1、专题一 阅读理解第三节 主旨大意题(2019全国卷，D 篇)During the rosy years of elementary school(小学)，I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes，which allowed me to keep my high social status.I was the queen of the playground.Then came my tweens and teens，and mean girls and cool kids.They rose in the ranks not by being friendly b
2、ut by smoking cigarettes，breaking rules and playing jokes on others，among whom I soon found myself.Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology.Mitch Prinstein，a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories：the likable and the status seekers.The likables plays
3、-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships，jump-start interpersonal skills and，when tapped early，are employed ever after in life and work.Then theres the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence：status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.Enviable as the cool kids ma
4、y have seemed，Dr.Prinsteins studies show unpleasant consequences.Those who were highest in status in high school，as well as those least liked in elementary school，are“most likely to engage(从事)in dangerous and risky behavior.”In one study，Dr.Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adole
5、scents，scoring the least liked，the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(调查研究)“We found that the least well-likedteens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates.But so had those who were high in status.It clearly showed that while likability can lead to hea
6、lthy adjustment，high status has just the opposite effect on us.”Dr.Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play datesharing，kindness，opennesscarry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.In analyzing his and other resea
7、rch，Dr.Prinstein came to another conclusion：Not only is likability relatedto positive life outcomes，but it is also responsible for those outcomes，too.“Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage，”he said.32What sort of gir
8、l was the author in her early years of elementary school?AUnkind.BLonely.CGenerous.DCool.33What is the second paragraph mainly about?AThe classification of the popular.BThe characteristics of adolescents.CThe importance of interpersonal skills.DThe causes of dishonorable behavior.34What did Dr.Prins
9、teins study find about the most liked kids?AThey appeared to be aggressive.BThey tended to be more adaptable.CThey enjoyed the highest status.DThey performed well academically.35What is the best title for the text?ABe NiceYou Wont Finish LastBThe Higher the Status，the Better CBe the BestYou Can Make
10、 ItDMore Self-Control，Less Aggressiveness【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。作者从社会心理学视角讨论了青少年小学与中学阶段的成长经历，说明了在小学和中学阶段受欢迎的人比不受欢迎的人和地位高的人日后的适应能力更强，更有优势。32解析：推理判断题。根据题干中的 elementary school 可将答案定位到第一段第一句，该句提到 I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes，可推断出，作者在小学时期是一个慷慨大方的女孩。答案：C33解析：主旨大意题。本题需要整体理解第二段内容，归纳其段落大意。本段前两句为主旨句，提出受欢迎度这一概
11、念，并且介绍了 Mitch Prinstein 的理论，把受欢迎的人分为两类，后面围绕这两种分类展开论述。classification 与第二句中的 categories 为同义异构现象。答案：A34解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“The likables plays-well-with-others qualities.when tapped early，are employed ever after in life and work.”以及第四段中的“We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive o
12、ver time toward their classmates.But so had those who were high in status.It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment，high status has just the opposite effect on us.”可知，最不受欢迎的青少年会对同学变得不友好。那些地位高的人也会出现这种情况。讨人喜欢的能力会在今后的生活和工作中发挥作用，带来良好的适应力。由此可推断，最受欢迎的孩子往往适应能力更强。adaptable 与本段中的
13、 adjustment为同义异构现象。答案：B35解析：主旨大意题。纵观全文，作者论述受欢迎度对青少年的影响。本题 A 选项学生理解起来较困难，可通过排除法去做，B 选项“地位越高越好”，显然违背文章主旨；C 选项“成为最好的自己，你可以的”，有一定干扰性，但文中没有提到成为最好的，而是要成为最受欢迎的；D 选项“多一些自我控制，少一些攻击性”，文中没有提到自我控制。再根据最后一段中的“Being liked(讨人喜欢)creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help someb
14、ody gain an advantage”可推知，正确选项为 A“友善一点(讨人喜欢)”，你将不会排在最后(你不会完蛋/你会笑到最后)。finish“获得(名次)”，如 finish first/second etc.答案：A题干中常含有以下词语：main idea/mainly/mainly discuss/mainly concerned/central/primary。主旨大意题最关键的就是把握主题句和主题词。主题词通常在文章中出现频率较高，往往会在第一段出现，且带有概括性。有的类型的文章没有明显的主题句，但可以通过找主题词的方法解决此类试题，主题词就是文中出现频率最高的词，一般情况下
15、为名词，记住一句话：主旨大意题的正确选项一定包含主题词！这样一来就很快可以排除若干干扰选项而一眼看出正确选项所在了。也可以运用逆向思维法、快速作文法：在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，接近的即为正确选项。一、常见命题形式主旨大意题主要考查对全文内容或某一段的内容的归纳总结能力，是在对原文深刻理解基础上的高度概括能力，是高考中的难点之一。常见的命题方式有：What is the best title for this passage?Which of the following can be the be
16、st title for the passage?Whats the main idea of the text?The main idea of the second paragraph is probably that_二、命题特点主旨大意题正确选项的特征：通常不含细节信息的词。通常不含绝对意义的词。能概括全文或某段的全部内容；涵盖性强，精确度强，恰当的表意范围和情感色彩。主旨大意题干扰选项的特征：过于笼统，不知所云。所概括的内容超出原文的范围。以偏概全，主次不分。只概括了文章一部分的内容，或以文章中的细节内容或个别词语做出选项内容。移花接木，偷换概念。选项中的定语或状语影响语意范围，或者
17、把属于 A 的内容放在 B 上。主观臆测，无中生有，虽符合一般常理，选项中关键词也在文中提及，但选项的实际含义与文章主题无关。一、标题归纳题标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面，一个好的标题应具备三大特点：概括准确而又简短，能覆盖全文大意。针对性标题外延正好与文章内容相符；醒目能引发读者的阅读欲望。一般文章的标题可根据主题句来判断，但在某些文章中，如记叙文，没有明确的主题句，需要根据文中的事实细节，查找文章的“主线”，归纳出文章的主题。真题例析(2019全国卷，D 篇)During the rosy years of elementary school(小学)，I enjoyed shar
18、ing my dolls and jokes，which allowed me to keep my high social status.I was the queen of the playground.Then came my tweens and teens，and mean girls and cool kids.They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes，breaking rules and playing jokes on others，among whom I soon found
19、 myself.Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology.Mitch Prinstein，a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories：the likable and the status seekers.The likables plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships，jump-start interpersonal skil
20、ls and，when tapped early，are employed ever after in life and work.Then theres the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence：status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed，Dr.Prinsteins studies show unpleasant consequences.Those who were highest in
21、status in high school，as well as those least liked in elementary school，are“most likely to engage(从事)in dangerous and risky behavior.”In one study，Dr.Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents，scoring the least liked，the most liked and the highest in status based on student su
22、rveys(调查研究)“We found that the least well-likedteens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates.But so had those who were high in status.It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment，high status has just the opposite effect on us.”Dr.Prinstein has also found
23、 that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play datesharing，kindness，opennesscarry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.In analyzing his and other research，Dr.Prinstein came to another conclusion：Not only is likability relatedto positive life
24、outcomes，but it is also responsible for those outcomes，too.“Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage，”he said.35What is the best title for the text?ABe NiceYou Wont Finish LastBThe Higher the Status，the Better CBe the B
25、estYou Can Make ItDMore Self-Control，Less Aggressiveness解题思路第一步题干关键词the best title for the text第二步原文关键词popularity，playswellwithothers，likability，gain an advantage第三步比对选项关键词ABe NiceYou Wont Finish Last友善一点，你定会大有收获直接推断BThe Higher the Status，the Better地位越高越好颠倒是非CBe the BestYou Can Make It 做最好的自己，你定会成功推
26、理过度第三步比对选项关键词DMore SelfControl，Less Aggressiveness多些自我控制，少些侵略性无中生有第四步概括总结纵观全文，作者论述受欢迎度对青少年的影响。本题A选项学生理解起来较困难，可通过排除法去做，B选项“地位越高越好”，显然违背文章主旨；C选项“成为最好的自己，你可以的”，有一定干扰性，但文中没有提到成为最好的，而是要成为最受欢迎的；D选项“多一些自我控制，少一些攻击性”，文中没有提到自我控制。再根据最后一段中的“Being liked(讨人喜欢)creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds o
27、f life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage”可推知，正确选项为A“友善一点(讨人喜欢)”，你定会有大收获(你不会完蛋/你会笑到最后)。finish“获得(名次)”，如finish first/second etc.二、文章大意题文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句(各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句)，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这
28、就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。主题句的位置一般有以下几种：主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，用细节来解释或拓展主题句所表达的主题思想，是最常见的演绎法写作方式。新闻报道、说明文或议论文通常采用这种写法。主题句出现在文末。在表述细节后，归纳要点以概括主题，是最常见的归纳法写作方式。主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结束时再次点出主题。主题句出现在中间。写作方式为：细节描述归纳主题进一步解释。真题例析(2017全国卷，C 篇)After years of heated debate，gray wolves were reintroduced
29、 to Yellowstone National Park.Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park.By last year，the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States，but they were gra
30、dually displaced by humandevelopment.By the 1920s，wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area.They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada，where there were fewer humans around.The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results.Deer and elk populationsmajor food s
31、ources(来源)for the wolfgrew rapidly.These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation(植被)，which reduced plant diversity in the park.In the absence of wolves，coyote populations also grew quickly.The coyotes killed a large percentage of the parks red foxes，and completely drove away the parks beavers.A
32、s early as 1966，biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park.They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems.Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.The government spent ne
33、arly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves.The US.Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone.Today，the debate continues over how well thegray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone.Elk，deer，and coyote populations are down，while beavers and re
34、d foxes have made a comeback.The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.28What is the text mainly about?AWildlife research in the United States.BPlant diversity in the Yellowstone area.CThe
35、 conflict between farmers and gray wolves.DThe reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.解题思路第一步题干关键词the text mainly about第二步原文关键词gray wolves，reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park 第三步比对选项关键词AWildlife research in the United States.美国野生动物研究。以偏概全BPlant diversity in the Yellowstone area.黄石地区的植物多样性
36、。以偏概全CThe conflict between farmers and gray wolves.农民和灰狼之间的冲突。以偏概全第三步比对选项关键词DThe reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.将狼重新引入黄石公园。直接概括第四步概括总结文章开门见山提出黄石公园引进灰狼的举措，然后下文详细介绍其原因以及带来的良好转机，最后一段回顾整个事件的经过，对重新引入灰狼进行思考，由此判断本文的中心话题是黄石公园对灰狼的引进三、段落大意题解答段落大意题的关键是抓住段落的主题句。一般而言，每个段落总有一个中心，通常中心思想会在首句或尾句体现出来，这就
37、是常说的段落主题句。总体来说，采用归纳法的段落，细节表述在前，归纳概括在后，主题句在段尾；采用演绎法的段落，先提出观点，后举例子，由一般到特殊，主题句出现在段首，这种现象较多出现在说明文和议论文中；若作者采用“特殊一般特殊”的方式，主题句可能出现在段落的中间。有时，作者没有写出明显的主题句，考生要学会根据段落的内容概括出主题句。真题例析(2017 全 国 卷 ，C 篇 节 选)Terrafugia Inc.said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight，bringing the company closer
38、to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year.The vehiclenamed the Transitionhas two seats，four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car.The Transition，which flew at 1，400 feet for eight minutes last month，can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the
39、 air.It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air.On the ground，it gets 35 miles per gallon.28What is the first paragraph mainly about?AThe basic data of the Transition.BThe advantages of flying cars.CThe potential market for flying cars.DThe designers of the Transi
40、tion.解题思路第一步题干关键词the first paragraph mainly about第二步原文关键词at 1，400 feet for eight minutes，70 miles per hour，a 23gallon tank，35 miles per gallon第三步比对选项关键词AThe basic data of the Transition.(飞行汽车)Transition的基本数据。直接概括BThe advantages of flying cars.飞行汽车的优点。曲解文意CThe potential market for flying cars.飞行汽车的潜在
41、市场。无中生有DThe designers of the Transition.飞行汽车的设计者。以偏概全第四步概括总结根据本段中提到的飞行汽车的两个座位、四个轮子以及车翼、飞行速度、油耗等情况可知，本段是在介绍飞行汽车Transition的基本数据，故选A项。B项曲解文意，该段最后三句只是列举了这款飞行汽车在路上和在空中行驶时的一些数据对比，并没有提及其优势；C项无中生有，该段并没有提及这款飞行汽车的潜在市场问题；D项以偏概全，文中确实提到了飞行汽车的设计者，但它不是本段的主要内容Passage 1(2019全国卷，C 篇)Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm B
42、eachs Bar Louie counter by herself，quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her salad.What is she reading?None of your business！Lunch is Bechtels“me”time.And like more Americans，shes not alone.A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America.More than half(53 percent)have breakfa
43、st alone and nearly half(46 percent)have lunch bythemselves.Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore，74 percent，according to statistics from the report.“I prefer to go out and be out.Alone，but together，you know？”Bechtel said，looking up from her book.Bechtel，who works in downtown West Palm B
44、each，has lunch with coworkers sometimes，but like many of us，too often works through lunch at her desk.A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder.She returns to work feeling energized.“Today，I just wanted some time to myself，”she said.Just two seats over，Andrew Mazo
45、leny，a local videographer，is finishing his lunch at the bar.He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom hes on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction(交流)“I reflect on how my days gone and think about the rest of the week，”he said.“Its
46、 a chance for self-reflection，You return to work recharged and with a plan.”That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone.There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one，but those days are over.Now，we have our smartphones to keep us company at
47、 the table.“It doesnt feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology，”said Laurie Demeritt，whose company provided the statistics for the report.28What are the statistics in Paragraph 2 about?AFood variety.BEating habits.CTable manners.DRestaurant service.29Why does Bechtel prefer
48、 to go out for lunch?ATo meet with her coworkers.BTo catch up with her work.CTo have some time on her own.DTo collect data for her report.30What do we know about Mazoleny?AHe makes videos for the bar.BHes fond of the food at the bar.CHe interviews customers at the bar.DHes familiar with the barkeepe
49、r.31What is the text mainly about?AThe trend of having meals alone.BThe importance of self-reflection.CThe stress from working overtime.DThe advantage of wireless technology.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。通过一份调查结果显示，在美国很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，比如逃离工作氛围，或者反思自己，独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势。28解析：推理判断题。根据第二段可知，在美国，约有 46%的人们独自用餐，53%的人们独自吃早餐，
50、46%的人们独自吃午餐，只有 74%的人们晚餐不是独自享用，故可知本段的数据是关于用餐习惯，故选 B。答案：B29解析：细节理解题。根据第三段“A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder”“Today，I just wanted some time to myself.”可知，Bechtel 一个人吃午饭可以让她逃离老板的关注，给自己留一些自由时间，故选 C。答案：C30解析：推理判断题。根据第四段“he likes that he can sit and check his pho
51、ne in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom hes on a first-name basis if hewants to have a little interaction.”可知 Mazoleny 喜欢这样的气氛，因为可以坐在那里，查看手机信息，或者想聊天了，可以直呼吧台服务员名字和他聊天，故可知，他与服务员很熟悉，可以直呼对方名字，故选 D。答案：D31解析：主旨大意题。本文通过一份调查结果显示，在美国很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，比如逃离工作氛围，或者反思自己，独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势，故选 A。答案：APassage 2(20
52、19全国卷，B 篇)For Western designers，China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative.“Its no secret that China has always been a source(来源)of inspiration for designers，”says Amanda Hill，chief creative officer at AE Networks，a global media company and home to some of the bigg
53、est fashion(时尚)shows.Earlier this year，the China Through A LookingGlass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of China-inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art，with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese aesthetics(美学)on Western fashion and how China has fueled the f
54、ashionable imagination for centuries.The exhibition had record attendance，showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.“China is impossible to overlook，”says Hill.“Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world，which means Chine
55、se women are not just consumers of fashionthey are central to its movement.”Of course，not only are todays top Western designers being influenced by Chinasome of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese.“Vera Wang，Alexander Wang，Jason Wu are taking onGalliano，Albaz，Marc Jacob
56、sand beating them hands down in design and sales，”adds Hill.For Hill，it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion.“The most famous designers are Chinese，so are the models，and so are the consumers，”she says.“China is no longer just another market;in many sens
57、es it has become the market.If you talk about fashion today，you are talking about Chinaits influences，its direction，its breathtaking clothes，and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways.”24What can we learn about the exhibition in New York?AIt promoted the sales of
58、artworks.BIt attracted a large number of visitors.CIt showed ancient Chinese clothes.DIt aimed to introduce Chinese models.25What does Hill say about Chinese women?AThey are setting the fashion.BThey start many fashion campaigns.CThey admire super models.DThey do business all over the world.26What d
59、o the underlined words“taking on”in Paragraph 4 mean?Alearning fromBlooking down onCworking with Dcompeting against27What can be a suitable title for the text?AYoung Models Selling Dreams to the WorldBA Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New YorkC Differences Between Eastern and Western AestheticsDChine
60、se Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends【语篇解读】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲了中国文化对世界时尚界的影响，中国年轻的设计师和模特如何最终在许多方面被认可。中国成了世界时尚的风向标。24解析：细节理解题。答案定位在第三段，由“The exhibition had record attendance，showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.”可知，纽约的展览吸引了许多参观者，故选 B。答案：B25解析：细节理解题。答案定位在第四段，由“Chinese models a
61、re the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world，which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashionthey are central to its movement.”可知，Hill说中国女性不仅是时尚的消费者，还开创了新时尚，故选 A。答案：A26解析：词义猜测题。根据下文“and beating them hands down in design and sales”(并在设计和销售上击败他们)
62、可推断出上文 Vera Wang，Alexander Wang，Jason Wu are taking on Galliano，Albaz，Marc Jacobs 的意思是 Vera Wang、Alexander Wang 和 Jason Wu 正在与Galliano、Albaz 和 Marc Jacobs 竞争。taking on 意思是“竞争”，故选 D。答案：D27解析：主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for western creative.”以及最后一段“If you talk about fashion today，you are talking about Chinaits influences，its direction，its breathtaking clothes，and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways”(如果你今天谈论时尚，你谈论的是中国它的影响，它的方向，它令人惊叹的服装，以及年轻的设计师和模特如何最终在许多方面被认可)，结合全文内容可知选 D。答案：D
