1、Section Discovering Useful StructuresGrammar名词、形容词、副词短语句法功能新知导引画出下面教材句子中的名词/形容词/副词短语并体会它们的语法功能1Im a freshman at senior high school.2The first week was a little confusing.3The school adviser helped me choose the suitable ones.4The new coach told me that I didnt play well enough.语法精讲一、名词短语(Noun Phrase
2、)1含义：名词短语是指以一个名词为中心构成的短语，在句中的功能相当于名词。2构成：名词短语由名词与它的修饰语一起构成。名词的修饰语与名词有两种位置关系：一是放在被修饰名词的前面，叫作前置定语或定语；二是放在被修饰名词的后面，叫作后置定语。(1)前置定语或定语：一般来说，名词前面有三种修饰语。其一是限定词，用来限定名词所指的范围，对名词起泛指或特指作用，表示确定数量或不确定数量等的限定修饰作用，主要包括冠词(a/an/the)、指示代词(this、that、these、those等)、物主代词(my、your、his、her、our、their等)、不定代词(some、no、neither、bo
3、th、every, other等)以及一些数词(first、two, one, third)等。其二是形容词(短语)，用来表示名词的性质和特征，比如red, close, new, small等。其三是描述性名词。(2)后置定语：在复杂的名词短语中，更常见的是后置定语(包括定语从句、同位语从句、分词短语、不定式、介词短语等)。看下面这组例子：The girl is my sister.The cute/baby girl is my sister.The cute baby girl is my sister.The cute baby girl in pink dress is my sis
4、ter.The cute baby girl wearing pink dress is my sister.The cute baby girl who is wearing pink dress is my sister.这里的中心词是girl，然后在girl前面或后面分别添加各类修饰语，从而构成各个名词短语。具体来说就是：名词短语The girl的构成是：限定词中心名词(girl)。名词短语The cute/baby girl的构成是：限定词描述性名词/形容词中心名词(girl)。名词短语The cute baby girl的构成是：限定词形容词描述性名词中心名词(girl)。名词短语T
5、he cute baby girl in pink dress的构成是：限定词形容词描述性名词中心名词(girl)介词短语。名词短语The cute baby girl wearing pink dress的构成是：限定词形容词 描述性名词中心名词(girl)分词短语。名词短语The cute baby girl who is wearing pink dress的构成是：限定词形容词描述性名词中心名词(girl)定语从句。综上所述，在英语里，修饰名词的定语，其语序的位置是有规律的，即限定词形容词(短语)描述性名词中心名词后置定语(介词短语/分词短语/不定式短语/定语从句/同位语从句等)。 名
6、师点津三个前置定语的位置关系非常明确和严格，结构是：限定词形容词(短语)描述性名词中心名词。small that green tree ()that small green tree ()3句法功能(1)作主语Beijing opera is an important part of the Chinese culture.京剧是中国文化的重要组成部分。(2)作宾语There are some red roses on that small table.在那张小餐桌上有一些红玫瑰。(3)作表语He is my best friend.他是我最好的朋友。(4)作宾语补足语We made Tom
7、monitor of our class.我们选汤姆当我们班的班长。二、形容词短语(Adjective Phrase)1含义：形容词短语是指以一个形容词为中心构成的短语，在句中的功能相当于名词。2构成：形容词短语是指由几个形容词或形容词及其修饰语构成的。具体形式如下：(1)形容词形容词(两个或多个形容词可以由and, but等连词连接，构成形容词短语)Your room is large and beautiful.你的房间大且漂亮。He is young but wise.他年轻但有智慧。(2)副词形容词(very, so, enough等副词作修饰语，可与形容词构成形容词短语)It is
8、very hot today.今天很热。The room was awfully dirty.这间屋子非常脏。 名师点津副词enough在修饰形容词或副词构成形容词短语或副词短语时，一般放在所修饰的形容词或者副词后面。(3)形容词介词短语(介词短语可用在形容词后修饰形容词，可与形容词构成形容词短语)I am sure of success.我确信会成功的。The bottle is full of water.瓶子里装满了水。3句法功能(1)作表语(与连系动词构成系表结构，说明主语的性质或特征)The bridge is long and wide.这座桥又长又宽。(2)作宾补(说明宾语的性质
9、、状态或特征)You must keep the room clean and tidy.你必须保持房间干净整洁。(3)作定语(修饰名词、代词，说明其性质、特征等)This pretty little Spanish girl is Lindas cousin.这个漂亮的西班牙小女孩是琳达的表妹。(4)作状语(说明主语的性质、状态或特征)The lost boy spent three days in the forest cold and hungry.那个迷路的男孩在森林中过了三天又冷又饿。He stood there, full of fear.他站在那里，充满了恐惧。三、副词短语(Ad
10、verb Phrase)1含义：副词短语是指以一个副词为中心构成的短语，在句中的功能相当于副词。2构成：副词短语是指由几个副词或副词及其修饰语构成的。具体形式如下：(1)两个或多个副词可以由and, but等对等连词构成副词短语。She types quickly and correctly.她打字快且准确。He makes progress slowly but steadily.他进步缓慢但稳定。(2)very, enough等副词作修饰语，可与其他副词构成副词短语。He runs very fast.他跑得快极了。The teacher speaks clearly enough.老师说
11、得够清楚了。3句法功能(1)修饰动词Shes a clever girl, and has learnt the new skill very quickly.她是个聪明的女孩，很快就学会了新技能。(very quickly修饰动词has learnt)He drives extremely carefully.他开车非常小心。(extremely carefully修饰动词drives)(2)修饰形容词The dress was rather too small for her.这件衣服对她来说太小了。(rather too修饰形容词small)(3)修饰副词He is running mu
12、ch too fast in the match.他比赛中跑得太快了。(much too修饰fast)基础知识自测.画线标出句子的名词短语、形容词短语和副词短语，说明它们在句中的作用并译成汉语1Too nervous to reply, he stared at the floor.2Dont throw the waste paper here and there.3Seeing the snake, all the frightened girls stood there, unable to speak.4He speaks English slowly to his students.
13、5I bought a bar of chocolate in the school shop.6The book is one of his bestsellers.7I think he is a man suitable for the job.8Speaking of table manners, keep your voice low and pleasant during the meal.9This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the worldfamous cherry trees with beautiful
14、 flowers of Washington, DC.10.It was raining very heavily on the day we moved.11Do you want a room thats full of life?12While all of them are useful, they can get a little complex (复杂)13I hope these suggestions would be helpful to you.14Eager to improve farming conditions, they tried out this new cr
15、op on a large area.15He was so confused that he didnt know which courses to take.完成句子1这只可爱的小猫在她的食物盘旁睡着了。The _ fell asleep by her food dish.2到约会结束时，我对他相当厌倦。By the end of the date. I was _.3白天越来越长，天气也越来越暖和。The days get _ and the weather gets _.4这个健康苗条的女孩相当喜欢滑雪。The _ girl is _ skiing.5两个男孩激动而紧张地跑到操场上。T
16、wo boys ran _ to the playground.6那些游客们回到宾馆，又累又困。Those travelers returned to the hotel, _.7他们很高兴地沿着这条路走着。They walked along the way _.8史密斯先生决定吃得更健康。Mr. Smith decided to eat _.9期末考试令人难以置信地难。The final exams were _.10这个馅饼很好吃，但是非常贵。This pie is _ but _.学科素养提升.短文填空根据汉语提示用名词短语、形容词短语和副词短语完成短文。 The panda is on
17、e of 1._ (最罕见的动物)People in the world like it 2._ (非常)There used to be 3._ (很多熊猫)in China long ago. As the balance of nature was destroyed and the weather was getting 4._ (越来越暖和), pandas became fewer. But at present, 5._ (熊猫的数量)is increasing 6._ (逐年). There are now so many pandas that some are sent t
18、o 7._ (别的国家)so that people there can enjoy them. Nowadays,8._ (最大的)nature park for pandas in China is in Sichuan. There is a research centre for nature and 9._ (野生动物) there. Scientists hope that one day they will have 10._ (足够的熊猫)to be set free and let them live in the wild again.Section Discovering
19、 Useful Structures 新知导引1答案：Im .2答案： was .3答案： helped me choose .4答案： told me that I didnt play .课时达标随堂自测.画线标出句子的名词短语、形容词短语和副词短语，说明它们在句中的作用并译成汉语1.， he stared at .他紧张得不能回答，盯着地板。2Dont throw .不要把废纸扔得到处都是。3Seeing ， stood there, .看到那条蛇，所有受到惊吓的女孩站在那里，说不出话来。4He speaks English slowly to .他以缓慢的速度对他的学生们说英语。5I
20、bought in .我在学校商店买了一块巧克力。6. is one of .这本书是他的畅销书之一。7I think he is .我认为他是适合做这项工作的人。8Speaking of ， keep during .说到餐桌礼仪，就餐期间说话声音要低、令人愉快。9. is to see Washington,_DC.这个小团体自行车旅行是观看华盛顿特区世界闻名的开满美丽花朵的樱花树的一种极好的方式。10It was raining on we moved.我们搬家的那天，天正下着大雨。11Do you want thats ？你想要一个充满生机的房间吗？12While all of the
21、m are useful, they can get .尽管它们有用，但它们可能有点复杂。13I hope would be helpful to you.我希望这些建议对你有帮助。14.， they tried out on .他们急于改进耕作条件，所以就大面积地试种了这种新作物。15He was that he didnt know .他很困惑，不知道该选哪些课程。.完成句子1lovely kitten2.fairly bored with him3.longer and longer; warmer and warmer4.healthy and slim; quite fond of5
22、.excitedly and nervously6.tired and sleepy7.very happily8.more healthily9unbelievably difficult10.very delicious; extremely/greatly expensive.短文填空1the rarest animals2.very much3.many pandas4.warmer and warmer5.the number of pandas6.year by year7.other countries8the biggest9.wild animals10.enough pandas
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