1、Module 6 Why do we need dictionariesGrammarwhy why dont是反问的用法，why not是建议不过某些情况在口语中可以简单地说 why not.注意，why not 是句口语短语。Why not go with me?何不跟我去?表示希望对方同意Why dont you answer the question?你怎么不回答我的问题?这里表示的不是建议而是责问了.我真的搞不懂,你怎么会不跟我们走呢?(当语气比较缓和时中间没有问号)I dont know why you didnt came with me.我不知道你为什么不跟我走.另外,在美语里
2、,经常接触到Why?Go,go,go!天啊,快,快,快!do 1）构成一般疑问句，例如：Do you want to pass the CET?你想通过大学英语测试吗？Did you study German?你们学过德语吗？2）do+not 构成否定句，例如：I do not want to be criticized.我不想挨批评。He doesnt like to study.他不想学习。In the past,many students did not know the importance of English.过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。3)构成否定祈使句，例如：Dont g
3、o there.不要去那里。Dont be so absent-minded.不要这么心不在焉。说明：构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。4）放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气，例如：Do come to my birthday party.一定来参加我的生日宴会。I did go there.我确实去那儿了。I do miss you.我确实想你。5）用于倒装句，例如：Never did I hear of such a thing.我从未听说过这样的事情。Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance
4、 of English.只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。说明：引导此类倒装句的副词有never,seldom,rarely,little,only,so,well等。6）用作代动词，例如：-Do you like Beijing?-你喜欢北京吗？-Yes,I do.-是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.）He knows how to drive a car,doesnt he?他知道如何开车，对吧？want的用法注：want 表示“想要”，我们该怎么用这个单词呢？观察下面的例句，你自己是否能总结出want的用法呢？I want a bottle of j
5、uice.He wants to go to a movie.I want you to play with me.你有答案了吗？我们来对下吧！want+名词 “想要某物”want to do sth.“想要干某事”want sb.To do sth.“想要某人干某事by 介词by可以用来表示方位、时间、手段等,其用法在高考中曾多次出现。下面结合高考试卷和其它一些例句做一下归纳：一、by+地点名词。表方位，意为：“在旁边”。如：by the lake/river/tree/window/door等。She searched the top of the hill and stopped to
6、rest on a big rock by the side of the path.(NMET90)她搜索了山顶，然后停下来在路边的一块大石头上休息。After supper she would sit down by the fire,sometimes for as long as an hour,thinkingof her young and happy days.(2003上海春）晚饭后，她常坐在火旁，有时长达一个小时地回忆她那青春、快乐的年代。注：有时可表:“从旁经过”,多与动词go/walk/pass等连用。As we boys were rushing towards the
7、 playground,Jim slipped by the table.(NMET92完形）当我们这些男生冲向操场时，吉姆从桌旁溜过。二、by+时间名词。意为：“到时（已发生某事），此时谓语多用完成时；最晚、不迟于，在之前”。如：by now/then/this time/next Friday/the end of/three oclock等。By the end of last year,another new gymnasium had been completed.(2003上海春）到去年年底，又有一座新体育馆峻工了。The train leaves at 6:00 pm.So I
8、have to be at the station by 5:40 pm at the latest.(NMET97)火车下午六点开，所以最晚我得五点四十赶到车站。三、by+名词。可用来表方法、方式、手段等。1、by+the+可数的时间、长度、重量等名词。意为：“按计算，按买(卖)”。如：by the pound/ton/yard/meter/dozen/bale/day/month等。Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.(NMET98)城市里的女清洁工通常按小时获得报酬。In the market,tobacco
9、 is sold by the bale,eggs by the dozen and salt by the pound.在市场里，烟叶按捆卖，鸡蛋按打卖，盐按磅卖。2、by+表示时间、长度、重量等总称的不可数名词（名词前不加冠词）。意为：“按计算，按买(卖)”。如：by time/volume/length/weight/height/depth/width/area等。As we all know,the freight of the luggage is charged by weight.众所周知，行李的运费是按重量计算的。3、by+交通工具、交通方式名词（名词前不加冠词，不变复如by
10、 train/rail/tube/taxi/bus/truck/bike/boat/plane;byland/road/sea/water/air等。（on foot)It takes a long time to go there by train;its quicker by road.(或by bus)(NMET93)乘火车去那儿要花很长时间，公路比较快。“I usually go there by train”.“Why not try going by boat(或water)for a change?”(NMET92)“我常乘火车去那儿。”“为何不尝试一下坐船呢？”4、by+抽象名
11、词或具有抽象意义的普通名词（名词前不加冠词，不变复数）。意为：“靠，通过，由所致”。如：by skill/determination/practice/diligence/inference/chance/accident;by mail/letter/radio/fax/telephone/telegraph/hand/machine等。Although he had been searching in the wrong area most of the time,he found it by logic,not by luck.(NMET2002阅读）虽然他曾大部分时间一直在错误的地方寻
12、找，但他还是靠逻辑推理而非运气，找到了它。I made a coat with my own hands.It was made by hand,not by machine.我用双手织了一件外套。它是用手工织的，而不是机器织的。5、by+地点或工具等具体名词。表路线、途径，意为：“通过（某物、某地），取道”。如:by a stone bridge/the back door/the freeway/country roads等。The man entered the room by the back door.那人通过后门进入了房间。6、by+动词ing.意为：“通过，靠，凭”。如：by w
13、aiting/practing/begging/working/imitating等。He gained his wealth by printing works of famous writers.(NMET95)他通过印刷著名作家的作品而获得了巨大的财富。Our bodies are strengthened by taking exercise.Similarly,our minds are developed by learning.(2000上海)身体是靠锻炼强壮的，同样，大脑是靠学习开发的。四、by+数量词。1、表升降、增减的程度。如：by one-fifth/20 percent
14、/3/two feet等。With production up by 60%,the company has had another excellent year.(NMET2000)产量上升了百分之六十，这家公司今年的业绩极好。The demand for organic food is increasing by about one third every year.(NMET2002阅读)对绿色食品的需求每年在增长大约三分之一。2、表示距离和面积、体积中的尺寸及乘除法中的运算。如：by 2cm/6 inches/four feet/nine yards/a hairs breadth等。
15、Luckily,the bullet narrowly missed the captain by an inch.(2002上海）幸运地是，那颗子弹差一英寸就击中了上尉。The bed is three meters wide by two meters long,and can fit at least four at one time.(NMET2001阅读)那张床三米宽，两米长，一次至少可以睡四个人。五、by+身体部位名词或衣服名词。表示被抓住身体/衣物的某一部分，常与动词catch/seize/take/hold/grab等连用。如：by the hair/hand/arm/nose
16、/horns;by the collar/lape/sleeve等。The policeman caught the thief by the arm.警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。The soldier grabbed the child by the collar.那个士兵揪住了孩子的衣领。六、by的常见短语：by means of/by way of/by the way/one by one/step by step/side by side/shoulder by shoulder/by oneself/by birth/by society/takeby surprise/learnby
17、heart/what do you mean by/by my watch等。or 词or在初中英语中是个常用，虽然它只有一个词性，但它却有不同的使用情况。现将主要用法分述如下：一、用在选择疑问句中连结被选择的对象，意为“或者，还是”。例如：Is he a doctor or a teacher?他是医生还是教师？Did you do your homework or watch TV last night?你昨晚做作业还是看电视了？Are they singing or reading English?他们是在唱歌还是在读英语？下列两个疑问句中的并列成份由于使用了不同的连词，因而句式有所不同
18、。试比较：A、Does he like milk or bread?他喜欢牛奶还是面包吗？B、Does he like milk or bread?他喜欢牛奶还是面包？分析：A 句中使用了连词and,是一般疑问句，对其作肯定或否定回答应用：Yes,he does.No,he doesnt.B句中使用了并列连词or,因而是选择疑问句，对其回答不用“yes”或“no”，而应根据实际情况直接选择回答：He likes milk.或：He likes bread.二、用于否定句中连结并列成分，表示“和，与”之意。例如：There isnt any air or water on the moon.月球
19、上既没有空气也没有水。The baby is too young.He cant speak or walk.那婴儿太小，他不会说话，也不会走路。He hasnt got any brothers or sisters.他没有兄弟和姐妹。肯定句中并列连词应用and，在把含有and的肯定句改为否定句时，莫忘把连词and改为or。例如：The students sang and danced in the park yesterday.The students didnt sing or dance in the park yesterday.三、用于句型“祈使句+or+陈述句”中，表示在以祈使句
20、为条件下的相反假设，意为“否则，要不然”。例如：Work hard,or you will fall behind.你要努力学习，否则会落后。Get up early tomorrow,or you will miss the early train.你明天要早点起身，要不然就赶不上早班火车了。Dont jump the queue,or other people will not be pleased.别插队，否则别人会不高兴的。可以把这类句型中的祈使句换为一个条件句（注意改写时应去掉连词or）。例如：Hurry up,or you will be late for the meeting.
21、If you dont hurry up,you will be late for the meeting 四、用于“eitheror”结构中，意为“不是就是”，“要么要么”。连结的并列成份可在句中作主语、表语、谓语、宾语等。（注意：连结并列成份作主语时，谓语动词通常与or后的部分保持一致。）例如：Either she or I am right.不是她对就是我对。（连接主语）The shoes in the shop were either too big or too small for me.店里的鞋对我来说不是太大就是太小（连接表语）He either does his homewor
22、k or watches TV on Sundays.他星期天要么做作业，要么看电视。（连接谓语）We play either football or basketball in the afternoon.下午我们不是踢足球就是打篮球。（连接宾语）五、用于连结并列成份，表示不确切、模糊的陈述。例如：This story happened five or six years ago.这个故事发生在四、五年前。-Is the street straight?-More or less.-这棵树直吗？-差不多。She will find that she was wrong sooner or l
23、ater.她迟早会发现她是错的if一、对现在情况的假设主要表示对不可能发生或不太可能发生的现在情况的假设，例如：1)If you were an Inuit near the North Pole,you would enjoy the raw meat from seals.2)If you were a man living in the grassland,you would prefer the roasted meat of sheep or goats.3)If you were in Germany,you would find soup that is thick and he
24、avy.4)If you were in China,you would find soup that is thin and clear.以上各句所体现都是条件状语从句中的虚拟语气，表示对不可能发生或不太可能发生的现在情况的假设。对现在情况假设的虚拟语气的构成如下：1）条件状语从句中用were,而主句中则用would+enjoy 构成2）条件状语从句中用were,而主句中则用would+prefer 构成3）条件状语从句中用were,而主句中则用would+find 构成4）条件状语从句中用were,而主句中则用would+find 构成 二、对将来情况的假设1)If I had enoug
25、h time,I would certainly go.2)If you hurried up,you would catch that train.3)If you studied hard in college,you would find a good job in the future.1.如果我有足够的时间,我一定会去。2.如果你快一点，你还会赶上那趟列车。3.如果你在大学里努力学习，将来你就会找到一份好工作。对将来情况的假设的虚拟语气的构成如下：1)条件状语从句中用had,而主句中则用would+go 构成2)条件状语从句中用hurried,而主句中则用would+catch 构成
26、3)条件状语从句中用studied,而主句中则用would+find 构成 三、对过去情况的假设1)If you had begun to do your homework earlier,you would have completed them.2)If I had listened to the teacher,I would have finished reading the English book.3)If Tom had prepared the mid-term exam well,he would have passed it.1)如果你早点开始做家庭作业，你早就做完了。2)
27、如果我听了老师的话，我该把这本英语书看完了。3)要是汤姆为其中考试做了充分准备，这次其中考试他就及格了。对过去情况假设的虚拟语气的构成如下：1)条件状语从句中用had begun,而主句中则用would+have+complete构成2)条件状语从句中用had listened,而主句中则用would+have+finished构成3)条件状语从句中用had prepared,而主句中则用would+have+passed 构成 四、条件句虚拟语气中的情态动词该如何选用？条件句虚拟语气中的情态动词是否只能使用would条件句虚拟语气主句除了可使用would外还可以便用might,could和s
28、hould。其中should多用于第一人称后。在美国英语中在第一人称后多用would。1)If I have enough time,I should have finished it.如果我有足够的时间,我会完成它的。2)If he hadnt been ill,he might have come.要不是生病,他可能就来了。3)If I had been more careful,I could have done better.我要是细心一点,是可以做得更好的。五、条件句虚拟语气从句中的be动词的正确形式是条件句虚拟语气中从句中的be动词不管是什么人称,多用were形式。但在非正式特别是
29、口语中,第一、三人称单数也可以使用was。1)If he were here now,he would give us a hand.如果他现在在这儿，他会帮助我的。2)If I were you,I would not go.如果我是你,我是不会去的。3)If she was here,we could ask her.如果她在这儿,我们可以问她。六、条件状语从句中的虚拟语气的倒装形式是当条件句虚拟语气的从句中含有be,have,should,could四个词,从句可以倒装。倒装的形式是把这四个单词提前至句首，将If省略,剩下的句序不变。1)Were I you,I would study hard.如果我是你,我就会好好学习。2)Had I had enough home,I would have done it better.如果我有足够的时间，我会把这件事做得更好。3)Should John come now,what would you say to him?如果约翰现在来,你会对他说些什么?4)Could the dead man have spoken,he would have identified his murderer.如果死人会说话,他会认出谁是谋害他的人。
