1、第一讲 名词和数词突破高考重点考点一 名词的数一、名词的数1规则可数名词的5种复数变化形式变化规则例词一般情况下在词尾直接加sbookbooks，mouthmouths以s,x,ch，sh 结尾的名词在词尾加esglassglasses，boxboxes，matchmatches，brushbrushes以辅音字母y结尾的名词变y为i再加escitycities，countrycountries，partyparties，factoryfactories以o结尾的名词一般在词尾加sradios,zoos,pianos kilos,photos，有些在词尾加esNegroNegroes,hero
2、heroespotatopotatoes,tomatotomatoes以f,fe结尾的名词一般要变f或fe为v再加eslifelives,knifeknives，wolfwolves,leafleaves，少数直接加sroofroofs，beliefbeliefs2.有些可数名词复数形式不是以加s或es构成，它们的构成形式不规则：变化规则例词变内部元音manmen,womanwomen,footfeet,mousemice,toothteeth词尾加en或renoxoxen,childchildren单复数同形sheep,deer,means(方式；方法),series,Chinese,Swi
3、ss指津：fish表示“鱼肉”时，为不可数名词；表示“条数”时，其复数形式与单数形式相同；但表示不同种类的鱼时，其复数形式为fishes。3合成可数名词的复数(1)若有中心词，则把中心词变成复数；若无中心词，则把最后一个词变成复数。passerbypassersby,sisterinlawsistersinlaw,grownupgrownups(2)“man/womann.”变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变复数，如：woman engineerwomen engineers4常考的不可数名词(1)表物质的不可数名词：baggage/luggage(行李)，cash(现金)，m
4、eat(肉)，paper(纸张)等。(2)表抽象概念的不可数名词：work(工作)，knowledge(知识)，luck(运气)，scenery(风景)、traffic(交通)等。(3)永远不可数的重点名词：advice(建议)，equipment(设备)，fun(乐趣)，furniture(家具)，progress(进步)，news/word(消息)等。5抽象名词的具体化抽象名词(不可数)具体化(表达个体概念时，是可数名词)surprise惊讶a surprise一件令人惊讶的事success成功a success一个(件)成功的人(事)honour荣誉an honour一个(件)引起尊敬的
5、人(事)failure失败a failure一个(件)失败的人(事)beauty美；美丽a beauty美丽的人或事物pleasure乐趣a pleasure一件乐事6.有些词用复数形式表示祝愿、礼貌或客气等，如：congratulations(祝贺)，regards(问候)，respects(敬意)，thanks(谢谢)，wishes(祝愿)等。7一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式，常见的有：make friends with 与交朋友shake hands with.与握手take measures 采取措施make preparations for 为做准备in high spirits
6、兴高采烈地题组微练(单句语法填空)12020浙江卷7月Later,they learned to work with the _(season),planting at the right time and,in dry areas,making use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields.22021安徽省高三联考Private businesses account for more than 90 percent of local businesses,with more than 100 _(company)listed at home
7、 and abroad.答案与解析：seasons考查名词的单复数。根据常识和语境可知，人们开始按照季节更替来种植庄稼，故填seasons。答案与解析：companies考查名词的数。句意：民营企业占当地企业的90%以上，有100多家公司在国内外上市。根据空前的数字100可知，空处填company的复数形式，故填companies。32021福州市质量检测People are bringing home all kinds of living creatures for companionship during an unprecedented(空前的)time of social isola
8、tion(隔离),and theyre sharing _(photo)or social media to provide a break from darker news.42021青岛市高三检测If you work in a highrise office building,take the stairs instead of an elevator.Take more _(break)during the work day and move around.答案与解析：photos考查名词的数。photo为可数名词，前面没有冠词，故应用复数形式。答案与解析：breaks考查名词复数。前
9、面定语为more，意为更多的，后接名词复数。考点二 名词的格与名词作定语1.名词所有格(1)概念：名词所有格用来表示名词之间的所有关系。(2)分类：of所有格a waste of times所有格the boys book双重所有格any friends of yours2.名词作定语名词作定语可以用来修饰另一个名词，表示材料、类别、用途等，作定语的名词有以下三种形式：(1)一般用单数形式。如a stone bridge(石桥)，a meeting room(会议室)，morning exercise(早操)，London Airport(伦敦机场)，a story book(故事书)，a s
10、hoe shop(鞋店)；(2)man，woman要与所修饰的名词的数保持一致。如a woman teacher(一位女教师)，two women teachers(两位女教师)；(3)sports,sales,clothes,goods,arts,customs等一般用复数形式。如a sports meet(运动会)，a goods train(货运列车)，a customs officer(海关官员)，a sales manager(销售部经理)。考点三 数词1.序数词一般由基数词加th构成(1)以y结尾的基数词构成序数词时，先把y变为i，再加eth。如the twentieth/fift
11、ieth。(2)不规则的序数词有以下几个：first,second,third,fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth。(3)序数词前通常要加定冠词the，但当序数词不表示顺序而表示“再一”“又一”时，要用不定冠词。2年龄、年代的表达表达“在某人几十多岁”用“in ones逢十的基数词的复数”；表达“在几十年代”用“in the逢十的基数词的复数”。3基数词(1)dozen,score,hundred,thousand,million等表确切数目时不能加s，其前可用数词或several，some修饰，此时其后通常不跟of(后有these，those或代词宾格时可跟of)；(2)表
12、示“数以百万计”“数以千计”等笼统数目时，要加s，其前不能用数词，其后可跟of。(3)基数词可与名词等构成合成形容词，用连字符连接，作前置定语，其中的名词应使用单数形式，如fourhour journey。4分数表达法分子应用基数词，分母应用序数词。分子大于1时，分母应用序数词的复数形式，如twosevenths七分之二。题组微练(单句语法填空)1 2021衡 水 中 学 高 三 考 试 Whaling was a primary industry in Australia in the nineteenth and early _(twenty)centuries but whaling i
13、n Australia was limited in 1987.22019全国卷Then,when I was in the _(five)grade,I wanted to be a teacher because I liked my English teacher so much.答案与解析：twentieth考查数词。句意：在19世纪和20世纪早期，捕鲸是澳大利亚的主要产业表示“在世纪”时，通常用序数词，故填twentieth。答案与解析：fifth 考查数词。表示“五年级”应用序数词。32021河北省邯郸市高三模拟I remember clearly that when I was
14、on my _(eighteen)birthday,my father gave me a presenta picture book.答案与解析：eighteenth 考查数词。表示“第十八个生日”应用数词。刷经典试题语法填空解题技法【典例感悟】12021洛阳市高三统考On Tuesdays and Thursdays she helped out as a volunteer to give aid to people without _(home)答案与解析：homes考查名词的复数。分析句子可知，此处表示“没有住宅的人们”，home意为“住宅”时是可数名词，根据前面的people可知，
15、这里指不止一个住宅，且home前面没有修饰词，所以应用其复数形式。22021濮阳市高三模拟Though Thunberg does not have a magical cure for climate change,she believes that climate change can be affected at a grassroots level by educating friends and electing _(politician)that support the cause.答案与解析：politicians考查名词的数。结合上下文可知，此处意为“选举政治家”，故应用名词作
16、elect的宾语，且该名词作为定语从句的先行词，又由定语从句的谓语动词support判断主语that指代复数名词，故politician是复数，故填politicians。3 2021厦 门 市 第 二 次 质 量 检 查 Although the knowledge and education of TCM are declining,Chinese medicines are still around,and some remain the top few _(choice)of people till today.42020浙江卷1月For Japan,the _(number)are
17、more striking22 in 1950,46 today and 53 in 2050.答案与解析：choices考查名词的数。句意：尽管人们对中医的了解和对中医的教育在减少，但中药仍在流行，直到今天，有些中药仍是人们的首选。few修饰可数名词的复数形式，choice的复数是choices。答案与解析：numbers考查名词的单复数。根据下文的are可知这里需要填写number的复数形式。52018浙江卷Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook.Making Chinese _(dish)is seen as
18、especially troublesome.答案与解析：dishes考查名词单复数。dish是可数名词，其前无限定词，故用其复数形式dishes。【答题微点】语法填空解题“3定向”定向1 根据修饰词确定名词的单复数形式1不定冠词a,an后用名词单数形式；2有these,those,several,many,all,both,a pair of,a variety of,different或数词等修饰时名词用复数形式；3名词前有one of,among时用名词复数形式。定向2 根据谓语动词确定名词的单复数形式名词作主语时，如果一般现在时的谓语动词是动词原形或are，要考虑用名词的复数形式。定向
19、3 根据常识和句意确定名词的单复数形式及数词形式表示两个(或两个以上)的可数名词及并列名词时，名词需用复数形式。对点跟踪检测语法填空2021陕西百校联盟第一次模拟Household garbage sorting and recycling have become a hot topic in Shanghai because of Chinas first compulsory garbageseparation law 1._ every household and institution shall classify waste into four 2._(category).Those
20、 who fail to sort garbage may 3._(fine)up to 200 yuan.1答案与解析：that考查同位语从句。分析该句结构可知，空处引导同位语从句，作前面名词词组“Chinas first compulsory garbageseparation law”的同位语，解释说明该名词词组，空处在从句中不充当句子成分，应用that引导该同位语从句。2答案与解析：categories考查名词的单复数。category为可数名词，根据该句中的“four”可知，该处用复数形式。3答案与解析：be fined考查动词的语态。句意：那些没能进行垃圾分类的人可能会被罚高达20
21、0元。分析句子结构并根据句意可知，该句主语Those和动词fine之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。Previously,everything went into one bin,so this change has made many people very 4._(worry),who said they were struggling to master the details quickly.Now thanks to the efforts of 5._ number of young programmers,discovering the proper classification f
22、or each piece of household waste has become as simple as taking a photo 6._ calling someone using your smartphone.4答案与解析：worried考查形容词。分析该句结构可知，宾语为many people，空处作make的宾语补足语，故用形容词worried。5答案与解析：a考查冠词。“a number of”为固定搭配，意为“许多”。该处指“许多年轻的程序员”。6答案与解析：or考查连词。根据语境可知，空处前后是选择关系。该处表示与拍照片或者使用智能手机打电话一样简单。故用连词or。
23、They have applied speech and image recognition technologies 7._ apps and other smartphone services to guide Shanghai residents through the garbageseparation rules.7答案与解析：to考查固定搭配。“apply.to.”为固定搭配，意为“将应用于”。该处表示将声像识别技术应用于应用程序和其他智能手机的服务。Most of the apps and services,which 8._(begin)springing up last mo
24、nth in app stores,on messaging tool WeChat and mobile payment service Alipay,allow users to type in the name of waste 9._(identify)which category it belongs to.Many apps also use speech and image recognition to make the process much easier,but their creators say they will disappear in time with the Chinese 10._(become)more accustomed to the rules.8答案与解析：began考查动词的时态。根据该句中的“last month”可知，此处陈述的是过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时。9答案与解析：to identify考查非谓语动词。该处表示允许用户输入垃圾的名称以识别它属于哪一类，据此可知，此处作目的状语，故用动词不定式。10答案与解析：becoming考查非谓语动词。分析该句结构可知，空处为the Chinese的补足语，the Chinese和动词become为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词形式becoming。
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