1、Unit2 English around the world 考纲要求： 考纲规定的考试范围:重点单词与短语closet; pronounce; broad; repeat; majority; total; equal; situation; trade; international; organization; government; tourism; communicate; exchange; service; signal; tidy; stand; independent; publish; expression; compare.； in total; make oneself
2、at home; except for; stay up; end up with; a great many; the number of; more and more.句型： Thanks Nancy. If you will excuse me now. will 表示意愿的用法With so many people communicating in English everyday,. “with+宾语+宾补”的结构做状语Can you tell me how to pronounce.? 带连接副词(或代词)的不定式做宾补的用法At the same time, British En
3、glish and American English started borrowing words from other languages , ending up with different words. 动名词做状语表结果的用法。However, most of the time people dont have any difficulty in understanding each other.In only fifty years , English has developed into the language most widely spoken and used in th
4、e world. Except for these differences in spelling, written English is more or less the same .3. 语法：Direct and Indirect Speech()祈使句(1)转述他人的请求(2)转述他人的命令 复习本章要达到的目标1. 掌握majority; total; equal; situation; trade; exchange; compare.； in total; make oneself at home; except for; stay up; end up with; a grea
5、t many; the number of; more and more.等重点单词及短语的用法。2. 掌握will 表示意愿的用法；动名词做状语表结果的用法；分词做定语的用法；祈使句转述他人的请求和转述他人的命令的用法；3. 对British English和American English之间的区别有一定的了解，能顺利地进行英语阅读。教材知识归纳知识归纳1.Thanks Nancy. If you will excuse me now. will will 可以用来构成将来时，这时will 不可以用于条件状语从句中。但是will可以表示意愿这时可以用于条件状语从句中。 If you wil
6、l listen to me, you shall get a new bike. 如果你愿意听我的话，你一定会得到一辆新自行车。注意：（1）will表示现在的意愿，would表示过去的意愿。I push the door hard, but it wont open. 我用力推门，但是门打不开。I warned him not to play in the street yesterday, but he wouldnt listen to me.我警告他不要在街道上玩耍，但是他不愿听我的话。 （2）wont do 表示拒绝，不肯有拟人化的手法；dont do 表示客观陈述。The radi
7、o I bought yesterday doesnt work now.( 客观陈述)I have spent 5 hours repairing my radio, but it wont work.( 拟人化的手法)Dont get the ink on your clothes ;it wont wash out.( 拟人化的手法)2. Can you tell me how to pronounce.? “疑问词+不定式”的功能：在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等成分。（1）作主语How to give advice in English is what I am trying to le
8、arn. 我正在努力学习如何用英语提建议。（2）作宾语作动词的宾语We have to start somewhere if we want to learn how to write plays. 我们要学习写剧本，总得有个开头。作介词的宾语We had better learn to make the right choices about what and how we eat. 我们最好能学会正确选择吃什么、怎么吃。(3)作表语My question is where to find the answer. 我的问题是在哪里能找到答案。3 . most of the time peop
9、le dont have any difficulty in understanding each other.have (some) difficulty (in) doing sth. 干某事有困难there is (some) difficulty (in) doing sth. have (some) difficulty with sth. 在某事上有困难 there is (some) difficulty with sth. do sth. with difficulty / without difficulty 困难地轻而易举地做某事 We had a lot of diffi
10、culty in finding your house. Do you have any difficulty with your English? 注意:(1) 以上句型中，difficulty前可加some, little, much, a lot of, no, any修饰 (2) 以上句型中，亦可用trouble来代替difficulty。4. English has developed into the language most widely spoken and used in the world. most widely spoken and used in the world
11、.过去分词做定语的用法。可以转化为定语从句that/which is most widely spoken and used in the world.(1)现在分词作定语，表示主动和正在进行的动作或现在的一种状态。Who is the girl standing over there? 站在那边的那个女孩是谁？standing over there现在分词作后置定语，表示主动和正在进行的动作。可以转化为定语从句that is standing overWho is in charge of the sleeping child? 谁负责照料那个正在睡觉的孩子？sleeping现在分词作前置定
12、语，表示主动和正在进行的动作。可以转化为定语从句that is sleeping Taiwan lying in the east of China is part of China.位于中国东部的台湾是中国不可分割的以部分。lying in the east of China现在分词作后置定语，表示主动和现在的状态。可以转化为定语从句that/which lies in the east of China(2)过去分词作定语表示被动和完成了的动作；有时只表示完成的动作不表示被动。The building built last year is a teaching building.去年建成的
13、那个建筑物是一幢教学楼。built last year过去分词作后置定语表示被动和完成了的动作。可以转化为定语从句that/which was built last yearYou had better drink the boiled water.你最好和开水。boiled过去分词作前置定语表示被动和完成了的动作The playground is covered with fallen leaves.操场上覆盖着落叶。fallen过去分词作前置定语表示完成了的动作，不表示被动。注意：(1)n. + being done; (2)n.+ to be done;(3) n.+ done 这三个结
14、构的区别(1)n. + being done 表示被动和正在进行The building being built now will be used for the meeting room.正在建造的楼房将被用作会议室。(2)n.+ to be done表示被动和动作即将发生The meeting to be held tomorrow has been called off.原定明天举行的会员已经被取消了。(3) n.+ done 表示被动和动作已经完成The tree cut down by the workers was 100 years old.被工人们砍倒的那棵树已经有100年了。
15、5. Except for these differences in spelling, written English is more or less the same .more or less 大约；差不多，几乎That table is more or less two meters long. 那张桌子大约两米长。Ive more or less finished the book. 我差不多已经读完这本书了。She could earn $200 a day，more or less. 她一天大约能挣200美元。注意：more or less是一个固定结构，or不可换成and。mo
16、re or less可以修饰数词，意为“大约”；还可修饰动词、分词、形容词，意为“或多或少，差不多，几乎”。通常放在系动词、助动词或情态动词之后，或放在动词之前，也可置于句末6. They also brought in some words from their own languagesbring in吸引，引入；请做，让参加；提出（新法案）；赚得，挣He brought some humors in his speech.他在演讲中引用了一些幽默。How much does she bring in every year？她每年挣多少钱？Experts were brought in t
17、o advise the government. 政府请来专家出谋划策。相关归纳：(1)bring on端来；促进地生长Your meal can be brought on along the belt in the future.在将来你的饭可以沿着传送带被端来。Enough sunlight has brought on the crops.充足的阳光促进了庄稼的生长。(2)bring about导致；引起What brought about the change in his attitude towards the matter？是什么使他改变了对这件事情的主意？(3)bring b
18、ack把送回；归还；使回忆起；恢复；重新使用The photographs brought back many of pleasant memories.照片给人带来很多美好的回忆。(4)bring down打垮；击败；降低；减少；（飞机）着陆；击落We plan to bring down prices on all our computers.我们打算降低我们所有计算机的价格。The scandal may bring down the government.那件丑闻可能使政府垮台。An enemy fighter was brought down.一架敌机被击落了(5)bring up
19、培养；使价格等上涨；呕吐Her parents died when she was a baby and she was brought up by her aunt.她小时侯父母就去世了,是由她姑姑养大的。He brought out his lunch just now. 他刚刚把吃进去的午饭吐出来了(6)bring out显出；出版The hard training brought out the best in him.刻苦的训练使他表现地最好。New personal computers are brought out almost daily. 几乎每天都有个人计算机推出A new
20、 kind of magazine has been brought out of late.一种新的杂志最近被出版了。(7) bring together 促使(争执双方)和解The loss of their son brought the parents together.双方因失去儿子而言归于好7. compare: 主要义项有：比较；相比派生词: comparison n. 比较相关归纳：(1) compare.to. 比拟；比作Shakespeare compared the world to a stage.莎士比亚把世界比作一个舞台。(2) compare. with. 将和相
21、比较 Compare Johns answer with Henrys，which is better？把约翰和亨利两人的答案比较一下，哪个更好？(3) compare with和相比较This house doesnt compare with our previous one.这房子比不上我们以前的。(4)compared to/with与比起来（常用作状语，可位于句首或句末）Compared to/with many people，she was indeed lucky.和许多人比起来，她是幸运的。(5)in/by comparison with 与比起来In comparison w
22、ith their house, ours is large and comfortable.8. At the same time, British English and American English started borrowing words from other languages , ending up with different words. ending up with different words 是现在分词做状语表结果的用法。European football is played in 80 countries, making it the most popula
23、r sport in the world.欧式足球在80个国家被踢，使它成为世界上最受欢迎的运动。His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 她非常生气，把玩具扔在地上，把它摔成了碎片。She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.注意：现在分词做状语表结果与不定式做状语表结果的区别。 (1) 现在分词做状语表结果是指自然而然的想象中的结果,现在分词前可加thusThe whale can eat a man in only a few
24、minutes, thus leaving only bones. (2) 不定式做状语表结果是指出人意料的结果，强调意想不到,不定式前可加onlyH e hurried to the station, only to find the train had left.他匆匆忙忙赶到车站结果发现火车已经离开了。He lifted a big stone only to drop it on his own feet.他搬起一块大石头结果砸了自己的脚。9. With so many people communicating in English every day, it will become
25、more and more important to have a good knowledge of English.with后面跟复合结构，即：with + 宾语 +prep./adj./ adv./ doing/ to do(表示要执行的动作)/done（表示动作的完成及被动）常在句中作状语，表示伴随动作、行为方式及原因、条件或结果等情况。也可以做定语。其结构如下：(1) with+名词/代词+现在分词。其中现在分词表主动或正在进行的动作。He fell asleep with his radio still working. His hair became grey with the
26、years passing.随着时间的推移，他的头发变花白了。The king came in, with all his servants following him.国王进来了，身后跟着所有的仆人。(2) with+名词/代词+过去分词。其中过去分词表被动或完成了的动作。Tom stood for a moment with his hand still raised.With everything bought, he left the market.买完了所需要的东西之后，他离开了市场(3) with+名词/代词+不定式。其中不定式表示将要发生的动作。With so much work
27、 to do, we cant kill any time by playing cards.With nothing to do, he went out for a walk .由于没有什么事情可做，他便到外面散步(4)with+名词/代词+形容词。The girl entered the room with her eyes full of tears.(5) with+名词/代词+介词短语或副词。The emperor walked in the street with nothing on.He left his room with the light on. (adv.)他离开了房
28、间，灯亮着10.He stayed up last night. stay up 的用法(1)不睡觉，熬夜The student stayed up all night to study.这个学生开夜车，学习了一整夜。Hs stayed up till midnight ,as is often the case with him.他熬夜到半夜，对他来说是常有的事。(2)不倒塌，不下沉Some strong houses stayed up in the earthquake.一些坚固的房屋在地震中没有倒塌。Your life jacket will help you to stay up i
29、f you fall out of the boat.如从船上掉下去，你的救生衣可以使你不沉入水中。11. How did it come about?come about（某事）发生I dont know how this thing came about.我不知道这事是怎样发生的。Do you know how the phrase came about？你知道这个成语是怎样产生的吗？How did it come about that you didnt report this to us in good time？你怎么没及时向我们报告？(1)come up with 找到，提出(答案
30、、解决办法)She came up with a new idea for increasing sales . 她想出了增加销售量的新主意。(2)come across 碰上，偶然碰上，被理解，发现He spoke for a long time but his meaning didnt come across. 他讲了很长时间，但他的意思没有人真正理解。(3)come along 进展，进步，一道来(4)come down 下来，降低，下降，着陆 The price of petrol is coming down thanks to the increase of production
31、. 由于产量的增加，石油的价格在下跌。(5) come true 实现(6)come over 过来，顺便来访Why dont come over t0 Beidaihe for a holiday in summer? 你怎么不在夏天到北戴河来度假呢?(7)come in 进来(8) come to oneself 苏醒，恢复知觉(9) come on 来吧，跟着来，赶快(10) come out 出来，出版，开花The crocuses came out late this year because of the cold weather.因为天气寒冷，今年藏红花开得晚。When will
32、 his new novel come out?他新创作的小说什么时候出版?(11) come up 被提出,被讨论；(种子)发芽A number of questions came up at the meeting.会议上提出了许多问题。(12)come back 回来流行(13) come to 共计，达到，达成，恢复知觉，苏醒It suddenly came to her that she had been wrong all along. 她突然想到她一开始就错了。概念提示重点/热点1：besides, except, except for, except that(1)except
33、将一个或几个人或物从同一类或普通的种类中除外，意为“除之外”，指“不包括”。其后可接名词、代词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或wh-从句。except 和 but 都表示“除了之外。没有”，二者大多数情况下可以互换；但在no, all, nobody, nothing, no one 等词后多用 but。(2)except for说明整个基本情况后，对细节加以纠正，后接名词。(3)except that的用法基本同except for，但其后必须句子。它用来表示理由或细节，修下前面所说的情况。Everybody except John was able to answer the questio
34、n.除了约翰之外,每个人都回答出了问题。The room is empty except for a broken chair. (前后的名词不同类)这个房间空空的,只不过有把破椅子。I know nothing about him except that he is from Japan.我对他一无所知,只是知道他来自日本。She goes to school by bike except when it rains.她骑自行车去上学,除了下雨时不骑。(4)besides:(prep.)“除之外还有”， besides意为“除之外，尚有或外加”句中常含有more/another/else等暗
35、示词。Besides tennis, he also plays basketball and football.除了网球之外，他还打篮球和踢足球。 I have three other dictionaries besides this one.除了这本词典，我还有三本别的词典。 (5)in addition to除之外还有,等于besides做介词的用法。In addition to French, he has to study Japanese.除了法语外,他还得学日语。（7)apart from：apart from:其含义主要依据上下文而定，有时可与except换用，有时可代替be
36、sides. Apart from the coat, the hat doesnt suit me. 除价钱太贵，这帽子也不适合我戴。Apart from a few scratches, the car was undamaged. 除了几处刮痕外，汽车没有什么损坏注意：(1)besides: (adv.) 此外，而且I havent time to see the film-besides, its had dreadful reviews.我没有时间去看这部影片，再说，影评也诸多贬斥。I am too busy to go for a walk; besides, it is late
37、.我太忙不去散步了，而且时候已晚了。(2)but 和except 做“除了”讲时如果前面有do的适当形式,but 和except后面的不定式不带to；如果没有do的适当形式，but 和except后面的不定式带to。He could do nothing except walk home.(except前若有实义动词do,则后面接不带to的不定式)他只好走着回家了=He had no choice but to walk home.( except前若没有实义动词do,则后面接带to的不定式) (3) in addition=besides此外，而且They eat a great deal
38、of fruit in addition.他们还吃大量的水果。 I am too busy to go for a walk; in addition, it is late.我太忙不去散步了，而且时候已晚了。易混易错点1： For a long time the language in America stayed the same, while the language in England changed. 长期以来，美国英语保持不变，但英国英语变化了。该句中的“while用作并列连词表示前后对比，意为 “然而”。while 用法总结（1）用作并列连词表示前后对比，意为 “然而”。 I
39、like tea while she likes coffee. 我喜欢喝茶,而她喜欢喝咖啡。（2）用作从属连词引导时间状语从句。意为“during the time that”或“and in the meantime/meanwhile”Ill take care of your children while you are away. 你不在时我会照顾你的孩子的。 (3) 用作从属连词。引导让步状语从句，意为“although While he is not a perfect man , I still like him very much. 尽管他不是一个完美的人我还是很喜欢他。(4
40、) 用作从属连词。引导条件状语从句，意为as long as Where there is a will, there is a way.易混易错点2：such as，that is，for example(1)such as用来列举事物，常用在被列举出的事物和前面表示总称的名词之间，但在所列举的事物只是总称中的事物的一部分，不能全部都列举出来。I bought a lot of things in the supermarket, such as beer and fried fish.(2)如果需要把前面总称中的事物全部一一列举出来，就要用that is或namely（即）。I have
41、three good friends, namely= that is, Jack, Tom and John.(3)for example用于举例说明前面的名词，一般只列举同类事物中的一个，其位置可在句首、句末或句中，需用逗号隔开。后面也可接句子，对前一句进行说明和解释。Many great men have risen from poverty, Lincoln and Edison, for example= for instance.讲题组课内题例与课后题：课内题例1.Snow was falling when they went along a mountain path _ to
42、the front. A. to lead B. led C. leading D. being led 变式1. They set up an _ table in a small temple to operate on the _ soldiers.A. operating ;wounded B. Operated ;wounding C. operated ;/wounded D. operating ;wounding变式2. Betty, still _ excited, took away the box _ with birthday presents for her.A. l
43、ooked; filledB. looked; fillingC. looking; filledD. looking; filling变式3. This is an early church, _ from the ninth century, which was rebuilt under the direction of San. Carlo Borromeo.A. dated B. being dated C. dating D. dates变式4. The problem _ now must be kept secret A. being discussed B. discusse
44、d C. to be discussed D. having been discussed解析:1. 据题意提干前有一个名词path，其后是介词组to the front ，即要求一个现在分词和to the front连成现在分词短语修饰名词path作定语，path名词虽表示物不能使用过去分词，是小路本身延伸到前线的，所以选。变式1.据题意在第一个提干里应使用动名词作tale的名词的定语，修饰table; 说明战士是被枪击伤的即受伤的士兵，表被动完成的动作，所以选。 变式2.look是系动词没有被动语态， Betty 与look 之间是主动关系所以要用现在分词做定语。Wound与 soldie
45、rs之间是被动和动作已经完成的关系所以要用过 去分词做定语。变式3.church与 date from之间是主动关系，所以要用现在分词做定语。变式4.the problem与discuss之间是被动和动作已经完成的关系所以要用being discussed。总结：通过对以上习题的分析可以知道分词做定语的用法可以灵活设题是高考重要的考察点。2. With a lot of different problems _, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. be
46、ing settled变式1. _ time going on, the old mans friends died off. A. As B. With C. For D. As with变式2. _time went on, the old mans friends died off. A. As B. With C. For D. As with变式3. The famous scientist died of heart attack _ the experiment left undone. A. with B. for C. because D. because of 解析: 该题
47、考查with+名词/代词+不定式，其中不定式表示将要发生的动作。由此可知答案 C变式1. 该题考查with+名词/代词+现在分词这一结构中介词with的运用。不能选as因为as要引导时间状语从句。变式2. 该题考查as引导时间状语从句 “as”可以译为“随着”变式3. 该题考查with+名词/代词+过去分词这一结构中介词with的运用。该结构在本句中做状语表示伴随。总结：通过对以上例题的分析可以知道对“with复合结构”的考查集中在两个方面：一是考查宾补的适当形式；二是考查介词with。该知识点仍旧是命题的重点。3. The discussion, filled with arguments,
48、 lasted two days, _ no conclusion.A. reached B. would reach C. to reach D. reaching变式1.He went abroad in 1998,never _.A. returning B. to return C. returned D. having returned变式2. The discussion, filled with arguments, lasted two days, with no conclusion_.A. reached B. would reach C. to reach D. reac
49、hing解析:2. B、C是谓语动词，在此不可用。D项to make或表目的，或表“将要使得”，这都不合题干情景。只有A. making,可作状语，表结果。D 变式1. 该句意思是“他在1998年出国了，结果再也没有回来。”由此可知要用不定式做状语表结果，指出人意料的结果，强调意想不到。 变式2. 该题是考查“with+名词/代词+过去分词”做状语表结果。Conclusion 与 reach 之间是被动关系，并且动作已经发生。总结：以上题例表明“现在分词做状语表结果与不定式做状语表结果”的区别是一个很重要的知识点。结果发生的偶然性与否是掌握这一知识的关键。4. There was no one
50、 in the bus _ a dog. A. except B. besides C. but D. except for 变式1. The weather is bad; _，I have no money on me. A. except B. besides C. but D. except for变式2 Five more students passed the exam_ Tom.A. in addition B. besides C. but D. except for变式3. the people on the list, many more people will atten
51、d the party. A. In addition to B. Except for C. But D. Except 解析：4. except for说明整个基本情况后，对细节加以纠正。 答案： D 变式1. besides可以做副词意思是“ 此外，而且”表示并列关系。答案：B变式2. besides:(prep.)“除之外还有”， besides意为“除之外，尚有或外加”句中常含有more/another/else等暗示词。答案：B变式3. 该题意思是“除了名单上的人之外还有很多人要参加这次舞会”。in addition to除之外还有,等于besides做介词的用法。答案：A总结：以
52、上以上题例表明“besides, except, except for, except that”的区别是一个很重要的知识点在掌握该知识点时一定要体会出是指“排除”或是指“包含”等方面的用法。5You cant imagine what difficulty/trouble we had _ home in the snowstorm. A. walked B. walk C. to walk D. walking 变式1. Do you have any difficulty _ your work? A. in B. on C. with D. for变式2. Thank you for
53、the trouble you have taken _ me with my English. A. to help B. helping C. help D helped 解析：5. we had _ home in the snowstorm 是定语从句, had 的宾语是省略的关系代词，恢复后可以看出是考查“have (some) difficulty (in) doing sth.”这一知识点的。答案：D 变式1. 考查“have (some) difficulty with sth.” 这一知识点。答案：C变式2. you have taken _ me with my Engli
54、sh是定语从句, have taken 的宾语是省略的关系代词，恢复后可以看出是考查“take trouble to do sth.”这一知识点的。答案：A总结：通过对以上习题的分析可以知道与difficulty相关的短语的用法是高考重要的考察点，可以据此灵活设题。6. I push the window hard but it _close. A. wont B. cant C. shall not D. mustnt 变式1. If you _ listen to me, you _ get a new bike. A. will ; will B. shall ; will C. sha
55、ll ; shall D. will ; shall 变式2. “What can I do for you?” “ My radio _ work.”A. wont B. cant C. doesnt D. mustnt解析：6. 考查will表示现在的意愿，有拟人化的修辞手法在内。答案A变式1.第一个空格是“will可以表示意愿这时可以用于条件状语从句中”；第二个空格是shall表示“承诺”的用法。答案：D 变式2. doesnt do 表示客观陈述，不包含任何感情色彩。答案：C7. _ the news, so far, has been good, there may be days
56、ahead when it is bad. A. While B. When C. As D. Since变式1. you have got your license, why not drive the car yourself?AEver sinceBNow thatCEven thoughDAs long as 变式2.-The vase cost me almost 100 yuan. -Well, it was crazy of you to spend so much money _ you could buy a much cheaper one. A. while B. if
57、C. because D. when解析：7. 考查while用作从属连词, 引导让步状语从句，意为“although”答案：A变式1.now that =since =now 都可以引导从句译为“既然”，主从句之间是因果关系。答案：B. 变式2. 考查when用作从属连词, 引导让步状语从句, 意为“既然”答案D总结：通过对以上习题的分析可以知道while，now that =since =now，when这三个词是意思相近但用法不同的非常重要的词语。课后题：1._ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not se
58、em big at all. A. Compare B. When comparing C. Comparing D. When compared2.This is not a match. Were playing chess just for _. A. habit B. hobby C. fun D. game3. I can hardly imagine Mr. Wang _across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. A. sail B. to sail C. sailing D. to have sailed4.Allen had to call
59、a taxi because the box was _ to carry all the way home. A. much too heavy B. too much heavy C. heavy too much D. too heavy much 5. Most of the men _ to the party were from townA. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited解析: 1.本句compare用在句首作状语，并有“被比较”的意思。答案为D 2. for fun 常在句中用作状语，意思是“说做着玩的”。 答案为C 3. imagine后接动词的-ing形式，本句的Mr. Wang是这个动名词的逻辑主语答案为C 4. much too+形容词或副词 .答案 A 5. 此处考查过去分词作定语表示被动和完成了的动作。答案 A
