1、语法探究The Attributive Clause 一、关系副词引导定语从句的关系副词有when, where或why等。when, where, why均在定语从句中作状语，在意义上相当于“介词 + which”结构，分别代替表示时间、地点或原因的先行词。1. when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。I still remember the day when I first came to this school.我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。(when = on which)He came at a time when we needed him most.他是在我们最需要他
2、的时候来的。(when = at which)2. where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。I recently went back to the town where I was born.我最近曾回过一次我出生的城市。(where = in which)Whats the name of the place where you spent your holiday?你度假的那个地方叫什么名字？ (where = at which)3. why 指原因，在限制性定语从句中作原因状语。Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.请告诉
3、我你误机的原因。(why = for which)The reason why he was punished is unknown to us.他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。4. that代替关系副词，可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why及“介词 + which”，在口语中that常被省略。例如：His father died the year （that / when / in which） he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。He is unlikely to find the place （that / where / in whi
4、ch） he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。注意，无论是关系代词，还是关系副词，都在定语从句中取代了先行词，因此，先行词在定语从句中不复出现。This is the book that I borrowed it yesterday. () This is the book that I borrowed yesterday. ()这就是我昨天借的书。that在定语从句中取代了先行词the book，作borrowed的宾语，因此，要去掉it。The English Corner is the place where people ofte
5、n go there to practise their spoken English. ()The English Corner is the place where people often go to practise their spoken English. ()英语角是人们经常去练习英语口语的地方。where在定语从句中取代了先行词the space，作go的状语，因此，要去掉there二、 “介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句是一种既非常常见又比较复杂的定语从句结构。1.“介词 + 关系代词”中介词的位置关系代词whom, which在从句中作
6、介词宾语时，可以跟介词一起放在从句与主句之间(that, who不可以)，也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面，使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词。例如：He is a man of rich experience, from whom much can be learned.(= He is a man of rich experience, whom much can be learned from.)他是个经验丰富的人，从他那儿可以学到很多。The school in which he once worked is a key school.(=The school (which / tha
7、t) he once worked in is a key school.)他曾经工作过的学校是一所重点学校。2. “介词 + 关系代词”的常见结构： 介词 + which/whomThis is the famous singer about whom we have often talked.这就是那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家。Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost.很幸运，我们带了一张地图，如没有的话，我们就会迷路了。 名词 + of + which/whomPlease pass me the boo
8、k the cover of which is blue.请把那本蓝封面的书递给我。数词 + of + which/whomShes got three luck pens, two of which she never uses.她有三支幸运笔，其中两支从未用过。In our school there are about 200 teachers, thirty percent of whom are women.我校大约有200位教师，其中百分之三十是女教师。 代词 + of + which/whomIn the basket I find many apples, some of whi
9、ch have gone bad.我发现篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。There are fifty students in our class, most of whom are from big cities.我们班有50个学生，其中大多数来自大城市。 最高级 + of + which/whomChina has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.中国有数千个岛屿，其中最大的是台湾岛。 介词 + which + 名词He usually returns home at 10:00, at which hour his
10、 father locks all the doors and windows.他通常十点钟回家，这时候他爸爸锁好所有的门窗。含有介词的短语动词(如：look for, look after, take care of)一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。This is the very book for which I am looking. ()This is the very book (that) I am looking for. ()这正是我在找的书。3. 关系代词前介词的选择 根据动词和介词的搭配关系选择。The things of which they felt proud
11、were Jims watch and Dellas hair.他们引以为豪的东西是吉姆的手表和德拉的头发。(feel proud of是词组)In the dark street there was not a single person to whom she could turn for help.在漆黑的街道上没有一个她可以求助的人。(turn to sb. for help是固定搭配词组) 根据与前面名词的搭配关系选择。Ill never forget the day on which I first met him.我永远忘不了我第一次遇见他的那一天。(the day前面一般用介词
12、on)Can you imagine a proper situation in which the expression can be used?你能设想一个使用这个词语的场合吗？(a situation前面一般用in) 有时需同时考虑动词和介词的搭配关系及介词和名词的搭配关系。Galileo made a telescope through which he could study the sky.伽里略制作了一个望远镜，通过它他得以研究天空。(study the sky through the telescope)Is that the house in which you once l
13、ived?那就是你曾经住过的房子吗？(live in the house) 根据所要表达的意思来确定。This is my pair of glasses, without which I cannot see clearly.这是我的眼镜，离了它我什么也看不清。三、 关系副词和关系代词的选择当先行词是表示时间、地点或原因的名词时，定语从句用关系副词还是关系代词来引导，要根据关系词在定语从句中所担当的句子成分来决定。1.用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：This is the mountain vi
14、llage where I stayed last year.这是我去年呆过的山村。Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。2.准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。学生习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together.我永远忘不了我们一起度假的日子。(when作状语)I will ne
15、ver forget the days which we spent together.我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子。(which作spent的宾语)I know a place where we can have a picnic.我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。(where作状语)I know a place which is famous for its beautiful natural scenery.我知道一个以自然景色优美而闻名地地方。(which作主语)例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age?A. where B. tha
16、t C. on which D. the one例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held.A. where B. that C. on which D. the one答案：例1 D，例2 A例1变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从
17、句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。典例解析1. Do you still remember the chicken farm _ we visited three months ago ? A. where B. when C. that D. what 解析定语从句不用what，排除D;不缺时间状语排除B; visited vt. 缺宾语，故选C2. If a shop has chai
18、rs _ women can park their men, women will spend more time in shop. A .that B. which C. when D. where 解析本句不缺主语、宾语，故排除A.B 。where=on the chairs= on which ，在定语从句中作地点状语，故选D。3 I have many friends, _some are businessmen. A. of them B. from which C. whom of D. of whom 答案D. 下面几个句子都是正确的：I have many friends, s
19、ome of whom are businessmen.I have many friends of whom some are businessmen.I have many friends. Some of them are businessmen.I have many friends; some of them are businessmen.I have many friends, and some of them are businessmen.对比：A few people were killed in the big fire, but _were saved. A. most B. most of them C. most of whom D. the most本题若只看结构，易误选B，但据语境“有几个人在大火中丧生了，但大多数得救了。”应选A。
