1、Revision ofRestrictive Attributive ClausesUnit 4 GrammarThey are kind and warm-hearted people who can give time,energy and talents to help others in need and serve their communities,expecting nothing in return.RiddleWho are they?VolunteersDo you know Xu Benyu who was one of the ten famous people tha
2、t made the whole nation moved in 2004?Lets share his stories by combining these sentences.“我愿做一滴水/我知道我很微小/当爱的阳光照射到我身上的时候/我愿意无保留地反射给别人。”A.Xu Benyu is a 24-year-old boy.B.His family is very poor.Xu Benyu is a 24-year-old boy whose family is very poor.A.When he was still a student,he began to sponsor t
3、hose students.B.B.Those students were poorer than him.When he was still a student,he began to sponsor those students who were poorer than him.A.He arrived in the poor village in Guizhou Province and saw the Cave Primary School on that day.B.He would never forget the day.He would never forget the day
4、 when he arrived in the poor village in GuizhouProvince and saw the Cave Primary School.A.He taught in a very poor mountainous village.B.B.There was no water,no electricity or telephone.He taught in a very poor mountainous village where there was no water,no electricity or telephone.A.He still well
5、remembered those happy days.B.He spent those happy days in singing and playing games with the students.He still well remembered those happy days which he spent in singing and playing games with the students.A.At the meeting he told us his stories and the reasons.B.He told us why he could overcome al
6、l kinds of difficulties and help others.At the meeting he told us his stories and the reasons why he could overcome all kinds of difficulties and help others.A.Xu Benyu is the veryB.kind person.B.We should learn from him.Xu Benyu is the very kind person whom we should learn from.从上面对志愿者徐本禹的介绍中我们看到，当
7、对所描述的人或事物加以修饰或限定时，定语从句就有很大的用处。接下来我们就详细的回顾一下定语从句的用法吧！定语从句的分类定语从句The Restrictive Attributive Clause限制性定语从句The Non-Restrictive Attributive Clause非限制性定语从句限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句限定性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开非限定性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明，没有这种从句不影响主句意思完整。一般用逗号把主句和从句分开引导词：who,whom,whose,which,of which,when,where等，不用tha
8、t,不能省略引导词：关系代词和关系副词，作宾语时一些关系代词可以省略Revision ofRestrictive Attributive Clauses在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。引导定语从句的关系代词有：which,that,who,whom,whose和as。引导定语从句的关系副词有：where,when,why。1.An astronaut is a person whoworks and travels in space.2.A spacecraft is a vehicle that/which can travel in space.an
9、tecedent先行词relative pronoun关系代词3.A space capsule is a place wherean astronaut works.4.15th Oct.2003 was the day whenYang Liwei entered outer space in “Shenzhou V”spaceship.relative adverb关系副词antecedent先行词限制性定语从句的构成The man who lives next to us sells vegetables.You must do everything that I do.I have
10、found the book which I lost.I visited the school where I studied.关系代词关系副词注意事项:1.从句的位置:2.翻译方法:3.构成：先行词之后“的”关系词关系代词的用法关系代词 指代所做成分是否可省略thatwhichwhowhomwhose人；物 主语，宾语 作宾语可省物主语；宾语 作宾语可省人主语；宾语 作宾语可省人宾语可省人；物定语不可省关系代词的用法：1.作主语用who,which或that,如：He is the man who/that lives next door.The train which/that has
11、just left is for Shenzhen.2.作宾语用whom,who,which,that 如：The man(whom/who/that)we have just seen is a famous writer.Where is the book(which/that)I bought last week?注：在非正式文体中，用于指人的关系代词who,whom,that通常可以省略,但在正式文体中通常用who(m),不可省略；用于指物的关系代词which和that 在非正式文体中也通常省略，但在正式文体中一般不省略。3.作定语用whose 如：(a)He is the man w
12、hose car was stolen last week.(b)It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time.注：“whose+名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语（如上a句），又能作宾语（如上b句）。whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念,这时可以与of which 结构互换。词序是：“名词+of which”，如：They came to a house whose back wallhad broken down.(=the back wall of which)He
13、s written a book the name of whichIve completely forgotten.(=whose name)4.作表语只用that,它既可以指人，也可以指物,但时常省略。例如：He is no longer the man that he used to be.This is no longer the dirty place(that)it used to be.难点：whoseThe teacher praised the student.His English is the best in our class.The teacher praised t
14、he student whose English is the best in our class.Join the following pair of sentences.whose=the students关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格The house is mine.The window of the house is broken.The house whose window is broken is mine.whose=the houses windowThe house is mine.the window of which is brokenof which the
15、window is broken关系代词的用法练习1.The eggs were not fresh.I bought them yesterday.2.The friend was not hungry.He came to supper last night.The eggs(that/which)I bought themwere not fresh.The friend who/that he came to supperlast night was not hungry.3.He prefers the cheese.It comes from parents farm.4.The
16、noodles were delicious.You cooked them.He prefers the cheese that/which itcomes from his parents farm.The noodles(which/that)you cooked them were delicious.关系副词的用法指代所做成分 是否可省略when时间状语否where地点状语否why原因状语否关系副词1.when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有：time,day,morning,night,week,year 等。如：I still remember the time w
17、hen I first became a college student.Do you know the date when Lincoln was born?关系副词的用法:注：when时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如：Each time he came,he did his best to help us.But help never stopped coming from the day she fell ill.2.where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有:place,spot,street,house,room,city,town,country等。如
18、：This is the hotel where they are staying.I forget the house where the Smiths lived注：where有时也可以省略。如：This is the place(where)we met yesterday.3.why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。如：That is the reason why he is leaving so soon.注：why时常也可以省略。如：That is the real reason(why)he did it.使用关系副词应注意下列几点：1.这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定
19、的介词+which结构：when=on(in,at,during)+which;where=in(at,on)+which;why=for which.I was in Beijing on the day when(=on which)he arrived.The office where(=in which)he works is on the third floor.2.当先行词是表时间的time,day等和表地点的place,house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that,缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比较：I
20、ll never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.Ill never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer.His father works in a factory whereradio parts are made.His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.温馨提示：when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why只能引导限制性定语从句。关系副词和
21、先行词的关系I still remember the day when I came here.This is the house where I lived last year.There are many reasons why people like traveling.on the day=whenin the house=wherefor the reasons=why关系副词实际上是介词先行词1 当先行词是不定代词时,如:all,few,little,much,every,something,anything,everything,等。2 当先行词被the only,the ver
22、y,the same,little,few,no,any等修饰时。3 当人和物合做先行词时。只能用that 做关系代词的情况4 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。5 在疑问词who,which,what开头的句子中。介词+关系代词的情况 1The man whom you spoke was a scientist.The city which she lives is far away.toin介词+关系代词的情况 2The man who/whom you spoke was a scientist.The city that/which she lives is far away.A
23、re these two sentences right?toin介词+关系代词的情况 3The man who/whom you spoke was a scientist.The city that/which she lives is far away.toinAre these two sentences right?可见,who,that 不能用于介词之后。介词+关系代词的情况 4Is this the watch that you are looking for?The old man whom I am looking after is better.在固定短语中介词不能提前。下
24、面两句中的介词能提前吗?1.根据先行词来确定This is the pot in which I boiled the milk.This is the pot(which/that)I boiled the milk in.介词的确定方法：介词+which/whom1979 was the year in which my son was born.(=when)This is the place in which I grew up.(=where)The person to whom I complained is the manager.The person(who/whom/that
25、)I complained to is the manager.2.根据从句中的谓语动词或形容词来确定3.当介词和从句中的动词构成固定词组时,介词不能前置The babies whom the nurses are looking after are very healthy.1.If a shop has chairs _ women can park their men,women will spend more time in the shop.A.that B.which C.when D.where解析：答案D 先行词chairs在定语从句中作状语，用where。典型题例解析2.Wh
26、y does she always ask you for help?There is no one else _,is there?A.who to turn to B.she can turn to C.for whom to turn D.for her to turn 解析：答案B one是先行词，省略了关系代词that。3.Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes _ people were eaten by the tiger.A
27、.in which B.by which C.which D.that解析：答案A 该题考查定语从句介词+关系代词。4.Do you still remember the chicken farm _ we visited three months ago?A.in which B.by which C.which D.that解析：答案C 先行词farm在从句中作visit的宾语。5.There were dirty marks on her trousers _ she had wiped her hands.A.where B.which C.when D.that解析：答案A 先行词h
28、er trousers在定语从句中作状语，故用关系副词where。6.Is this the only reason _ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?A.that he explained B.what he explained C.why he explained D.which he explained解析：答案A 先行词前有the only,the very,the right等修饰时，要用 that。1.Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an act
29、ivity _ sight matters more than hearing.(2007 天津卷)A.when B.whose C.which D.where 2.Today,well discuss a number of cases _ beginners of English fail to use the language properly.(2007 陕西卷)A.which B.as C.why D.where3.Where did you get to know her?It was on the farm _ we worked.(2007 山东卷)A.that B.there
30、 C.which D.where 4.The road conditions there turned out to be very good,_ was more than we could expect.(2008 全国卷II)A.it B.what C.which D.that 5.Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers _ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law.(2008 江西卷)A.where B.when C.who D.which6
31、.For many cities in the world,there is no room to spread out further,_ New York is an example.(2008 四川卷)A.for which B.in which C.of which D.from which7.The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors,_ are beyond our control.(2008 湖南卷)A.most of them B.most of which C.most of what D
32、.most of that 8.What do you think of teaching,Bob?I find it fun and challenging.It is a job _ you are doing something serious but interesting.(2009 北京卷)A.where B.which C.when D.that9.Shell never forget her stay there _ she found her son who had gone missing two years before.(2009 四川卷)A.that B.which
33、C.where D.when10.I was born in New Orleans,Louisiana,a city _ name will create a picture of beautiful trees and green grass in our mind.(2009 湖南卷)A.which B.of which C.that D.whose11.Gun control is a subject _ Americans have argued for a long time.(09陕西卷)A.of which B.with which C.about which D.into w
34、hich12.Children who are not active or _ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.(2010 北京卷)A.what B.whose C.which D.that13.Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planets _ life has developed gradually.(2010 福建卷)A.that B.where C.which D.whose14.The newly built caf,the
35、walls of _ are painted light green,is really a peaceful place for us,specially after hard work.(2010 江苏卷)A.that B.it C.what D.which 15.Ive become good friend with several of the student in my school _ I meet in the English speech contest last year.(2010 湖南卷)A.who B.where C.when D.which 1.He did all/
36、everything _he could to help me.2.This is the very thing _ I am after.3.This is the first thing _ I want to say.4.He often speaks the role he played in the play,_ made others upset.5.He opened the door,in front of _ sat a boy.thatthatthatthat,which,whose,whom or whowhichwhichFill in the blanks.6.Is there anything else _ you want to say?7.Any person _ has the money can join the group.8.The man to _ I spoke is a famous scientist.9.The boy _ mother is dead was brought up by his father.thatthatwhomwhosethat,which,whose,whom or who
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