，因为只要最终门关了，那就被认为是值得努力的。【背景
48、知识】美国残疾人法案(Americans with Disabilities Act，简称 ADA)于 1990 年 7 月 26 号签署生效。被视为保护美国残障人士的一个重大胜利，在使用社会服务设施、出入公共场所和就业等方面给残疾人提供了更大的便利条件。5What is the authors purpose in writing the text?ATo describe different fake buttons.BTo explore the functions of fake buttons.CTo analyze various habits of pushing buttons
49、.DTo explain the disadvantages of fake buttons.解析：B 考查推理判断。通读整篇文章可知，作者通过举例子介绍了不同地点的虚假按钮，其目的是探求这些虚假按钮的功能。故选 B。干扰项分析：A 项“描述不同的虚假按钮”，C 项“分析按按钮的不同习惯”，D 项“解释虚假按钮的弊端”。A、C、D 三项在文中均有提及但不是整篇文章的目的，故排除。6What can we learn about the“close”buttons on a lift in America?AThey work when people press them hard.BThey
50、were designed for a sense of control.CThey never speed up the door-closing process.DThey take the safety of the disabled into account.解析：D 考查细节理解。根据第三段第一句中的“making sure that all lifts stayed open long enough so that people with disabilities could enter safely”可知，美国电梯里的“关闭”按钮是为了确保残疾人能安全地通过。故选 D。7What
51、 can we infer about pedestrian crosswalk buttons?AThey can make people feel better.BThey help computers work faster.CThey can control the traffic signals.DThey help pedestrians cross safely.解析：A 考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“fake buttons can actually make you feel better by offering you a sense of control”和第六段中的“F
52、or example,pedestrian crosswalk buttons dont live up to their names either”可知，人行横道按钮也没有实现其功能，但可以让人们感觉好一点，故选A。8Which may be the best title for the passage?AButtons in the USABButtons Always LieCButtons May Not WorkD“Close”Buttons on Lifts解析：C 考查标题判断。通读全文内容可知，本文主要讲述了有些按钮只是形式上的，而不具备真正的实际功能。故 C 项“按钮可能不起
53、作用”最符合文章主旨。故选 C。C(2017江西名校联盟 5 月检测)For over a century,the Nashua River in Massachusetts provided power for mills(工厂),which gave jobs to thousands of people.Over the years,these paper,cotton,wood,and woolen mills had dumped their waste into its waters.By the 1960s,the Nashua River was about as pollut
54、ed as any river could get.Its waters ran red or green or blue with dye(染料)from paper mills situated on its banks.The fumes(烟)from this dye blackened paint on the buildings near the river.Then along came Marion Stoddart with a simple but overwhelming idea clean up the Nashua.This was no one-woman cam
55、paign.Stoddart encouraged the paper mills and the business community to form partnerships to reclaim the river.She carried jars of dirty river water to local officials to demonstrate the seriousness of the problem.Stoddart talked with business leaders about economic problems.She talked with environm
56、entalists about the long-term problems of pollution.Stoddart knew that the State Water Pollution Control Board would have the final say on forcing the clean-up.When she spoke to the board,she insisted that the Nashua should be made safe for swimming.They thought her goals were unrealistic.However,th
57、e partnerships Stoddart had helped form and the volunteers who were drawn to her cause never gave up.They all realized that cleaning up the river was in everyones best interests.By 1993,several water treatment plants had been built,and a conservation area called a“greenway”had been created along the
58、 banks of the river.Today mills are still operating along the river,but there are also fish in the river.The Nashua River welcomes boaters,naturalists,and even swimmers.None of this would have been possible without a woman of vision and a community working together.【解题导语】本文讲的是Marion Stoddart如何联合个体、团
59、体和政府部门共同治理河水污染。【难句分析】None of this would have been possible without a woman of vision and a community working together.分析：本句用了虚拟语气。None of this would have been possible表示与过去事实相反的情况，without引出虚拟条件。译文：如果没有一个具有远见卓识的女人和一个一起努力的团体，所有这一切都是不可能的。9What does the underlined word“reclaim”refer to?ARescue.BEnlarge.
60、CMonitor.DExplore.解析：A 考查词义猜测。结合语境及上下文中出现的“clean up the Nashua”“the clean-up”“cleaning up the river”等信息可知，此处指的应是河流治理方面的内容，由此可推知画线词的意思应是“改造”，与 A 项意思相近，故选 A。10Whats the boards attitude to Stoddarts goal of improving the river?ASupportive.BDoubtful.CNeutral.DCautious.解析：B 考查观点态度。根据第四段中的“When she spoke
61、to the board.They thought her goals were unrealistic”可知，该委员会认为Stoddart改善河流状况的目标不切实际，即是持怀疑的态度的，故选B。11What kind of person is Marion Stoddart?AIndependent and broad-minded.BDetermined and far-sighted.CIntelligent and creative.DStubborn and proud.解析：B 考查推理判断。根据文章第三、四段中对 Stoddart为了改善河流状况东奔西走的描述及最后一段中的“a
62、woman of vision”可知，Marion Stoddart 是一个有决心和有远见卓识的人。故选 B。12What message is conveyed through the no one-woman campaign?AItll be all right on the night.BPrevention is better than cure.CMany hands make light work.DFailure is the mother of success.解析：C 考查推理判断。通读全文可知，改善纳舒厄河被污染的现状并不是 Stoddart 一个人战斗，她还积极地联合个体、团体和政府部门共同治理河水污染，并最终收到成效。由此可知，C 项“人多好办事，众人抬柴火焰高”符合题意。干扰项分析：A 项意为“车到山前必有路”；B 项意为“预防优于补救”。
