1、Section Word power & Grammar and usage根据提示写出下列单词1 adj.电的，电动的2 adj.内置的，嵌入式的3 adj.不用电的4 n.黏土，陶土5 adj.无须洗衣粉的6 adj.& n.液体(的)7 n.粉末；火药8 n.(计算机)编程9 vt.控诉，控告；谴责10 vi.逐渐消失；(使)变淡；走下坡路，衰落【答案】1.electric2.builtin3.powerfree4clay5.powderfree6.liquid7.powder8programming9.accuse10.fade看单词学构词：后缀free表示“无的”，常用来构成形容词或
2、副词，如：troublefree无忧无虑的；dutyfree免税的；saltfree 无盐的；rentfree 免租金的等等。根据提示补全下列短语1set 创办，建立，创立2end 以结束3make the most 充分利用4have 玩得高兴5get 换衣服6be accused 被控告犯有罪7last but not 最后但同样重要的8concentrate 全神贯注于【答案】1.up2.in3.of4.fun5.changed 6of7.least8.on根据提示补全下列教材原句1He managed to keep fruit and vegetables fresh for thr
3、ee weeks using only two clay pots and some wet sand.只用了两个陶土罐和一些湿沙子他就将水果和蔬菜保鲜达三个星期。2It is believed that the new products will sell well in the future.人们相信这种新产品未来会卖得很好。3It has been suggested that travel sickness(should)be reduced by using virtual reality(VR)有人建议，利用虚拟现实技术晕车症状应该会减少。4This could be of gre
4、at benefit to people and will be researched further.这会对人们有益并将被进一步研究。 end in 以结束(告终)，以结尾(教材P46)During the first few years，the company did not make a profit and Jeff Bezos thought that his efforts would end in failure.前几年里，公司没有盈利，Jeff Bezos认为他的努力将以失败告终。(牛津词典)The word Im thinking of ends in“ous”我想到的这个词
5、以ous结尾。end up结果为，以而告终(尤指意料之外的)end up (in) doing以结束end up with以结束end upadj.以状况而告终end up as最后成了，最后是(2015全国卷阅读理解A)At last I ended up hitting the set with my fist，and it stopped working altogether.最后我用拳头击打电视机，结果它完全停止工作了。(2015湖北高考阅读理解D)You can end up with what astronauts call a carbondioxide headache.你最终
6、可能会患有宇航员所称的二氧化碳头疼症。 electric adj.电的，电动的(教材P49)The Electric Wear Company has developed a new smart jacket this year.电子服装公司今年已经开发出一款新颖的时髦夹克。(2015天津高考阅读理解A)The following items are approved for use in residential rooms：electric blankets，hair dryers，personal computers，radios，televisions and DVD players.住
7、宿房间里可以批准使用下列项目：电热毯、吹风机、个人电脑、收音机、电视机和DVD播放器。(1)electrical adj.有关于电的(2)electronic adj.电子的(3)electricity n.电(4)electrical equipment电气设备(朗文辞典)The fire was caused by an electrical fault.大火是电力故障引起的。What would happen if there were no electricity(electric)?如果没有电会怎么样呢？明辨异同electric/electrical/electronicelectr
8、ic指以电为动力进行工作的(装置)electrical指关于电的知识或电的研究内容electronic指与电子有关的，电子器件的，电子设备的electric，electrical，electronicThe cooker isnt working because of an fault.With this blanket，the grandpa wont feel cold in winter.I need an calculator to work out this math problem.【答案】electricalelectricelectronic last but not leas
9、t最后但同样重要的(教材P49)Last but not least，it has been announced that a new kind of washing machine has been developed.最后但同样重要的是，据宣布一种新的洗衣机已经被开发出来了。(朗文辞典)Last but not least，let me introduce Jane，our new secretary.最后但同样重要的一件事是，让我来介绍我们的新秘书简。(1)last of all最后(一点)last but one倒数第二(2)at (the) least至少not in the lea
10、st一点也不least of all(多者之中)尤其(多用于否定句)Her name ranks last but one on the list.她的名字在名单上排在倒数第二。Really，Im not in the least tired.真的，我一点也不累。 accuse vt.控诉，控告；谴责(教材P51)Music industry accuses Fanning of piracy音乐行业控告范宁盗版(1)accuse sb.of(doing)sth.指挥某人(干)某事the accused被告(2)charge sb.with(doing)sth.指控某人(干)某事(3)blam
11、e sb.for sth.因某事责备某人blame sth.on sb.把某事归咎于某人be to blame for(对坏事)负有责任Western leaders accuse Russia of supporting these rebels with troops and weapons.西方领导人控告俄罗斯给这些反叛分子提供武器和军队。He was charged with stealing the jewels.他被控告偷窃珠宝。Not you but he is to blame for it.不是你而是他将为这件事受到责备。明辨异同accuse/charge/blameaccu
12、se指当面指控或指责，不一定诉诸法律，通常表示直接而严厉地指出某人的过错，常与介词of连用。charge指因犯较大错误或重大罪行而进行正式法律控诉，常与with连用。blame指由于错误的行为而指责某人，侧重指对已发生的错误或失败负有责任，多与介词for连用。accuse，charge，blameThe police are going to charge him with murder.The soldier was accused of running away when the enemy attacked.The driver was not to blame for the acci
13、dent. concentrate on集中精力于；全神贯注于(教材P51)He left university in order to concentrate on the project.为了潜心研究这个项目，他大学辍学了。Youd better have a good rest if you cant concentrate on your study.当你不能集中精力学习时，你最好休息一下。“集中精力于/致力于”的表达方法：concentrate ones energy/mind/attention on focus on.fix ones mind/attention on.put
14、ones heart into.devote oneself to.apply ones mind to doing sth.Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.世上无难事，只要肯登攀。(牛津词典)She devoted herself to her career.她全力倾注于自己的事业。 fade vi.逐渐消失；(使)变淡；走下坡路，衰落(教材P51)In 2001 Fannings dream finally began to fade.在2001年，范宁的梦想终于开始破灭了。The colour fades when e
15、xposed to light.这个颜色曝光后会褪色。fade away(人)衰弱；病重死亡；逐渐消失fade in(使画面)淡入；(使声音)渐强fade out(使画面)淡出；(使声音)渐弱 Shes fading away day by day because of illness.由于疾病，她的身体日渐衰弱。(朗文辞典)He slid a control to fade out the music.他滑动控制器，让音乐的声音渐渐减弱。.语境填词1The fire was caused by an fault in a house where an old man used his bla
16、nket in the night.Fortunately，someone cut off the of the whole village as soon as possible.(electric)2The had to face several among which he was of murder. (accuse)3Lack of is a real problem to you now，so you should on your study every day.(concentrate)4There are always goods in a supermarket，and th
17、e prices from cents to dollars. The attracts many customers.(vary)5The made an that all the details should be through the broadcast.(announce) 【导学号：60660022】【答案】1.electrical；electric；electricity2.accused；accusations；accused3.concentration；concentrate4.various；vary；variety5.announcer；announcement；ann
18、ounced.选词填空set up；end in；make the most of；have fun；get changed；be accused of；last but not least；concentrate on1 ，best wishes to all my friends.2A driver should the road when driving.3The argument between the two men a fight.4A fund will for the dead mens families.5We should the fine weather.【答案】1.La
19、st but not least2.concentrate on3.ended in4.be set up5.make the most of (教材P49)He managed to keep fruit and vegetables fresh for three weeks using only two clay pots and some wet sand.只用了两个陶土罐和一些湿沙子他就将水果和蔬菜保鲜达三个星期。【要点提炼】句中谓语managed后接不定式(to keep fruit and vegetables fresh for three weeks using only t
20、wo clay pots and some wet sand)作宾语，该不定式中keep为实义动词，后接复合宾语(宾语fruit and vegetables宾语补足语fresh)。“keep宾语宾语补足语”表示“使某人或某物处于某种状态”。(2015湖北高考阅读理解D)The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as it is about keeping any individual astronaut healthy.专注于健身对科学和未来都有重大意义，因为它是每个宇航员身体健康的保证。(1)keep宾语形容词
21、(2)keep宾语现在分词，“使一直处于某种状态”，宾语与宾补之间为主动关系。(3)keep宾语过去分词，“使被怎么样或处于某种状态”，宾语与宾补之间为被动关系。(4)keep宾语介词短语To finish the work in time，we kept the machine running(run)all the time.为了及时完工，我们让这台机器一直不停工作。The boss ordered us to keep him informed of the fresh developments.老板让我们随时告诉他最新的进展。 (教材P49)It is believed that th
22、e new products will sell well in the future.人们相信这种新产品未来会卖得很好。【要点提炼】It is believed that.“人们相信”，实际上it为形式主语，that引导的为主语从句，相当于People believe that.的意思。该结构还可以改变成Sb./Sth.is believed to do.结构。It is believed that Lydia never tells lies.Lydia is believed never to tell lies.我们相信莉迪亚绝不说谎。类似的结构还有：It is thought tha
23、t.大家认为It is said that.据说It is hoped that.人们希望It is reported that.据报道It is well known that.众所周知It is generally considered that.大家普遍认为It is supposed that.据推测It is thought that the three foreigners have travelled a lot.The three foreigners are thought to have travelled a lot.人们认为这三名外国游客周游过很多地方。It is sa
24、id that the new mayor will come into power next month.The new mayor is said to come into power next month.据说新市长将于下个月上任。名师点津“It is said/believed/reported/thoughtthat从句”可转化为“原主语从句的主语be过去分词不定式”的句式结构，此时不定式可以根据所在句子的语境采用一般式、进行式或完成式。即：Sb.is said/believed/reported to do/to be doing/to have done。完成句子1我们应该每天保
25、持教室干净和整洁。We should every day.2很抱歉，让你久等了。Im sorry to have for such a long time.3如果你觉得手冷，就把它们放在口袋里。If your hands are cold， .4人们相信，努力工作就能成功。 hard work can lead to success.5据说他正在国外学习。 that he is studying abroad.He is said to be studying abroad.【答案】1.keep our classroom clean and tidy2kept you waiting3.ke
26、ep them in your pockets4It is believed that5.It is said被动语态阅读下列句子并体会黑体部分的用法。1To achieve this，special VR headsets are designed to allow the users to see in 3D and hear the sound all around them.2Both the headsets and the gloves are connected to a computer network in the VR studio.3In one case，a teena
27、ger who was afraid of talking and playing with his schoolmates was treated with VR.4However，with VR we are able to do things that could never be achieved in real life.5Besides this，VR can be used to practise skills in a secure environment that otherwise would be quite dangerous.6Engineers can enter
28、the design of a neighbourhood into a computer，and then use VR towalkaround the neighbourhood，see how it looks and make changes before construction is carried out.英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态(The Active Voice)和被动语态(The Passive Voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者；被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。Our English teacher encouraged Mary.我们英语老师鼓励了玛丽。
29、Mary was encouraged by our English teacher.玛丽受到了我们英语老师的鼓励。一、被动语态的构成被动语态的基本结构是：“助动词be/get过去分词”。被动语态的谓语动词有各种时态变化，列表如下： 一般时态进行时态完成时态现在am/is/are doneam/is/arebeing donehas/havebeen done过去was/were donewas/were being donehad been done将来shall/will be done shall/will have been done过去将来should/would be done B
30、ooks in the library are not allowed to be taken out without permission.图书馆的书未经允许不许带出。A new railway is being built in this city.这个城市正在修建一条新的铁路。I shall be given a chance to play in this game again.我将获得再一次进行比赛的机会。He found his umbrella had been taken away when he returned.当他回来时，他发现自己的雨伞已经被人拿走了。He hoped
31、the thief would be punished as soon as possible.他希望尽早地惩罚这个小偷。二、被动语态的使用场合1不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。His bike has been stolen.他的自行车被偷了。(不知道动作的执行者)2需要强调动作的承受者，动作的承受者是谈话的中心。Football is played in most middle schools.许多中学都踢足球。(强调的是足球这一运动)三、其他形式的被动语态1含情态动词的被动语态 构成：情态动词be过去分词。All the letters should be a
32、nswered immediately.所有的信都应立刻被回复。Your homework must be handed in tomorrow.你的作业必须明天交。2动词短语的被动语态作谓语的动词短语变被动语态时，不可将动词短语拆开。His request was turned down.他的要求被拒绝了。Her mother was taken good care of in the hospital.她妈妈在医院里被照顾得好好的。3接双宾语的动词的被动语态接双宾语的动词变为被动语态时，可根据需要将其中一个宾语变为被动句的主语，另一个保留不动。如将主动结构中的直接宾语变为被动结构中的主语，
33、间接宾语之前则应加介词to或for。Her father bought her a new bike.She was bought a new bike (by her father)/A new bike was bought for her (by her father)她父亲给她买了一辆新自行车。名师点津一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词to，如：bring，give，hand，lend，offer，pass，pay promise，sell，show，take，teach，tell等。一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词for，如：build，buy，cook，cut，choose，
34、do，fetch，find，fix，get，keep，make，order，paint，play，sing等。4接复合宾语的动词的被动语态接复合宾语的动词变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动句的主语，而宾语补足语保留不动(宾语补足语变为主语补足语)。主动结构中的宾语补足语若是不带to的不定式，在变成被动结构时，需加上to。We elected him our monitor.He was elected our monitor (by us)我们选他当我们的班长。They made him do so.He was made to do so (by them)他们让他这样做的。名师点津在使役动词h
35、ave，make，get以及感官动词see，watch，notice，hear，feel，observe等后面不定式作宾语补足语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加上to。get，leave，cause等使役动词的宾语补足语是带to的不定式，变为被动语态时该不定式不变。5含被动语态的句型及其转换“It is过去分词that从句”这一句型的常见形式有：It is hoped that.人们希望It is thought that.人们认为It is reported that.据报道It is(well)known that.众所周知It is supposed/consid
36、ered that.人们认为It is believed that.人们相信It is suggested that.人们建议It is suggested that you should spend more time on English.建议你应该在英语上多花点时间。It is believed that he has been working hard.大家相信他一直在努力工作。名师点津以上句式大多数可转换为Sb./Sth.is said/believed/thought/considered/reported to.句型。It is said that she is the rich
37、est woman in the city.She is said to be the richest woman in the city.据说她是这个城市里最富有的女人。四、应注意的几个问题1主动语态表被动意义(1)有些动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词，如write，read，clean，sell，wash，cook等，它们常与well，badly，easily等副词连用，表示主语的内在品质或性能，这时是不及物动词，不用被动语态，常用主动形式表示被动意义。The cloth washes easily.这布很好洗。The book written by that famous writer s
38、ells very well.那位著名作家写的书很畅销。(实际上是被卖得畅销)(2)need/want/require(需要)，deserve (值得)，be worth 等后接动名词的主动语态表被动意义。My house needs repairing (to be repaired)我的房子需要修理了。This film is really worth seeing.这部电影的确值得看。(3)某些形容词，如easy，hard，difficult，fit，comfortable，pleasant等作表语，后用动词不定式的主动形式表被动意义。The box seems heavy to car
39、ry.那个箱子似乎搬起来很重。He isnt easy to get along with.他不容易相处。(4)feel，look，seem，taste，sound，remain等系动词后接表语时用主动形式表被动意义。The material feels very soft.这种布料摸起来很柔软。The food tastes delicious.这种食品尝起来很美味。2某些动词短语的被动形式不表被动有些动词短语常常用其被动语态形式，但并不表示被动，其实这些动词的过去分词已经被形容词化了，我们常说这是一种“系表结构”。此类短语常见的有：be ashamed of因而害羞be connected
40、 with与有关be crowded with挤满了be devoted to致力于，献身于be lined with排有，排满be pleased with对满意be satisfied with对满意be tired of讨厌be tired with因而累be filled with充满be used to doing习惯于be bored with对厌烦The students were bored with listening to the same song every day.学生们厌倦了每天听同一首歌。We are interested in swimming.我们对游泳感兴趣
41、。名师点津被动语态和系表结构的区别：“be过去分词”可能是被动语态，也可能是系表结构，其区别是：被动语态表示动作，句子主语是动作的对象；系表结构说明主语所处的状态，过去分词相当于形容词。The cup was broken by my brother.(被动语态) 这个茶杯是我弟弟打碎的。The cup is broken.(系表结构) 这个茶杯破了。3不能用被动语态的几种情况(1)不及物动词(或动词短语)如happen，take place，break out等无被动式。Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past twe
42、nty years.在过去的二十年里我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。(2)某些状态动词(或动词短语)不用于被动语态，如have，own，possess，lack，fit，suit，belong to等。My shoes dont fit me.我的鞋不合适。(3)当宾语是反身代词或相互代词时，不用被动语态。I found myself in the park.我不知不觉地来到了公园里。.单句语法填空1The new product (sell)well.2Though every possible means (use)to prevent the air pollution，the sky is
43、still not clear. 【导学号：60660023】3He fell off the car and got (injure)4The earth is believed (hit)by an object the size of Mars at some point in the distant past before its surface cooled.5He is often heard (play)the guitar.【答案】1.sells2.has been used3.injured4.to have been hit5.to play.单句改错1Lost of st
44、udies have been shown that global warming has already become a very serious problem. 2Suddenly the arrows were flying down at us from the skythey were looked like rain! 3Felt hungry，we built a fire by the lake and barbecued the fish.It was delicious. 4Tea in China was traditionally drank from cups without handles. 5Now my friend Ann，together with me，is going to do field study and the findings will be use as materials for our research. 【答案】1.去掉been2.去掉第二个were或去掉looked3.FeltFeeling4.drankdrunk5.useused
