1、专题25 书面表达之概要写作 序号内容Part 1题型总览题型综述 答题策略 Part 2真题感悟品读范文 提分词汇 亮点句型Part 3专题强化真题自测 自测模拟Part 1题型总览【题型综述】概要写作是一种“阅读+写作”的复合型任务,测试学生的阅读理解、概括归纳和书面表达方面的综合能力。选材上，提供一篇350词以内的短文，一般以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主，要求考生写出一篇60词左右的内容概要（注意：少于40或多于80词扣两分），而新写的语篇，既要做到在结构、衔接和连贯性等方面与原文保持一致，又要做到简明扼要、意义完整、结构严密和语句通顺。【答题策略】1.读懂原文，明确篇章结构写概要之前，一
2、定要先通读原文， 确定文章的体裁和主题。在正确把握文章主旨和段落大意后，明确原文的篇章结构。 根据意义划分文中的自然段，意义段的数量对应的就是要点的数量。注意一个自然段不一定是一个要点，有时几个自然段说明一个要点，有时一个自然段包含数个要点。2.去次留精，提炼关键信息明确全文的篇章结构后， 就要处理原文的内容，目的是保留主要内容，删除次要内容。先找出主题句，同时标注与主题相关的关键词，最后归纳的要点往往是这些词句的同义转述。原文描述性的语言、细节性的信息如列举数字和列举的事例等无须在概要中一一列出。3.归纳要点 合理表达明确每个意义段的关键信息后，接下来应用自己的语言准确地表达各意义段的要点。
3、 为避免和原文的句子重复， 可利用同义转述和句式转换这两种形式归纳要点。各要点的词数应根据文中对应内容的篇幅来定，分清主次。4. 句式多样 注意过渡在概要中合理使用非谓语、从句和特殊句式等使句式丰富多样，但句子结构不可过长，也不要用太复杂的句子结构。同时选用适当的过渡衔接词衔接上下文，保证概要部分内容的连贯性。Part 2真题感悟Passage 1【真题详解】【2019浙江卷】阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Its a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can
4、 all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus(校园) like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to fi
5、nd the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right on
6、e.Theres no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that wont be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go check it out!If campus visits arent going to hap
7、pen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools youd like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you dont like about certain campuses, things that you wouldnt know u
8、nless you actually visit.Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive. Its a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors (顾问), and it wont cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fai
9、r at . While visiting an online college fair cant take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities youd like to attend._【答案】Its really worthwhile to pay a visit
10、to their desired colleges personally before applying. Undoubtedly, students should visit their local colleges, which may be included in applications. At least, they should visit the school and figure out its real conditions in advance. For students who are short of money and time, registering for th
11、e online college fair is a good alternative to help them better understand schools.【分析】本文要求阅读短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要，即用尽可能少的词汇集中展现原材料的主要思想和观点。这主要是考查学生把握文章主旨大意和段落大意的能力以及总结概括能力，熟练掌握从句、非谓语动词等语法知识和遣词造句的能力。【详解】1. 要先读懂、读透原作。这是准确再现原文、写好概要的前提。动笔前多读两遍原文，直至弄懂读透。2. 抓住文中的关键句，确定写作主题。开头Its a really good idea to vis
12、it colleges before you apply点明了本文主题；But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one. Theres no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area.说明了去大学看看的必要性和可行性；If campus visits arent
13、going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools youd like to attend.在时间上提供了更多选择；if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive.为不能亲自去大学看的学生提
14、供了另外一种方法。3.拟好提纲。有了提纲，写概要时就会有章法，也不会遗漏原作中的要点。4.快速成文，反复推敲。按照文章要求和拟好的提纲一气呵成，写完初稿。5.对照修改润色，再读原文，查看是否漏掉了重要信息或主要内容。用词是否恰当，可有可无的删掉。注意词类、时态、语态的适当调整。【点睛】范文观点明确，重点突出，语言简练，词数适当。作者在范文中使用了较多高级表达方式，如定语从句which may be included in applications.和who are short of money and time.动名词registering online作主语，显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。【提
15、分词汇】1. undoubtedly adv. 确实地，毋庸置疑地2. applications n.申请3. figure out 算出【亮点句型】1. Its really worthwhile to pay a visit to their desired colleges personally before applying. 在申请之前亲自参观一下自己心仪的大学是非常值得的。2. For students who are short of money and time, registering for the online college fair is a good alterna
16、tive to help them better understand schools.对于那些缺乏资金和时间的学生来说，报名参加网上高校招聘会是一个很好的选择，可以帮助他们更好地了解学校。Passage 2【真题详解】【2019上海卷】Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Where are the be
17、es?Bees are essential to the production of food we eat. Bees make honey, but they also pollinate large areas of crops, such as straw berries, apples and onions. About a third of the food we eat is a result of pollination of the bees. Unfortunately, bees have been disappearing at an alarming rate.In
18、2006, bee keepers started reporting about something called Colony Collapse Disaster (CCD).The main sign of CCD is the loss of adult honey bees from a hive. In October of 2006, some beekeepers reported that they had lost between 30 and 90 percent of their hives.There were many theories for the disapp
19、earance of the bees. But the most convincing one has to do with pesticides and lifestyles of bees today. Nowadays, beekeeper get most of their income not from producing honey but from renting bees to pollinate plants. This means that the life of the typical bee now consists of travelling all around
20、the country to pollinate crops as the seasons change. That means a lot of traveling on trucks, which is very stressful to bees. It is not unusual for up to 30% of the hive to die during transport due to stress. In addition, bees that spend most of their time locked up on trucks are not exposed to wh
21、at they usually live on. Instead, they live on a sweet liquid from corn, usually polluted with pesticides.The exact reason for the disappearance of bees is not sure, but losing bees is very costly to the economy. The bee pollination services are worth over $8 billion a year. With no bees, pollinatio
22、n will have to be done by hand, which would have effects on the quality of food and increased food priced. We hear a lot about big environmental disasters almost every day. But one of the biggest may just be the less of that tiny flying insect._【答案】Bees not only provide us with honey, but also help
23、pollinate crops. However, they are disappearing at an alarming rate for unknow reason, which will be disastrous to us and economy. Some people think it is the pesticide while others think it is due to transport.【分析】本文属于环保文章，介绍蜜蜂正以惊人的速度消失，这可能和运输、农作物使用杀虫剂以及环境有关，但是没人知道确切原因。要求考生阅读完总结论点，不能超过60个词。【详解】第一步，
24、归纳各个段落的段落大意，第一段讲述蜜蜂对我们很重要，但是却以惊人的速度消失，第二段讲述蜜蜂出现这种状况的情形，第三段讲述可能造成此现象的原因；第四段讲述这种现象对我们和经济的影响。第二步，可以择出重要的信息，蜜蜂对我们很重要，但是却以惊人的速度消失，可能造成此现象的原因，以及影响。第三步，得出答案，注意过渡与衔接，字数控制在60字以内。【点睛】概要写作做题技巧。概要写作不是对段落大意的简单堆积，需要学生读懂文章的大概意思和文章结构，还需要一定写作替换技巧，且注意语言的简洁性。第一步，确定文章的话题和各段的段落大意，比如本文话题为蜜蜂的消失，第一段讲述蜜蜂对我们很重要，但是却以惊人的速度消失，第
25、二段讲述蜜蜂出现这种状况的情形，第三段讲述可能造成此现象的原因；第四段讲述这种现象对我们和经济的影响；第二步，分析各个段落的逻辑关系，确定主观点和次要观点；第三步，注意一定的写作技巧，比如同义词、近义词的替换，句型和结构的转换；第四步，检查单词拼写，语法规则，字数问题等。【提分词汇】1. provide . with .给.提供【亮点句型】1. However, they are disappearing at an alarming rate for unknown reason, which will be disastrous to us and economy. 然而，由于未知的原因，
26、它们正在以惊人的速度消失，这对美国和经济将是灾难性的。2. Some people think it is the pesticide while others think it is due to transport.一些人认为是杀虫剂，而另一些人认为是由于运输。Part 3专题强化Passage 1【真题自测】【2020上海卷】Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point( s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use y
27、our own words as far as possible.Its undeniable: Being among the first to try out a new piece of technology is cool. Theres the excitement of doing what has never been done before-the feeling that youre living in the future. And when youre the sole member of your social circle with the latest hot ga
28、dget, people stare in fascination. They ask you questions. They see you as the holder of powerful, secret knowledge-for a little while, until the next big thing comes along. People tend to underestimate the costs of this temporary coolness, which they pay in more ways than one. Dont fall into the ea
29、rly adopter trap. Dont join the first wave of consumers who invest in the latest media-hyped hardware; instead, wait and see.To put it frankly, early adoption is a bad investment. First, the earliest versions of devices are not only expensive, they are also the most expensive that those devices will
30、 ever be. Companies are presumably attempting to recover the cost of production as fast as they can, and they know that there are serious tech-lovers who will pay a great deal to be first. Once the revenues from early adopters purchases are safely in their hands, they can cut the price and shift to
31、the next marketing phase: selling the product to everyone else. This is why the cost of the original iPhone dropped about U. S. $200 only eight months after its release. Plus, electronics hardly ever become more expensive because intense competition in the industry puts downward pressure on prices o
32、ver time. Prices of gadgets will fall shortly after release, and they will likely keep falling. Many new TV models drop significantly in price as little as ten days after hitting the market. Further, electronics rapidly depreciate because they become obsolete (废弃的)so quickly. This means that early a
33、dopters pay the maximum price for an item that does not hold onto its value. The resale price of a cell phone or laptop can drop by fifty percent within just a few months.Speaking of becoming obsolete, those who are first to leap into a new technology risk (三野志) wasting money and time on something t
34、hat will never catch on. Another good reason to resist the early-adoption temptation is that the first version of a product typically has defects that cost a lot in time and frustration. Such problems are so common with new technology that early adopters are basically unpaid beta testers and trouble
35、shooters. Unless this sounds to you like a fun way to spend your time, dont be among the first users. If you wait to learn what the problems are with a new electronic gadget, you can look forward to a smoother experienceor choose a less troublesome product._【答案】Dont be the first users of the latest
36、electronic equipment. Firstly, the earliest versions of devices are the most expensive. Secondly, the electronics will be out of date rapidly. Thirdly ,the first versions of a product are with some defects generally. Therefore, dont be the first to try out the latest electronic products.【分析】本文是一篇议论文
37、。文章主要论述了虽然成为购买最新的电子产品的第一批人是很酷的，但是考虑到价格昂贵、产品易过时且新品通常有缺陷等因素，购买最新的电子产品是一项糟糕的投资。【详解】1. 要点摘录Dont join the first wave of consumers who invest in the latest media-hyped hardware; instead, wait and see.First, the earliest versions of devices are not only expensive, they are also the most expensive that thos
38、e devices will ever be.Speaking of becoming obsolete, those who are first to leap into a new technology risk wasting money and time on something that will never catch on.Another good reason to resist the early-adoption temptation is that the first version of a product typically has defects that cost
39、 a lot in time and frustration.Unless this sounds to you like a fun way to spend your time, dont be among the first users.2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4、5三个要点进行整合。3.遣词造句Dont be the first users of the new electronic equipmentThe reasons are as following: Firstly, the earliest versions of devices are not o
40、nly expensive, but also the most expensive that those devices will ever be.Secondly, electronics will be out of date rapidly.Thirdly, the first versions of a product are with some defects generally. Therefore, dont be the first to try out the new products.【点睛】高分句型1 Secondly， electronics will be out
41、of date rapidly句子里，固定短语 out of date 表示“过时”，表达比较高级。高分句型2 Therefore, dont be the first to try out the latest electronic products.运用了不定式作后置定语。Passage 2【真题自测】【2019浙江】 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Ki
42、ds, says, “Weve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.” By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think theyre building their childrens confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite. Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way thats
43、insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents praise has put them.Still, dont go too far in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much. Kids will feel like theyre not good enoug
44、h or that you dont care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as of
45、ten as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward. “We should especially recognize our childrens efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal,” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters. “One thing to remember i
46、s that its the process not the end product that matters.”Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if hes out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recog
47、nizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate(相称的) to the amount of effort your child has put into it._【答案】Parents tend to go to extremes when it comes to pra
48、ising their kids. (要点一) Yet, both too much and too little praise can be equally damaging. (要点二) When giving praise, parents should be sincere and concentrate on the process instead of the result. (要点三) Similarly, they ought to give praise for how much effort their kids have invested in the work they
49、re involved in. (要点四)【分析】本次浙江高考书面表达采用了概要写作题型。概要写作是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁，考查的是学生在实现自由的思维表达之前，对他人的信息在理解的基础上进行概括表达的能力。选材上，提供一篇350词以内的短文，题材不限，要求考生写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。【详解】完成一篇概要写作，需要经过三个步骤，1. 读懂原文，抓住段落主题句。在阅读过程中，需要准确把握文章的段落大意，学会剔除非重要信息，弄清楚不同体裁的文章的内部逻辑关系以及文章的篇章结构。2. 组织语言，转换表达。在找到主题句明确全文中心的基础上，组织好语言，注重语言表达的独立性和准确性以及高级性
50、，不全盘照抄原文句子，尽量用自己的语言转换表达，同时要注意篇幅的比例安排，用较多的文字去表达重要的内容。3. 通读全文，逻辑连贯。要牢记各段落要点之间的逻辑关系和自然衔接，用恰当的关联词去连贯全文。Passage 3【模拟自测】（2021上海静安区高三一模）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Survey
51、s indicate that a third of Britons regularly eat on their own. OpenTable, an online restaurant booking app, found that solo dining in New York increased by 80% during the past 5 years. And in Japan, the world capital of solo dining, a trend for low interaction dining11 has taken off. Restaurants are
52、 opening which facilitate the ultimate solo dining experience: passing bowls of noodles through black curtains into individual booths.Is this a worrying trend? We think so. Research is revealing the negative impacts of eating alone, which has been found to be linked to a variety of mental and physic
53、al health conditions, from depression and diabetes to high blood pressure.So its cheering that hundreds of food sharing initiatives have sprung up around the world. Theres Londons Casserole Club, for example, whose volunteers share portions of home-cooked food with people in their area who arent alw
54、ays able to cook for themselves, in which case they put an end to food waste. Or there is South Africas Food Jams, social gatherings in which participants are paired up, preferably with strangers, and given a portion of the meal to prepare. Many participants interviewed mentioned that their loneline
55、ss was greatly relieved. Such initiatives offer lessons of all kinds to those thinking about how our food systems need to change. They also somewhat compensate for the undesirable outcomes sole eating brings.So why do people stop eating together? There are a variety of reasons. Authors such as Micha
56、el Pollan argue that it is due to the fact that people attach less value to home-based labor, including cooking. The widening of the workforce, which brought many women out of the kitchen and into the workplace during the 20th century, also contributed. Meanwhile, the growth in insecure and inconsis
57、tent working patterns among a growing proportion of the population also discourages meals eaten communally.【答案】The trend of sole dining is catching on in major countries. However, it does harm physically and mentally. Fortunately food-sharing programs make up for its bad effects by avoiding food was
58、te and combating loneliness. Eating together has declined because of peoples undervaluing of cooking at home, more womens entry into the workforce and weakening work relationships.【分析】本文是一篇说明文。单人用餐的趋势正在主要国家流行起来。然而，它确实会伤害身体和精神。幸运的是，食物共享计划通过避免食物浪费和对抗孤独来弥补它的不良影响。由于人们低估了在家做饭的价值，更多的女性进入职场，以及工作关系的弱化，在一起吃饭
59、的人数有所下降。【详解】1 要点摘录.Surveys indicate that a third of Britons regularly eat on their own. OpenTable, an online restaurant booking app, found that solo dining in New York increased by 80% during the past 5 years. .Research is revealing the negative impacts of eating alone, which has been found to be li
60、nked to a variety of mental and physical health conditions, from depression and diabetes to high blood pressure.Theres Londons Casserole Club, for example, whose volunteers share portions of home-cooked food with people in their area who arent always able to cook for themselves, in which case they p
61、ut an end to food waste. .The widening of the workforce, which brought many women out of the kitchen and into the workplace during the 20th century, also contributed. 2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。3.遣词造句The trend of sole dining is catching on in major countries. However, it does harm physically
62、and mentally. Fortunately food-sharing programs make up for its bad effects by avoiding food waste and combating loneliness.Because of peoples undervaluing of cooking at home, more womens entry into the workforce and weakening work relationships, they often choose to eat alone.【点睛】高分句型1 However, it
63、does harm physically and mentally. (使用however对前文内容表达转折，physically和mentally副词作状语修饰动作does harm。)高分句型2Fortunately food-sharing programs make up for its bad effects by avoiding food waste and combating loneliness.(运用介词by+doing作方式状语，表达比较高级。)高分句型3Eating together has declined because of peoples undervaluin
64、g of cooking at home, more womens entry into the workforce and weakening work relationships.(使用动名词eating作主语，because of后接名词短语和动名词作并列宾语，充分使用了非谓语动词里的高级表达。)Passage 4【模拟自测】（2020浙江宁波市高三月考）概要写作An allergy, also known as an allergic disease, is an immune system reaction to normally harmless things, such as d
65、ust，plants, animals or certain foods. Symptoms vary depending on the allergy. Common cold symptoms such as low fever, sneezing, and a sore throat may all indicate allergies.What causes an allergic reaction is a question still puzzling scientists. Types of allergies have greatly increase since the mi
66、d-20th century， leading some experts to suggest the increased environmental pollution is held responsible. Some experts suggest that allergies are related with genes with twins being particularly likely to share the same problems. Often，an allergic reaction will develop in childhoods but since many
67、reactions are likely to worsen with repeated exposure, symptoms can start to appear at any age. However，some people may overcome childhood allergies with age growing.Testing for an allergy can be a tricky process，particularly if an allergic reaction could threaten the victims life. Doctors often use
68、 a skin test method for a variety of possible allergic reactions. In skin testing, a tiny amount of an allergen (过敏原) is shot into a marked place of skin to see if the skin reacts negatively. If serious reactions are a concern , doctors can also use a blood test， although this takes more time and ma
69、y be less accurate than skin testing.Treatment may depend on the type and severe degree of the patient allergic response. In some mild cases， such as sneezing caused by animal exposure， patients are told to avoid exposure when possible. Avoiding the food is also key with many food allergies, particu
70、larly those that can cause severe responses. When avoiding is impossible,some doctors may recommend shots. This intends to build up tolerance in the immune system by exposing the patient to increasing small amounts of the allergen over time.【答案】An allergy is a reaction performed by the immune system
71、 to common things with various symptoms. As is suggested, it is connected with environmental pollution or genes, while its real causes are still unclear. Besides，most allergies will develop with repeated exposure, but some may be overcome. To test for an allergy, a skin test is often available, and
72、a blood test is also applied if necessary. Moreover，in case of the actual conditions，with avoiding exposure being most important, different treatments are used accordingly.【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍过敏。过敏可能表现出各种症状。过敏的测试过程是很困难的，只有避免接触过敏原才能避免过敏。【详解】1 要点摘录An allergy, also known as an allergic disease, is an immu
73、ne system reaction to normally harmless things.What causes an allergic reaction is a question still puzzling scientists.Some experts suggest the increased environmental pollution is held responsible.Some experts suggest that allergies are related with genes with twins being particularly likely to sh
74、are the same problems. Testing for an allergy can be a tricky process.Doctors often use a skin test method for a variety of possible allergic reactions.If serious reactions are a concern, doctors can also use a blood test.Treatment may depend on the type and severe degree of the patient allergic res
75、ponse. 2.缜密构思将第1个要点进行简写；第2、3、4三个要点进行重组；将第5、6两个要点进行整合；将第7个要点进行重写。3.遣词造句An allergy is a reaction performed by the immune system to common things with various symptoms. As is suggested, it is connected with environmental pollution or genes, while its real causes are still unclear.To test for an allergy
76、, a skin test is often available, and a blood test is also applied if necessary.In case of the actual conditions，with avoiding exposure being most important different treatments are used accordingly.【点睛】高分句型1As is suggested, it is connected with environmental pollution or genes, while its real causes are still unclear. 运用了as引导的非限制性定语从句，把要点3、4进行了重组，while表示对比，对第二个要点进行了阐述。高分句型2To test for an allergy, a skin test is often available, and a blood test is also applied if necessary.运用了不定式做目的状语，引出第5个要点，同时其后使用了and的并列句，对第6个要点进行了压缩。
