1、上海市闵行区七宝中学2020届高三英语下学期四月月考试题（含解析）II. Grammar and vocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word；for the other blanks
2、, use one word that best fits each blank.There seems never_1_a civilization without toys, but when and how they developed is unknownThey probably came about just to give children something to doIn the ancient world, as is today, most boys played with some kinds of toys and most girls with_2_In socie
3、ties where social roles are rigidly determined, boys pattern their play after the activities of their fathers and girls _3_(prepare), even in play, to step into the roles and responsibilities of the adult world_4_is remarkable about the history of toys is not so much how they changed over the centur
4、ies but _5_they have remained the sameThe changes have been mostly in terms of craftsmanship, mechanics, and technologyIt is the universality of toys with regard to their development in all parts of the word and their persistence to the present _6_is amazingIn Egypt, America, China, Japan and among
5、the Arctic (北极的)people, generally the same kinds of toys appearedVariations depended on local customs and way of life _7_ toys imitate their surroundingNearly every civilization had dolls, little weapons, toy soldiers, tiny animals and vehiclesBecause toys can be generally regarded as a kind of art
6、form, they have not been subject to technological leaps _8_ characterize inventions for adult use. The progress from the wheel to the cart to the automobile is a direct line of ascent (进步)The progress from a rattle (拨浪鼓)used by a baby in 3000BC to _9_used by an infant today, however, is not characte
7、rized by inventiveness. Each rattle is the product of the artistic tastes of the times and subject _10_the limitations of available materials.【答案】1. to have been 2. others 3. are being prepared 4. What 5. how much 6. that 7. because 8. that 9. one 10. to【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要阐述了玩具的发展过程及发展特点。【1题详解】考查固定句型和时
8、态。句意：似乎从来没有过一个没有玩具的文明，但是玩具是什么时候和怎样发展起来的是不为人知的。本句是there be句型，句中又涉及句型seem to do sth.似乎是，仿佛，所以应用动词不定式形式，再根据句意可以推断出，应该是从过去到现在为止似乎从来没有过一个没有玩具的文明，所以时态应为现在完成时。故填to have been。【2题详解】考查固定短语。句意：在古代世界，和今天一样，大多数男孩玩一些种类的玩具，大多数女孩玩另一些。根据句中some kinds of toys中的some可以推断出，男孩们玩一些种类的玩具，与之相对应的，女孩们玩另一些，someothers一些另一些。故填ot
9、hers。【3题详解】考查固定句型和时态。句意：甚至在游戏中，女孩们也在为步入成年人的世界和责任做准备。首先，本句涉及句型sb. be prepared to do sth.某人为做某事做准备，其次，根据句意，女孩们在玩游戏的同时，准备的动作正在发生，前调动作正在同时进行，应用现在进行时。故填are being prepared。【4题详解】考查主语从句连接词。句意：关于玩具的历史显著的不是几个世纪以来它们改变了多少，而是有多少东西保持不变。空格所在句为主语从句，从句中缺少主语，指代后文提到的抽象概念。故填What。【5题详解】考查特殊疑问词。句意：关于玩具的历史显著的不是几个世纪以来它们改变
10、了多少，而是有多少东西保持不变。空格所在句强调的是几个世纪以来，玩具有多少东西保持不变，这里的“保持不变的东西”是抽象概念，为不可数名词。故填how much。【6题详解】考查强调句。句意：玩具在各个方面发展的普遍性以及它们能够存续至今都是令人惊奇的。本句是强调句，句型为It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其它部分，因为被强调部分是物，所以用that。故填that。【7题详解】考查原因状语从句。句意：玩具的变化取决于当地的风俗和生活方式，因为玩具会模仿它们的周边环境。本句是原因状语从句，模仿周边环境是玩具发生变化的原因。故填because。【8题详解】考查定语从句。句意：因为玩具
11、一般被认为是一种艺术形式，所以它们不受技术进步的影响，这些技术进步是以提供成年人使用的发明为特征的。本句是定语从句，从句中缺少主语，指物。故填that。【9题详解】考查代词。句意：进步是从公元前3000年一个婴儿玩的拨浪鼓到如今一个婴儿玩的拨浪鼓。空格处指代的是拨浪鼓这类玩具中的任意一个，表示泛指一个。故填one。【10题详解】考查固定短语。句意：每一个拨浪鼓都是时代艺术品味的产物，受可用材料限制性的影响。be subject to受影响。故填to。Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in
12、 the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Xi Jinping, general secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee, on Saturday urged all-out efforts to prevent and control the novel coronavirus-related pneumonia,_11_ his sincere sympathies to t
13、he bereaved families due to the contagion as well as his heartfelt gratitude to the medical staff on the front line.Xi also president and the chairman of the Central Military Commission, made the remark while _12_ a meeting of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committ
14、ee on the first day of the Spring Festival, or Lunar New Year. The CPC Central Committee will send work groups to areas that are seriously _13_by the contagion, such as Hubei province, to help locals strengthen overall efforts in the prevention and control of the disease, the statement said.Xi stres
15、sed at the meeting that all the Party, the military and the people of all _14_groups throughout the country stand with families plagued by the disease and are their strong support.He urged the Party committees and governments at various levels to fully _15_ the decisions and policies made by the CPC
16、 Central Committee, make all-out efforts and mobilize all the available resources to curb the spread of the contagion. Xi asked the Party and government officials to put a priority on peoples lives and health and take the prevention and control of the _16_disease as the most urgent task at the curre
17、nt stage.He called for strengthening the protection of medical staff, ensuring the market supply of materials in need, intensifying _17_ of related information to guide the public opinion as well as the_18_ of social forces to uphold the overall stability of society. All provinces need to strengthen
18、 monitoring, prevention and control of the outbreak among flowing populations, and identify, report, isolate and treat patients in a timely manner, the statement said. The participants of the meeting also urged all-out efforts to treat infectious patients, and disclose disease-related information in
19、 an accurate, open and_19_ manner to address concerns from both at home and abroad, it said.We believe that as long as the nation has strong confidence and makes joint efforts with scientific and_20_measures, the battle of the prevention and control of the contagion will be won.【答案】11. E 12. C 13. B
20、 14. J 15. H 16. K 17. G 18. I 19. F 20. A【解析】这是一篇说明文。中共中央总书记习近平周六督促全力防控新型冠状病毒肺炎，向因传染而逝世亡的家庭表示真挚慰劳，向一线医务人员表示衷心感激。文章主要说明了习近平主席在此次讲话中就对抗击新冠肺炎方面的指示安排。【11题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：中共中央总书记习近平周六督促全力防控新型冠状病毒肺炎，向因传染而逝世亡的家庭表示真挚慰劳，向一线医务人员表示衷心感激。结合句意表示“表示”应用extend，分析句子结构可知此处应用非谓语动词形式，与逻辑主语Xi Jinping构成主动关系，故应用现在分词。故填exten
21、ding。故选E。【12题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：习近平也是国家主席、中央军委主席，他是在春节（即农历新年）第一天主持召开中共中央政治局常委会会议时作出上述表示的。结合句意表示“担任（会议的）主席”应用动词chair，且分析句子结构可知此处应用非谓语动词形式，与逻辑主语Xi构成主动关系，故用现在分词。故填chairing。故选C。【13题详解】考查动词语态。句意：声明说，中共中央将向湖北省等深受疫情困扰的地区派出工作组，帮助当地加强疫情防控的整体工作。结合句意表示“困扰”应用动词plague，且根据上文are seriously可知为一般现在时的被动语态。故填plagued。故选B。【14
22、题详解】考查形容词。句意：习近平在会上强调，全党、全军、全国各族人民同受疾病困扰的家庭站在一起，是他们的坚强后盾。此处修饰后文名词groups且表示“种族的”应用形容词ethnic作定语。故填ethnic。故选J。【15题详解】考查动词。句意：他督促各级党委、政府全面落实党中央的决策和政策，全力以赴，调动一切可以调动的资源，遏制传染病的蔓延。结合句意表示“实施，落实”应用implement，结合上文to fully可知为不定式。故填implement。故选H。【16题详解】考查形容词。句意：习近平要求党和政府官员把人民生命健康放在首位，把传染病防控作为现阶段最紧迫的任务。结合句意表示“传染病”
23、短语为contagious disease。故填contagious。故选K。【17题详解】考查名词。句意：他要求，要加强对医务人员的保护，确保需求物资的市场供应，加强对公众相关信息的披露，引导舆论，同时动员社会力量维护社会大局稳定。结合句意表示“披露”且后文of related information为名词所有格，故应填名词disclosure。故填disclosure。故选G。【18题详解】考查名词。句意：他要求，要加强对医务人员的保护，确保需求物资的市场供应，加强对公众相关信息的披露，引导舆论，同时动员社会力量维护社会大局稳定。根据上文the可知应填名词，且表示“动员”名字为mobili
24、zation。故填mobilization。故选I。【19题详解】考查形容词。句意：与会人员还敦促全力救治传染病人，准确、公开、透明地披露疾病相关信息，回应来自国内外的关切，报告称。结合上文an accurate, open and可知此处应填形容词作定语，表示“透明的”形容词为transparent。故填transparent。故选F。【20题详解】考查形容词。句意：我们相信，只要全国上下坚定信心，共同努力，科学地、有针对性地采取措施，就一定能打赢这场防控传染病的攻坚战。修饰后文名词measures且表示“有针对性的”应用形容词targeted作定语。故填targeted。故选A。III.
25、Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Space exploration has always been the province of _21_：The human imagination readily soars whe
26、re human ingenuity (创造力）struggles to follow. A Voyage to the Moon, often cited as the first science fiction story, was written by Cyrano de Bergerac in 1649. Cyrano was dead and buried for a good three centuries _22_the first manned rockets started to fly.In 1961, when President Kennedy declared tha
27、t America would send a man to the moon by the _23_s end, those words, too, had a dreamlike quality. They resonated with optimism and ambition in much the same way as the most famous _24_ speech of all, delivered by Martin Luther King Jr. two years later. By the end of the decade, both visions had yi
28、elded concrete results and_25_American society. And yet in many ways the two dreams ended up _26_each other. The fight for racial and economic equality is intensely pragmatic (讲求实用的）and immediate in its impact. The urge to explore space is just the opposite. It is figuratively and literally otherwor
29、ldly in its _27_.When the dust settled, the space dreamers lost out. There was no grand follow-up to the Apollo missions. The technologically compromised space shuttle program has just come to an end, with no _28_. The perpetual argument is that _29_ are tight, that we have more pressing problems he
30、re on Earth. Amid the current concerns about the federal deficit, reaching toward the stars seems a dispensable luxury_30_ saving one-thousandth of a single years budget would solve our problems.But human ingenuity struggles on. NASA is developing a series of robotic probes that will get the most ba
31、ng from a buck. They will serve as modern Magellans,_31_out the solar system for whatever explorers follow, whether man or machine. On the flip side, companies like Virgin Galactic are plotting a bottom-up assault on the space dream by making it a reality to the public. Private spaceflight could lie
32、 within _32_ of rich civilians in a few years. Another decade or two and it could go mainstream.The space dreamers end up benefiting all of us-not just because of the way they expand human knowledge, or because of the spin-off _33_ they produce, but because the two types of dreams feed off each othe
33、r. Both Martin Luther King and John Kennedy appealed to the idea that humans can _34_what were once considered inherent limitations. Today we face seeming challenges in energy, the environment, health care. Tomorrow we will transcend these as well, and the dreamers will deserve a lot of the credit.
34、The more evidence we collect that our species is _35_greatness, the more we will actually achieve it.21. A. dreamersB. explorersC. astronomersD. novelists22. A. afterB. beforeC. untilD. while23. A. yearB. quarterC. centuryD. decade24. A. inspiringB. publicC. dreamD. freedom25. A. attackedB. industri
35、alizedC. transformedD. accessed26. A. in conflict withB. in line withC. in common withD. keeping pace with27. A. aimsB. influenceC. concernsD. terms28. A. ancestorB. successorC. forefatherD. advocate29. A. situationsB. securitiesC. fundsD. schedules30. A. just likeB. on condition thatC. as ifD. so t
36、hat31. A. makingB. figuringC. sweepingD. mapping32. A. reachB. rangeC. controlD. knowledge33. A. productionsB. chipsC. technologiesD. substitutes34. A. go beyondB. go throughC. go afterD. go over35. A. In ignorance ofB. capable ofC. proud ofD. in favor of【答案】21. A 22. B 23. D 24. C 25. C 26. A 27. A
37、 28. B 29. C 30. C 31. D 32. A 33. C 34. A 35. B【解析】这是一篇议论文。作者认为太空探索一直是梦想家的领域，它激发了人类的想象力和创造力。而人类的创造力也紧追不舍，最终将人类送上了太空。【21题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：太空探索一直是梦想家的领域:人类的想象力随时可以在人类的聪明才智努力追随的地方翱翔。A. dreamers梦想家；B. explorers探险家；C. astronomers天文学家；D. novelists小说家。该空格对应着后句中的the human imagination,因此推断应该是梦想家。故选A。【22题详解】考查
38、连词词义辨析。句意：直到他死后三百年第一个人造火箭才开始飞行。A. after在之后；B. before在之前；C. until直到才；D. while当时候。根据句意和常识可知，是在他死后才有的人造飞船。故选B。【23题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：1961年，当肯尼迪总统宣布美国将在十年内将人送上月球时，这句话也有一种梦幻般的意味。A. year年；B. quarter一刻钟；C. century世纪；D. decade十年。该空对应着后文中的by the end of the decade,因此选用decade。故选D。【24题详解】考查形容词和名词词义辨析。句意：这些演讲中洋溢着乐观和
39、雄心壮志，就像马丁路德金(Martin Luther King Jr.)发表的最著名的梦想演讲一样。A. inspiring鼓舞人心的；B. public公众的；C. dream梦想；D. freedom自由。全文集中讲述梦想，所以是梦想演讲。故选C。【25题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：到本世纪末，这两种愿景都取得了具体成果，改变了美国社会。A. attacked攻击；B. industrialized使工业化；C. transformed转变；D. accesse接近。空格是动词过去分词修饰名词，转型后的社会。故选C。【26题详解】考查介词短语辨析。句意：然而，这两个梦想在很多方面都以相互
40、冲突而告终。A. in conflict with和冲突；B. in line with符合，与一致；C. in common with与一样；D. keeping pace with 跟上。句子中yet 形成转折，因此选择两种梦想互相冲突。故选A。【27题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：探索太空的欲望正好相反。在它的目的上，无论是比喻上还是字面上，它都是超凡脱俗的。A. aims目标；B. influence影响；C. concerns关心；D. terms条款。根据上文The fight for racial and economic equality is intensely pragma
41、tic (讲求实用的）and immediate in its impact. The urge to explore space is just the opposite.可知，此处是指目标上。故选A。【28题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：技术上受到威胁的航天飞机计划刚刚结束，没有继任者。A. ancestor祖先；B. successor继承人；C. forefather先辈；D. advocate拥护者。与前句中的has just come to an end,选择太空飞船计划搁浅并且没有继承人。故选B。【29题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：长期的争论是资金紧张，我们在地球上有更紧迫的问
42、题。 A. situations状况；B. securities证券；C. funds资金，基金；D. schedules日程安排。与后句中的federal deficit联邦财政赤字对应应该是财政吃紧。故选C。【30题详解】考查连词词义辨析。句意：到达太空是非必需品的奢侈品，好像我们需要节省一整年的千分之一的预算才能达到我们的目的。A. just like正如；B. on condition that如果；C. as if好像；D. so that 以便。根据句意，尤其是空前的破折号可知，此处是一种比方。故选C。【31题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们将扮演现代麦哲伦的角色，为探险者绘制出
43、太阳系的蓝图，无论探险者是人还是机器。 A. making制作；B. figuring计算；C. sweeping打扫；D. mapping绘图。根据句意中提到的Magellans可知，此处是指为探险者绘制蓝图。故选D 。【32题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：几年后，富裕的平民百姓可以进行私人太空飞行。 A. reach范围；B. range范围；C. control控制；D. knowledge知识。within reach of 够得到，结合句意。故选A。【33题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：太空梦想家最终使我们所有人受益不仅仅是因为他们扩展人类知识的方式，或者因为他们生产的副产品技术，而
44、是因为这两种梦想相互促进。A. productions产品；B. chips炸薯条；C. technologies技术；D. substitutes替代品。结合句意和语境及句中的or可知，此处是指技术。故选C。【34题详解】考查动词短语义辨析。句意：马丁路德金(Martin Luther King)和约翰肯尼迪(John Kennedy)都呼吁人们能够超越曾经被认为是固有的局限性。A. go beyond超出；B. go through经历；C. go after追求；D. go over复习。根据下文Tomorrow we will transcend these as well, and
45、the dreamers will deserve a lot of the credit. 明天我们也将超越这些，而梦想家们将得到很大的赞扬。可知，此处是指超出了固有的局限性。故选A。【35题详解】考查介词短语辨析。句意：我们收集到的证据越多，表明我们这个物种有能力成就伟大的事业，我们就会取得越多的成就。A.in ignorance of不知道；B. capable of能够；C. proud of为自豪；D. in favor of支持。根据上文Tomorrow we will transcend these as well, and the dreamers will deserve a
46、 lot of the credit.可知，这些都是我们的能力。故选B。Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that its best according to the information given in the pas
47、sage you have just read.（A）The bus screamed to a stop in Nazareth, Israel. Five Australian backpackers boarded and struck up a conversation with me. They asked typical travelers questionswhere was I going and why was I traveling alone? My plan was to travel with a friend of a friend, I explained, bu
48、t when I called her that morning, she didnt pick up and I had no other way to reach her. My stomach was in knots, but I decided to head out anyway, thinking I might run into her if I traveled to Tiberius, where we had planned to go together.“Why dont you travel with us?” one of the backpackers offer
49、ed. They were experienced adventurers who would work for a few months, save, then travel for as long as they could. Their current plan was to explore the Middle East and Europe in three months while working in London.It seemed risky to travel with strangers, but my instinct said yes. For the next tw
50、o weeks, I explored Israel with the backpackers and learned to trust my instincts in all types of new and interesting situations. When they hook a ride, I took the bus, but when they wanted to steal into the King David Hotels swimming pool, I led the way. The world opened up to me because I chose to
51、 travel alone. I joined complete strangers, who become close friends. Years later, one couple from the backpacking group even flew from Sydney to Phoenix to be in my wedding. The trip was such a special experience that it gave me confidence in all areas of my life. Since then, Ive backpacked alone a
52、cross South Africa, sky-dived from 12,000 feet in New Zealand and even moved across the U.S. with no job lined up.On my third day wandering in Israel with my new friends, I bumped into the woman I was supposed to meet. Though I was happy she was all right, I was grateful she hadnt picked up the phon
53、e.36. By “My stomach was in knots” (in paragraph 1), the author most likely means that she was _.A. sick of riding on a bumpy busB. nervous of meeting strangersC. upset about the sudden changeD. sorry about the impractical plan37. Which of the following best describes the backpackers the author met?
54、A. Courageous but disrespectful.B. Jobless and poorly educated.C. Warmhearted and trustworthy.D. Homeless but lighthearted.38. The authors sixth sense told her that _.A. she would get along with the backpackersB. it might cause trouble to have a swimC. she ought to stay away from the backpackersD. i
55、t could add excitement to get a free ride39. What can be inferred from the passage?A. Most of the backpackers became the authors lifelong friends.B. The author gathered the courage to be a fulltime backpack traveler.C. The woman missed the phone call with the purpose of traveling alone.D. The author
56、 considered it the best decision of her life to travel on her own.【答案】36. C 37. C 38. A 39. D【解析】这是一篇记叙文。作者原本与朋友约好去旅游，却被放了鸽子，她决定一个人去。途中她遇见了五个背包客，这些背包客邀请她一起去旅游，她和这些人一起经历了美好的几天，并和他们成了好朋友。【36题详解】推理判断题。根据前文“My plan was to travel with a friend of a friend, I explained, but when I called her that morning,
57、 she didnt pick up and I had no other way to reach her.”可知作者被朋友放鸽子了，被放鸽子肯定是失望的，C项（因为突然的变化而感到沮丧的）最符合作者此时的心情，所以选C。【37题详解】推理判断题。根据“Why dont you travel with us?” one of the backpackers offered”可知这些背包客邀请作者一起旅游，说明他们很热心；根据“ They were experienced adventurers who would work for a few months, save, then trave
58、l for as long as they could”可知这些背包客旅游经验很丰富，所以是值得信任的，综合选C。【38题详解】推理判断题。根据“It seemed risky to travel with strangers, but my instinct said yes.”可知这些背包客邀请作者一起旅游时，她的本能（instinct）也就是第六感说了“好”，也就是说她的第六感让她相信她能和这些背包客相处的很好，才会答应他们的邀请，故选A。【39题详解】推理判断题。根据“The world opened up to me because I chose to travel alone.”
59、可知作者觉得自己选择一个人旅游让自己看到了更大的世界，再结合最后一句“Though I was happy she was all right, I was grateful she hadnt picked up the phone.”可知作者庆幸她的朋友没有接她的电话。由此可以判断作者认为自己选择一个人去旅行是一个很好的决定，故选D。（B）Families should reduce exposure to synthetic chemicals found in food colorings, preservatives and packaging materials as a grow
60、ing body of research shows they may harm childrens health, according to a policy statement and technical report from the American Academy of Pediastrics released online.The statement also suggests improvements to the food additives regulatory system, including updating the scientific foundation of t
61、he U.S. Food and Drug Administrations safety assessment retesting all previously approved chemicals.Leonard Trasande ,the author of the policy statement, to tell us more about these concerns.Q: What are the growing number of studies showing us?A: Over the past two decades, an accumulating body of sc
62、ience suggests some food additives can interfere with a childs hormones, growth and development.Potentially harmful effects of food additives are of special concern for children because they are more sensitive to chemical exposures because they eat and drink more relative to body weight than adults
63、do and are still growing and developing. An early injury to their organ systems can have lifelong and permanent consequences.Q: What additives does the statement highlight?A: The additives of most concern, based on rising research evidence cited in the report, include:Bisphenols, such as BPA, used t
64、o harden plastic containers and line metal cans, can act like estrogen（雌激素）in the body which may potentially change the timing of puberty, decrease fertility, increase body fat and affect the nervous and immune systems. BPA is now banned in baby bottles.Phthalates, which make plastic and vinyl tubes
65、 used in industrial food production flexible, may affect male genital development increase childhood obesity and contribute to cardiovascular disease. In 2017, the Consumer Product Safety Commission banned the use or some phthalates in child-care products such as teething rings.40. According to the
66、American Academy of Pediatrics report people should _ to cope with the problem of food additives.A. try to avoid food additives in daily life and revise relevant rules on food additivesB. update the food safety assessment program and check the approved chemicals againC. improve the food additives re
67、gulatory system and retest all approved chemicalsD. reduce the usage of food additives and establish new food protection system41. Leonardo Trasande holds the view that food additives do more harm to children than adults because study shows _.A. children are more sensitive to what they eat and drink
68、 than adultsB. children usually eat and drink more unhealthy food than adultsC. children are just too young and weak to protect themselvesD. childrens organs are easier to be damaged and hard to recover42. How many specific kinds of harmful effect caused by the additives are mentioned in the passage
69、?A. 2B. 7C. 8D. 3【答案】40. A 41. D 42. B【解析】这是一篇介绍说明类的文章。研究表明：食品添加剂对儿童健康有巨大的危害。研究建议家庭应该减少接触食品色素，还建议改进食品添加剂监管体系。【40题详解】细节理解题。根据第一和第二段中的“Families should reduce exposure to synthetic chemicals found in food colorings, preservatives and packaging materials according to a policy statement and technical rep
70、ort from the American Academy of Pediastrics released online. The statement also suggests improvements to the food additives regulatory system”可知，美国儿科上发布的一份政策声明和技术报告显示，越来越多的研究表明，家庭应该减少接触食品色素、防腐剂和包装材料中的合成化学物质声明还建议改进食品添加剂监管体系。故结合选项，A选项正确：尽量避免日常生活中的食品添加剂，修改食品添加剂的相关规定。故选A。【41题详解】细节理解题。根据文中的“Potentially
71、harmful effects of food additives are of special concern for children because they are more sensitive to chemical exposuresAn early injury to their organ systems can have lifelong and permanent consequences.”可知，食品添加剂的潜在有害影响是我们尤其要特别关注的儿童问题，因为他们对化学品接触更加敏感。早期损伤他们的器官系统可能会带来终身和永久的后果。也就是说，儿童器官容易受损，不易恢复。故D
72、选项正确。【42题详解】细节理解题。根据最后两段中的“Bisphenols, such as BPAwhich may potentially change the timing of puberty, decrease fertility, increase body fat and affect the nervous and immune systemsPhthalates may affect male genital development increase childhood obesity and contribute to cardiovascular disease.”可知，
73、双酚类化合物，如双酚A这可能会改变青春期的时间，降低生育能力，增加身体脂肪，并影响神经系统和免疫系统。邻苯二甲酸酯可能影响男性生殖器官的发育，增加儿童肥胖，并导致心血管疾病。很明显，一共提到7种有害影响。故B选项正确。（C)More than a decade ago, cognitive scientists John Bransford and Daniel Schwartz, both then at Vanderbilt University, found that what distinguished young adults from children was not the ab
74、ility to retain facts or apply prior knowledge to a new situation but a quality they called “preparation for future learning.” The researchers asked fifth graders and college students to create a recovery plan to protect bald eagles from extinction. Shockingly, the two groups came up with plans of s
75、imilar quality (although the college students had better spelling skills). From the standpoint of a traditional educator, this outcome indicated that schooling had failed to help students think about ecosystems and extinction, major scientific ideas.The researchers decided to go deeper, however. The
76、y asked both groups to generate questions about important issues needed to create recovery plans. On this task, they found large differences. College students focused on critical issues of interdependence between eagles and their habitats. Fifth graders tended to focus on features of individual eagl
77、es (“How big are they?” and “What do they eat?”). The college students had cultivated the ability to ask questions, the cornerstone (最重 要部分)of critical thinking. They had learned how to learn.Museums and other institutions of informal learning may be better suited to teach this skill than elementary
78、 and secondary schools. At the Exploratorium in San Francisco, we recently studied how learning to ask good questions can affect the quality of peoples scientific inquiry. We found that when we taught participants to ask “What if?” and “How can?” questions that nobody present would know the answer t
79、o and that would spark exploration，they engaged in better inquiry at the next exhibit-asking more questions, performing more experiments and making better interpretations of their results. Specifically, their questions became more comprehensive at the new exhibit. Rather than merely asking about som
80、ething they wanted to try，they tended to include both cause and effect in their question. Asking juicy questions appears to be a transferable skill for deepening collaborative inquiry into the science content found in exhibits.This type of learning is not confined to museums or institutional setting
81、s. Informal learning environments tolerate failure better than schools. Perhaps many teachers have too little time to allow students to form and pursue their own questions and too much ground to cover in the curriculum. But people must acquire this skill somewhere, Our society depends on them being
82、able to make critical decisions about their own medical treatment, say, or what we must do about global energy needs and demands. For that, we have an informal learning system that gives no grades, takes all comers，and is available even on holidays and weekends.43. What is traditional educators inte
83、rpretation of the research outcome mentioned in the first paragraph?A. Students are not able to apply prior knowledge to new problems.B. College students are no better than fifth grader in memorizing facts.C. Education has not paid enough attention to major environmental issues.D. Education has fail
84、ed to lead students to think about major scientific ideas.44. College students are different from children in that_ ?A. they have learned to think critically.B. they are concerned about social issues.C. they are curious about specific features.D. they have learned to work independently.45. What is t
85、he benefit of asking questions with no ready answers?A. It arouses students interest in things around them.B. It cultivates students ability to make scientific inquiries.C. It trains students ability to design scientific experiments.D. It helps students realize not every question has an answer.46 At
86、 the end of the passage the author seems to encourage educators to _.A. train students to think about global issuesB. design more interactive classroom activitiesC. make full use of informal learning resourcesD. include collaborative inquiry in the curriculum【答案】43. D 44. A 45. B 46. C【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介
87、绍了学校教育中存在的一个问题未能引导学生思考主要的科学思想，作者认为教育工作者应该充分利用非正式学习资源来引导学生思考问题。【43题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段中的“From the standpoint of a traditional educator, this outcome indicated that schooling had failed to help students think about ecosystems and extinction, major scientific ideas”可知，从传统教育家的角度来看，这一结果表明，学校教育未能帮助学生思考生态系统和物种灭
88、绝等重大科学问题，也就是说教育未能引导学生思考主要的科学思想，故答案为D。【44题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The college students had cultivated the ability to ask questions, the cornerstone (最重 要部分)of critical thinking.”可知，大学生与孩子的不同之处在于他们更关注重要问题，懂得如何提问，具有批判性的思维，也就是说他们学会了批判性地思考问题，故答案为A。【45题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中“and that would spark exploration”可知，问一些没有现成答
89、案的问题能激发学生的探索精神，故答案为B。【46题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知，整个最后一段作者都是在说非正式学习的好处，尤其根据最后一句话“For that, we have an informal learning system that gives no grades, takes all comers，and is available even on holidays and weekends.”可知，作者鼓励教育工作者充分利用非正式学习资源，故答案为C。Section CDirections:Complete the following passage by using t
90、he sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Fed up with constantly having to recharge or replace batteries in your ever-expanding electronic devices? The solution may be just a few steps away.“Energy harvesting” promises to powe
91、r countless consumer devices, often with nothing more than your bodys movement or heat._47_.But many experts believe the market for the technology could explode due to electronic devices being developed for the Internet of Things.Among the most basic forms of the technology is body power,_48_Automat
92、ic watches have employed the concept for decades, for example, by winding themselves when their user moves their arm. Now the concept is being considered for a number of other devices.In an contest seeking visionary ideas for wearable technologies, Intel awarded$5,000 for a concept to change the tem
93、perature difference between a persons body and a special piece of clothing theyd wear into electricity for mobile devices._49_. Stanford University engineers are testing smart microchips that create electricity from ultrasound to power implantable devices that can analyze a persons nervous system or
94、 treat their diseases.A textile research association in Spain is proposing to obtain electricity from radio waves that flow around everyone to power sensors sewn into clothes, which can monitor a persons heartbeat or other vital signs.Obtaining stable energy from devices can be complex, however. For
95、 one thing, the motlon that generates the electricity has to be constant to be useful. Moreover, the amount of power the devices produce depends on the person using them, according to a Columbia University study, It determined that taller people on average provide about 20percent more power than sho
96、rter ones when walking, running or cycling._50_. While such devices are expected to cost less than battery-powered alternatives when compared over many years ,experts say, people may continue buying ones with batteries merely because those would be cheaper in the short term.A. Dozens of companies ar
97、ound the world already offer such productsB. Using sound to power devices is another energy-harvesting variationC. Its also unclear how eagerly consumers might welcome energy-harvesting products,D. With the Internet of things expected to combine billions of devices, well have to use energy harvestin
98、g.E. When certain materials are squeezed or stretched, the movement of their atoms creates an electrical charge.F Research fim IDTechEx has estimated that annual global sales of energy-harvesting products could hit $.2.6 billion by 2024.【答案】47. A 48. E 49. B 50. C【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如今“能量收集”承诺为无数的消费设
99、备提供能量，通常只需要你身体的运动或热量。介绍了能够进行能量收集的几种技术，以及随着科技产品的普及，这种新能源科技的市场将会急剧增加。【47题详解】结合后文But many experts believe the market for the technology could explode due to electronic devices being developed for the Internet of Things.可知但许多专家认为，由于为物联网开发的电子设备，这项技术的市场可能会出现爆炸式增长。由此可知，市场爆满，说明全球已经有公司在提供此类产品了。故A选项“全球已有数十家公司
100、提供此类产品”符合上下文语境，故选A。【48题详解】根据上文Among the most basic forms of the technology is body power.可知该技术最基本的形式之一是身体动力。以及后文Automatic watches have employed the concept for decades, for example, by winding themselves when their user moves their arm.可知自动手表已经使用了几十年的概念，例如，当用户移动指针时自动上弦。由此可知，本句是在承接上文解释自动手表这种身体动力的原理。故
101、E选项“当某些材料被挤压或拉伸时，原子的运动会产生电荷”符合上下文语境，故选E。【49题详解】根据后文Stanford University engineers are testing smart microchips that create electricity from ultrasound to power implantable devices that can analyze a persons nervous system or treat their diseases.可知斯坦福大学的工程师们正在测试利用超声波发电的智能微芯片，为可植入设备提供动力，这些设备可以分析人体的神经系
102、统或治疗他们的疾病。由此可知，本段是在说明另一种利用声音为设备提供动力的能量收集方法。复现词sound和段落后ultrasound，属于相同范畴的词。故B选项“利用声音为设备提供动力是另一种能量收集方法”符合上下文语境，故选B。【50题详解】结合后文While such devices are expected to cost less than battery-powered alternatives when compared over many years ,experts say, people may continue buying ones with batteries merel
103、y because those would be cheaper in the short term.可知专家们说，尽管这类设备的价格预计在多年后会低于电池驱动的替代品，但人们可能会继续购买电池驱动的设备，仅仅因为短期内价格会更便宜。由此可知，本段是在推测消费者对能源收集产品的欢迎程度。故C选项“目前还不清楚消费者对能源收集产品的欢迎程度”符合上下文语境，故选C。IV. Summary Writing51.Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the pa
104、ssage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.This is a story about a book that just kept selling, catching publishers, booksellers and even its author off guard. The book is Sapiens, by the Israeli academic Yuval Noah Harari, published in the UK in September 2014.It is a rec
105、ondite(深奥的) work of evolutionary history charting the development of humankind through a scholarly examination of our ability to cooperate as a species.Sapiens sold well on publication, particularly when it came out in paperback in the summer of 2015.What is remarkable about it, though, is that its
106、still selling in vast numbers. Sapiens has sold a further half million copies, establishing itself firmly at the top of the bestseller lists. The books wild success is symptomatic of a broader trend in our book-buying habits: a surge in the popularity of intelligent, challenging nonfiction, often bo
107、oks that are several years old.It was trade publication, the Booksellers, that first noted the rise of what is called the “brainy backlist”, it also highlighted a concomitant fall in the sales of the books that had been such a staple of publishers catalogues-celebrity biographies. We are turning awa
108、y from exciting but disposable stories of fame towards more serious, thoughtful, quiet books that help us understand our place in the world. Mark Richards, publisher at John Murray Prese, see the return to serious works of nonfiction as a response to the spirit of the age, “People have a hunger both
109、 for information and facts, and for nuanced(有细微差别的) exploration of issues, of a sort that books are in a prime position to provide.” he says.In the end, the story of Sapiens is about a book becoming part of a national conversation. At a time when politics is more furious and fragmented than ever, wh
110、en technology is colonizing our everyday existence.【答案】Homo sapiens is a book written by Yuval Noah Harari on the evolutionary history of human development. This book is especially popular and heralds the new trend of reading. We are turning away from exciting but disposable stories of fame towards
111、more serious, thoughtful, quiet books that help us understand our place in the world.【解析】【分析】这是一篇概要写作。【详解】写作步骤1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章主要介绍了智人是Yuval Noah Harari写的关于人类发展的进化史的书。这本书特别受欢迎，预示着阅读的新趋势。我们正在从那些激动人心但可以随意使用的名人故事转向更严肃、有思想、安静的书籍，这些书籍帮助我们了解自己在世界上的位置。2）弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。
112、因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构
113、上也能有一些转换会更好。（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。V. Translation（15%）Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.52. 不久之后，失主就来认领他的行李了，这出乎我们的意料。(which)53. 在如此这样的一个特殊时期，对于吉祥航空的这一人性化操作，很多网友手动点赞。(Such)54. 在采访最后，提起武汉，这个84岁，为国家操劳了一生，和病魔战斗了一辈子的钟南山院士academician却哽咽了。(devo
114、te)55. 趁着寒假宅在家，有的学生挥剑，有的上练习配音，还有的泼墨挥毫，尽管被限于家中，他们做完寒假作业之余可谓是丰富多彩。(take advantage of ,describe)【答案】52. It wasnt long before the owner of the lost property came to claim his luggage, which was beyond our expectation. 53. Such a special period are we in that many netizens thumb up manually praised the h
115、umanized operation of Jixiang Airline. 54. At the end of the interview, speaking of Wuhan ,the 84-year-old Academician Zhong even spoke in a choked voice, who worked for the country all his life and devoted himself to fighting against the disease. 55. Taking advantage of the winter vocation and stay
116、ing at home, some students wave swords ,some students practise dubbing online and others practise Chinese calligraphy. Although they are confined to the home, the life besides finishing their homework can be described as colorful.【解析】【52题详解】考查固定短语和定语从句。结合汉语意思表示“不久之后”句型为It isnt/wasnt long before；表示“认
117、领行李”短语为claim his luggage；表示“出乎意料”短语为beyond our expectation；且非限制性定语从句修饰整个句子，从句中缺少主语，应用关系代词which引导。结合语境可知应用一般过去时。故翻译为It wasnt long before the owner of the lost property came to claim his luggage, which was beyond our expectation.【53题详解】考查固定短语和倒装句。结合汉语意思表示“手动点赞”短语为thumb up manually；表示“人性化的操作”短语为humaniz
118、ed operation；且such放于句首，句子需用部分倒装，句子主语为we，时态为一般现在时，故应将be动词are提前到主语之前。故翻译为Such a special period are we in that many netizens thumb up manually praised the humanized operation of Jixiang Airline.【54题详解】考查固定短语和定语从句。结合汉语意思表示表示“在的最后”短语为at the end of；表示“提起”短语为speaking of；表示“哽咽”短语为speak in a choked voice；表示“
119、致力于”短语为devote oneself to；表示“与战斗”短语为fight against；本句中非限制性定语从句修饰先行词the 84-year-old Academician Zhong，且先行词在从句中作主语，指人，故应用who引导；结合上下文语境应用一般过去时。故翻译为At the end of the interview, speaking of Wuhan, the 84-year-old Academician Zhong even spoke in a choked voice, who worked for the country all his life and de
120、voted himself to fighting against the disease.【55题详解】考查固定短语和状语从句。结合汉语意思表示“网上练习配音”短语为practise dubbing online；表示“被限制在家中”短语为be confined to the home；表示“利用”短语为take advantage of，在句中应用现在分词形式作状语；表示“被描述成”短语为be described as；表示“尽管”，引导让步状语从句，应用although引导；结合上下文语境应用一般现在时。故翻译为Taking advantage of the winter vocation and staying at home, some students wave swords, some students practise dubbing online and others practise Chinese calligraphy. Although they are confined to the home, the life besides finishing their homework can be described as colorful.
