1、英语II. Grammar and Vocabulary Section ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fit
2、s each blank. Tall, young and activeNovember 14, 1963 was a cold morning. This was nothing out of the ordinary for the fisherman. They were used to the winter weather around Iceland. Suddenly, however, they saw something unusual. Thick, black smoke was pouring out of the sea. _1_ (think) a boat was
3、on fire, they raced toward it. Yet as they got closer, they realized it was _2_ quite different. Magma (岩浆) was rubbing away from the ocean floor. The fishermen watched as a new island rose from the sea. This island, later _3_ (name) Surtsey, joined the thousands of volcanic islands worldwide. The i
4、sland of Hawaii is one of the most well-known volcanic islands. Lava (熔岩) from multiple volcanoes built this island. One of these volcanoes is Mauna Kea. Mauna Kea began under the ocean over 1 million years ago. Magma broke through the Earths crust- that is, the outer layer of the earth. _4_ the mag
5、ma cooled, it formed an underwater mountain. About 100,000 years ago, the mountain rose _5_ sea level. Eruption (喷发) then became more frequent and more violent. Layers of lava hardened into rock. Now, Mauna Kea _6_ (measure) 9,966 meters from ocean floor to mountain peak, making it the worlds highes
6、t mountain. Fortunately for Hawaiians, Mauna Kea volcano is quiet - for the time being. _7_ volcano on the same island is anything but quiet. Kilauea is smaller than Mauna Kea. However, it has erupted nonstop since 1983 and is the worlds most active volcano, _8_ produces between 300,000 and 600,000
7、m2 of lava every day. Over the past two decades. It _9_ (add) more than 540 acres to the island. In spite of the danger, it is a popular tourist attraction. Yet, _10_ this popular tourist attraction contributes to the Hawaiian economy financially also comes at a cost. Kilauea is responsible for taki
8、ng both lives and homes.Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. conquered B. crossing C. embarrass D. fooling E. hugely F. independent G. licensed H. set I. subconsciously J. t
9、ripping K. typical What makes a problem “hard”?There is a saying in the filed of artificial intelligence: “Hard things are easy; easy things are hard.” Activities that most people find very hard, such as playing chess or doing highest mathematics, have given way fairly readily to computation, yet ma
10、ny tasks that humans find easy or even trivial resist being _11_ by machines. Twenty-five years ago Garry Kasparov became the first chess grand master to lose to computer. Today computer programs can beat the worlds best players at poker and Go, what music and even pass the famous Turing test _12_ p
11、eople into thinking they are talking another human. Yet computers still struggle to do things most of us human beings find easy, what can _13_ even the most advanced machines, such as learning to speak our native tongue or predicting from body language whether a pedestrian is about to cross the stre
12、et - something that human drivers do _14_. AI researchers will tell you that chess turned out to be comparatively easy because it follows _15_ rules that create a finite number of possible plays. Predicting the intentions of a pedestrian, however, is a more complex and fluid task that is had to redu
13、ce to rules. No doubt that is true, but I think there is a bigger lesson in the AI experience that applies to more urgent problems. Lets call it the vaccine-vaccination paradox. Anyone familiar with biology is _16_ impressed by the scientific work that in under a year yielded astonishingly effective
14、 vaccines to fight COVID-19. Yet even several months after the vaccines were _17_ for use, it is extremely hard to get all the countries fully vaccinated, especially in some part of the western world. The hard task of creating a vaccine proved relatively easy; the easy task of vaccination has proved
15、 very hard. Maybe it is time to rethink our categories. We call the physical sciences “hard” because they deal with issues that are mostly _18_ of the changes of human nature; they often laws that (at least in the right circumstances) yield exact answers. But physics and chemistry will never tell us
16、 how to design an effective vaccination program or solve the problem of the _19_ pedestrian, in part because they do not help us comprehend human behavior. The social sciences rarely yield exact answers. But that does not make them easy. When it comes to solving real-life problems, it is the suppose
17、dly straightforward ones that seem to be _20_ us. The vaccine-vaccination paradox suggests that the truly hard sciences are those that involve human behavior.III. Reading Comprehensions Section ADirections: For each blank in the following passage, there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D
18、. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. No business would welcome being compared to Big Tobacco or gambling. Yet that is what is happening to makers of video games. For years parents have casually complained that their offspring are “addicted” to their smartphones. T
19、oday, _21_, ever more doctors have using the term literally. On January 1st “gaming disorder” in which games are played _22_, despite causing harm gains recognition from the Worth Health Organization. A few months ago China, the worlds biggest gaming market, announced new rules limiting children to
20、just a single hour of play a day. Western politicians worry publicly about some games similarity to gambling. Clinics are sprouting around the world, promising to cure patients of their habit. Are games really addictive? Psychologists are _23_. The case for the defence is that this is just another m
21、oral panic. Killjoys in the past issued _24_ serious warnings about television, rock n roll, jazz, comic books, and even novels. As the newest form of mass media, gaming is merely enduring its own time in the stocks before it eventually ceases to be controversial. Furthermore, defenders argue, the c
22、riteria used to diagnose gaming addiction are too _25_. Obsessive gaming, they suggest, is as likely to be a symptom (of depression, say) as a disorder in its own right. The prosecutionrefutes that, unlike rock bands or novelists, games developers have both the motive and the means to engineer their
23、 products to make them _26_. The motive arises from a business-model shift. Many use a free-mium model, in which the game is free and money is made from purchases of in-game goods. That _27_ playtime directly to profits. The means is a combination of psychological theory and data that helps games-ma
24、kers _28_ that playtime. Psychologists already know quite a lot about the sorts of things that animals, including humans, find rewarding. Smartphones use their permanent internet connections to send gameplay data back to developers. That allows products to be constantly fine-tuned to _29_ spending.
25、While psychologists argue about the finer points of what exactly counts as addiction, the industry should recognize that, in the real world, it has a problem. Clinics are already reporting booming business, as lock-downs have given gamers more time to spend with their hobby. The regulatory climate f
26、or tech is getting _30_. And being associated in the public mind, fairly or not, with gambling and tobacco will not do the industry any favours. It would be wise to get ahead of the discussion. A good place to start would be with hard data. Many of the studies supporting the opinion that games are a
27、ddictive in a _31_ sense are not clear: they rely on self-reported symptoms, contested diagnostic criteria, and so on. Even basic questions about the amount of time and money spent by users are hard to answer. The industry has an abundance of _32_ that could help. But gaming firms mostly keep detail
28、s of how gamers behave _33_, citing commercial sensitivity. In the long run, that will prove unwise. Gaming firms should make more of their data available to researchers. If as seems likely worries about addictiveness are _34_, it is hard to think of a clearer way of showing it. And if not, it is be
29、tter for firms to recognize the problem now and do something about it _35_. The alternative is that regulators will force them to act. And once a government is seized by a fit of moral panic, it can lash out.21. A. howeverB. thereforeC. stillD. instead22. A. superblyB. compulsivelyC. brilliantlyD. p
30、roportionately23. A. splitB. determinedC. diversifiedD. misunderstood24A. directlyB. jointlyC. similarlyD. formally25. A. looseB. objectiveC. basicD. strict26. A. valuableB. marketableC. accessibleD. irresistible27. A. appliesB. tiesC. addsD. draws28. A. controlB. reduceC. maximizeD. restrict29. A.
31、cutB. boostC. financeD. balance30. A. milderB. damperC. gentlerD. chillier31. A. broadB. legalC. technicalD. medical32. A. dataB. timeC. wealthD. leisure33. A. openB. secretC. independentD. reliable34. A. overblownB. sharedC. easedD. dismissed35A. reluctantlyB. thoroughlyC. voluntarilyD. adequatelyS
32、ection BDirections: Read the following two passage. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A)Infectious
33、disease is all around us. Disease-causing agents, such as viruses, usually have specific targets. Some viruses affect only humans; other viruses live in or affect only animals. Problems start when animal viruses are able to infect people as well, a process known as zoonosis. When an animal virus pas
34、ses to a human, the results can be fatal. Often our immune systems are not accustomed to these viruses and are unable to stop them before they harm us, and even kill us. In the last three decades, more than 30 zoonotic diseases have emerged around the globe. HIV is an example. It evolved from a viru
35、s originally carried by African monkeys, and later chimps. Today conservative estimates suggest that HIV has infected more than 70 million people in the past three decades, though this number may be higher. SARS, a type of flu that jumped from chickens to humans is another type of zoonotic disease.
36、But how do these viruses pass from animals to humans? Contact is crucial. Human destruction of animal habitats, for example, is forcing wild animals to move closer to places people live - putting humans at risk for exposure to animal viruses. The closer humans are to animals, the greater the risk of
37、 being bitten, scratched or exposed to animal waste which can enable a virus to pass from an animal to a human. Raising animals (for example, on a farm) or keeping certain kinds of animal and wild animals (like monkeys) as pets increases the risk of exposure. Eating animals that are diseased can als
38、o result in the virus being transmitted. The factor that is probably most responsible for the spread of some zoonotic diseases worldwide is international travel. In 1999, for example, a deadly disease - one that had never been seen before in the western hemisphere - appeared in the United States. Th
39、ere were several incidences that year of both birds and people becoming sick and dying in New York City, and doctors could not explain why. Subsequently, they discovered that the deaths had been caused by the same thing: the West Nile virus, found typically in birds and transmitted by mosquitoes tha
40、t live in parts of northern Africa. Somehow this virus probably carried by an infected mosquito or bird on a plane or ship arrived in the US. Now, birds and mosquitoes native to North America are carriers of this virus as well. Today researchers are working to create vaccines for many of these zoono
41、tic diseases in the hope of controlling their impact on humans. Other specialists are trying to make communities more aware of disease prevention and treatment and to help people understand that we are all-humans, animals, and insects-in this together.36. Which of the following ways of transmitting
42、disease is called zoonotic?A. A flu from a mother to a child.B. Viruses from a monkey to a boy.C. A cough from one student to another.D. Blood from one person to another.37. According to the passage, what is most probably to blame for zoonotic diseases which spread wide?A. Exposure to animal waste a
43、nd sneezes.B. Raising pets at home and shaking hands.C. Contact with animals and long distance travel.D. Being scratched by animals and stung by mosquitoes.38. We can infer from the passage that _.A. a zoonotic disease is complicated but curableB. animals prefer places close to where people liveC. v
44、accines are effective in dealing with any kind of diseaseD. education can help address the potential infections disease39Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?AThe travel that is fatalB. The virus that threatensC. The diseases that dominatesD. The vaccines that are being deve
45、loped(B)Most of us have an irrational fear or habit. Famous folks often seem to go one step further. VERY Superstitious Benjamin Franklin AN ODD MORNING RITUALAuthor, inventor, diplomat, and scientist Benjamin Franklin (1706 - 1790) believed that air baths had a particular effect. Before he started
46、his workday, Franklin would sit without any clothes on for up to an hour in front of an open window on the first floor of his building. He wrote that the shock of cold water was too violent for him and it was more agreeable for him to bathe in cold air. Franklin would either read or write during his
47、 “bath”. John Steinbeck THE RIGHT WAY TO WRITEJohn Steinbeck (1902 - 1968) wrote the first drafts of The Grapes off Wrath, East of Eden, Of Mice and Men, and most every other one of his books the same wayby hand and in pencil. And he was very particular about his pencils, requiring perfectly sharpen
48、ed Black-wing 602s.John Wayne A TEN-GALLON PHOBIAAlthough John Wayne (1907 - 1979) often wore a hat on his head in his films, his temper would suddenly become angry if anyone left a hat on top of a bed. According to his daughter, Wayne was deeply superstitious and subscribed to the not-uncommon fear
49、 that a hat on a bed was a sign of bad luck. Lucille Ball FEATHERED FOEOn the day that three-year-old Lucille Balls father died, a bird flew into her home and became trapped. Shocked by the events, she developed a lifelong bird hatred. The actor (1911 - 1989) even refused to stay in hotels that had
50、pictures of birds on the walls. Gustav Mahler BEWARE NUMBER NINEComposer Gustav Mahler (1860 - 1911) thought he could cheat death by not naming his ninth symphony by number. This was became several composers, including Beethoven and Schubert, had died after completing their ninth symphonies. So Mahl
51、er called his ninth The Song of the Earth - and it worked, in a sense. He lived long enough to write most of his tenth symphony, though he died before it was performed. Michael Jordan UNIFORM REDESIGNERMichael Jordan (1963 - ) reportedly began the trendsetting change from mid-thigh basketball shorts
52、 to longer ones as a way of covering up a pair of University of North Carolina shorts, which he wore for good luck under his Chicago Bulls uniform. Charles Dickens DREAM CATCHERAuthor Charles Dickens (1812 - 1870) carried a navigational compass with him at all times and always faced north when he sl
53、ept. He believed it improved his creativity and writing. 40. _ kept an irrational habit in order to improve their work.A. Benjamin Franklin and Gustav MahlerB. Benjamin Franklin and Charles DickensC. Gustav Mahler and Charles DickensD. Lucille Ball and Gustav Mahler41. Which of the following stateme
54、nts is TRUE?A. A sharpened pencil was a necessity for John Steinbeck to improve his creativity.B. Gustav Mahler refused to finish his ninth symphony to avoid bad luck.C. Both Lucille Ball and John Wayne were afraid to certain stuff.D. Michael Jordan wore two pairs of basketball shorts in a match.42.
55、 Which of the following arrangements of the illustrations best fits the boxes numbered , , , ?A. d-b-a-cB. a-b-d-cC. d-c-a-bD. b-c-d-a(C)Delivering life-saving drugs directly to the brain in a safe and effective way is a challenge for medical providers. One key reason: the blood-brain barrier, which
56、 protects the brain from tissue-specific drug delivery. Methods such as an injection or a pill arent as precise or immediate as doctors might prefer, and ensuring delivery right to the brain often requires invasive, risky techniques. A team of engineers from Washington University in St. Louis has de
57、veloped a new nano-particle generation-delivery method that could someday vastly improve drug delivery to the brain, making it as simple as a sniff. “This would be a nano-particle nasal spray, and the delivery system could allow medicine to reach the brain within 30 minutes to one hour,” said Ramesh
58、 Raliya, research scientist at the School of Engineering & Applied Science.“The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from foreign substances in the blood that may injure the brain,” Raliya said. “But when we need to deliver something there, getting through that barrier is difficult and invasive. O
59、ur non-invasive technique can deliver drugs via nano-particles, so theres less risk and better response times.”The novel approach is based on aerosol science and engineering principles that allow the generation of mono-disperse nano-particles, which can deposit on upper regions of the nasal cavity v
60、ia spread. The nano-particles were tagged with markers, allowing the researchers to track their movement.Next, researchers exposed locusts antenna to the aerosol, and observed the nano-particles travel from the antennas up through the olfactory nerve, which is used to sense the smell. Due to their t
61、iny size, the nano-particles passed through the brain-blood barrier, reaching the brain and spreading all over it in a matter of minutes. The team tested the concept in locusts because the blood-brain barriers in the insects and humans have similarities. “The shortest and possibly the easiest path t
62、o the brain is through your nose,” said Barani Raman, associate professor of biomedical engineering. “Your nose, the olfactory bulb and then olfactory cortex: two steps and youve reached the cortex.”To determine whether or not the foreign nano-particles disrupted normal brain function, Saha examined
63、 the physiology response of olfactory neurons in the locusts before and after the nano-particle delivery and found no noticeable change in the electro-physiological responses was detected. This is only a beginning of a set of studies that can be performed to make nano-particle-based drug delivery ap
64、proaches more principled, Raman said. The next phase of research involves fusing the gold nano-particles with various medicines, and using ultrasound to target a more precise dose to specific areas of the brain, which would be especially beneficial in brain-tumor cases.43. This passage is mainly abo
65、ut _.A. a novel method of drug deliveryB. a challenge facing medical staffC. a new medicine treating brain diseaseD. a technique to improve doctors ability44. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?A. Doctors prefer using methods like an injection to treat diseases.B. Lo
66、custs were tagged with markers to track their movement.C. The blood-brain barrier lowers the effectiveness of a pill.D. The medicine could reach the brain within half an hour.45. The researchers focused their study on locusts because _.A. human and locusts have similar structures that protect brain
67、from foreign substancesB. the delivery process consists of the olfactory bulb and the olfactory cortexC. locusts have changeable electrophysiological responses to nanoparticlesD. The shortest and possibly the safest path to the brain is through humans noses46_ would most be interested in reading thi
68、s passage.A. A lung cancer patient who needs operation immediatelyB. A college student who majors in medical technologyC. A senior doctor who is about to retireD. A high school teacher who is teaching biologySection CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence g
69、iven in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Team up with former enemiesDozens of Israeli climate-tech companies are teaming up with once-unfriendly neighbors in the Arab world, working together to stop the threat that climate change wil
70、l render much of their region uninhabitable. “Its a matter of human existence,” said AI Anoud AI Hashmi, chief executive of the Futurist Company in the UAE, whose government-supported project-management firm has been working with Israeli companies and organizations since the relation-normalization d
71、eals were signed. _47_ “We need to put the same money, the same commitment that we used for war toward an ecosystem for peace and prosperity in the region.”Elad Levi, the vice president for the Middle East and Africa for the Israeli company Netafim, agreed that “theres an opportunity to work togethe
72、r.” The company invented the worlds first drip-irrigation systems, developed at tiny Kibbutz Hatzerim in Israels Negev desert, which covers half of the country._48_ They signed peace treaties with Israel decades ago but their relations with the Jewish state long remained chilly. Last month, Israel a
73、nnounced plans to sell 50 million cubic meters of water a year to Jordan, the largest known water sale in the history of the two countries. The arrangement is possible because of Israels development of desalination plants, which now supply 80 percent its drinking water.“Its not out of generosity,” s
74、aid Gidon Bromberg, the Israeli director of the regions environmental organization Eco-peace. “Its out of an understanding that Jordan is particularly vulnerable. _49_.”Since the normalization deals, Israeli business with the Arab world has risen quickly. Trade between Israel and Arab countries has
75、grown 234%, according to Israels Bureau of statistics. He agreements “have opened the floodgates,” said Fleur Hassan-Nahoum, deputy mayor of Jerusalem. She estimated that trade just between Israel and the UAE has reached $1 billion.In Glasgow, Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett pledged net-zero
76、emissions by 2050. In a meeting with Microsoft founder Bill Gates, Bennett announced plans for a climate-change working group focused on water solutions and other regional climate issues. _50_A. It is Israels own security needs to help Jordan meet its water needs.B. Despite Israels advances in clima
77、te technology, scientists warned that decades of governmental neglect have left the country unprepared for the coming crisis.C. He said Israel was committed to exporting its brainpower and experience as its main contribution to the global fight against climate change.D. Over the years, Israel has us
78、ed technology to transform the vast desert into an agricultural region where high-tech, water-saving farms grow crops.E. She insists that the region can no longer afford to spend resources on conflicts.F. The normalization agreements have also given a boost to Israels economic ties with Jordan and E
79、gypt.IV. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Hardworking BrainsIts late in the evening: time to close the book and turn off the computer. Youre
80、 done for the day. What you may not realize, however, is that the learning process actually continues - in your dreams. It might sound like science fiction, but researchers are increasingly focusing on the relationship between the knowledge and skills our brains absorb during the day and the fragmen
81、ted, often bizarre(奇怪的)imaginings they generate at night. Scientists have found that dreaming about a task weve learned is associated with improved performance in that activity (suggesting that theres some truth to the popular notion that were getting a foreign language once we begin dreaming in it)
82、. Whats more, researchers are coming to recognize that dreaming is an essential part of understanding, organizing and keeping what we learn. While we sleep, research indicates the brain replays the patterns of activity it experienced during waking hours, allowing us to enter what one psychologist ca
83、lls a neural virtual reality. A vivid example of such replay can be seen in a video researchers made recently about sleep disorders. They taught a series of dance moves to a group of patients with conditions like sleepwalking, in which the sleeper engages in the kind physical movement that does not
84、normally occur during sleep. They then videotaped the subjects as they slept. Lying in bed, eyes closed, one female patient on the tape performs the dance moves she learned earlier. This shows that while our bodies are at rest, our brains are drawing whats important from the information and events w
85、eve recently encountered, then integrating that data into the vast store of what we already know. In a 2010 study, researchers at Harvard Medical School reported that college students who dreamed about a computer maze(迷宫)task they had learned showed a 10-fold improvement in their ability to find the
86、ir way through the maze compared with participants who did not dream about the task. Robert Stickgold, one of the Harvard researchers, suggests that studying right before bedtime taking a nap following a study session in the afternoon might increase the odds of dreaming out the material. Think about
87、 that as your head hits the pillow tonight. _V. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 你是否介意明天安排一位工人维修煤气灶？（汉译英）53. 伏案一天后，这位建筑师决定去超市买点东西犒劳自己。（汉译英）54. 正是这部作品中蕴含的深刻社会意义才得以让它历久弥新，雅俗共赏。(It) （汉译英）55. 外婆坐在阳光下，一只手臂搂着我，那一刻我恍然间意识到自己已经
88、长大。(when) （汉译英）VI. Guided WritingDirections:Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 【答案】1. Thinking2. something3. named4. As#When5. above6. measures7. Another8. which9. has added10. what【答案】11. A12. D13. C14. I15. H16. E17. G18. F19. B20. J
89、【答案】21. A22. B23. A24. C25. A26. D27. B28. C29. B30. D31. D32. A33. B34. A35. C【答案】36. B37. C38. D39. B【答案】40. B41. D42. C【答案】43. A44. C45. A46. B【答案】47. E48. F49. A50. C【51题答案】【答案】One possible version:Learning continues in our dreams, which in turn improves our performance, and dreaming is key to c
90、omprehension, organizing and retaining knowledge. Brain replays the activity learned during the day and keeps drawing important information to integrate into existing knowledge. So we can try to study right before sleep.【52题答案】【答案】Would you mind arranging for a worker to repair gas stove tomorrow?【5
91、3题答案】【答案】The architect decided to buy something in the supermarket to give himself a treat after bending over his desk all day.【54题答案】【答案】It is the deep/profound social meaning/significance of this work that makes it enduring and appreciated by all.It was because this work contained deep social meaning that it could be appreicated by all kinds of people and remained fresh after a long time.【55题答案】【答案】My grandmother was sitting in the sun and putting one arm around me when it occurred to me/I suddenly realized that I had grown up.
